赤道太平洋初级生产力对El Nio事件响应的综合分析

本文依据热带海洋全球大气研究(TOGA),东太平洋海洋环流研究(EPOCS)、西赤道太平洋海洋环流研究(WEPOCS)、表层热带太平洋观测(SURTROPAC)以及太平洋区域观察)PROPPAC)等计划,对1980～1990年期间在赤道太平洋(141.5°E～85°W,10°N～10°S)所调查的生物化学资料进行了分析和比较。所得结果是:东赤道太平洋正常年份初级生产力为500～800mg/(m~2·d),El Ni(?)o期间约为150mg/(m~2·d);西赤道太平洋正常年份初级生产力为200～250rag/(m~2·d),El Ni(?)o期间约为300mg/(m~2·d)。研究结论是:El Ni(?)o期间东赤道太平洋初级生产力较正常年份显著降低,西赤道太平洋初级生产力较正常年份明显增加,生物响应均较显著。     

饥饿对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎呼吸和排泄的影响

采用室内实验的方法研究了饥饿对二倍体 (2n)和三倍体(3n)长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验饥饿的时间为2,5,8,11,14,23,32d,实验牡蛎的软体部干质量为M2n=0.347g±0.071g;M3n =0.301g±0.099g。实验结果表明 :(1)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～14d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率增大 ,当饥饿14d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降。耗氧率与饥饿时间的关系为:Ro ,2n(mg/(个·h))= -0.08 +0.21T-0.01T2-0.01T3,Ro ,3n(mg/(个·h))= -1.97+0.45T-0.12T2+0.01T3;在饥饿2～5d内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05) ,而饥饿5d以后 ,耗氧率的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) ;(2)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～8d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,其排氨率增加 ,当饥饿8d以后 ,排氨率则逐渐下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的排氨率下降。排氨率与饥饿时间的关系为 :RA ,2n(μg/(个·h))= -16.09 +32.65T-8.11T2 +0.57T3 ,RA ,3n(μg/(个·h))=4.57 +16.07T-5.42T2 +0.44T3 ;在实验的时间范围内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎排氨率的差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05)。     

台湾海峡南部、罗源湾和厦门港颗粒垂直通量研究

采用自行设计和制作的沉积物捕获器分别在台湾海峡南部的两个站位福建罗源湾大官坂垦区和厦门港进行了现场投放,得到迁出真光层的颗粒物通量分别为1.14,0.933,11.9和81.5g/m~2·d;颗粒有机碳通量分别为73.8,98.5,5054和856mg/m~2·d。上述海域沉降颗粒的通量不同,性质上也有所差异。     

光生物反应器中环境因子对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长和油脂积累的影响

采用气升式光生物反应器培养系统, 进行了通气速率、氮浓度、Fe3+浓度、IAA浓度、CO2补充量等环境因子对蛋白核小球藻生长和油脂积累影响的研究。结果表明, 通气速率为2.0L/min时小球藻的生长速率和油脂产量最大分别为6.17mg/(L·d)和1.77mg/(L·d); 实验范围内氮浓度对小球藻油脂产量影响规律性不强; Fe3+浓度为0.1mmol/L时小球藻的生长速率最大为7.29mg/(L·d), Fe3+浓度为1.0mmol/L时小球藻油脂产量最高为2.54mg/(L·d); IAA浓度为1.0mg/L时小球藻的生长速率为7.47mg/(L·d), 油脂产量为2.89mg/(L·d), 二者都达到最大值; CO2补充量为6000mL/d时小球藻的生长速率最大为9.88mg/(L·d), 补充量为4000mL/d时小球藻油脂产量最高为3.86mg/(L·d)。经过条件优化, 小球藻油脂产量得到了显著的提高。     

厦门东侧水道海域的初级生产力

厦门东侧水道海域水体叶绿素a年平均值为 2 .79mg/m3,变化于 0 .64～ 8.0 1mg/m3之间 ;初级生产力年平均值为 2 61mg/(m2 ·d) ,变化于 1 5～ 52 5mg/(m2 ·d)之间 .叶绿素a含量以春、夏高 ,秋、冬低为特征 .初级生产力以春、秋高 ,夏、冬低为特点 ,季节差异较明显 ,尤其春、冬季的差别较显著 .研究结果表明该海域具有较高水平的叶绿素a含量和初级生产力 ,这与该海区地处亚热带 ,水温高、光照充足 ,营养盐比较丰富有关 .     

长江口外颗粒有机碳及光合色素在不同溶氧水平下早期降解速率研究

有机质降解是低氧形成的重要原因.长江口外的低氧近几十年来日趋恶化,引起了大量学者关注,但现场有机质降解及相关的耗氧速率还鲜见报道.本研究通过人工控制体系溶氧(DO)水平,于2006年10月在曾经出现低氧的长江口外近海进行现场有机质降解培养实验,以模拟有机质在沉降进入近底层水后早期(9天)内的生物地球化学过程,估算有机碳降解速率和耗氧速率.培养实验表明,有机质在几天内即可出现明显的降解,并伴随体系pH的下降和细菌、病毒的增加.体系溶氧对有机碳(POC)降解速率影响较大,POC在DO＞95％条件下的降解速率是DO＜50％条件下的5倍,分别为1.5 mmol/(m3·d)和0.3 mmol/(m3·d).光合色素岩藻黄素(FUCO)和叶绿素a(Chla)含量在9天内呈指数下降,其中80％的FUCO在9天内发生了降解.指数方程能较好地实现对观测数据的拟合,结果表明Chl a的半衰期为3-4天.不同溶氧条件下的结果表明低溶氧条件(DO＜50％)下浮游植物更容易成为降解有机质的来源.根据POC降解速率估算得到长江口外溶氧消耗速率分别为82-91 mmol/(m2·d)(DO＞95％条件)和27-30 mmol/(m2·d)(DO＜50％条件),远高于深海氧通量和表层50 m南海的氧消耗通量;以此耗氧速率为基础,估算得到长江口外层化形成至发育出低氧的时间为50-150天.     

犬齿牙鲆幼鱼呼吸耗氧率的研究

对犬齿牙鲆幼鱼在不同环境条件下的呼吸频率、耗氧率以及窒息浮头现象进行了观测研究。结果表明:犬齿牙鲆在适宜温度范围,呼吸频率随温度的升高而加快,在适宜生长温度范围,其呼吸频率为60～100次/min。耗氧量与鱼体重正相关,二者之间的相关关系符合M=1.8469W0.8317(r=0.9116)模式。其耗氧率随温度和盐度的增加而增加,在水温20℃左右,体重108g的犬齿牙鲆24h平均耗氧率为1.6676μg/(min·g),明显低于褐牙鲆(体重69.3～151.4g)耗氧率2.68μg/(min·g)和大菱鲆(17℃体重70～110g)耗氧率3.4667μg/(min·g)的水平。其耗氧率白天为1.824μg/(min·g),夜间为1.511μg/(min·g),白天耗氧率是夜间的1 21倍,昼夜差异明显。犬齿牙鲆20℃半数死亡窒息点耗氧率为0 747mg/L,全部死亡窒息点耗氧率为0 569mg/L。     

桑沟湾浮游动物生产力及其转换效率

桑沟湾食植性浮游桡足类生产力(C)的波动范围为0.42～11.8mg/(m2·d),平均生产力为3mg/(m2·d),年产量为1.1g/(m2·d),年P/B为28.全湾浮游崐桡足类生产量为145t,仅为浮游植物初级生产量的1%.生产效率如此低是由于该湾崐养殖了大约666.6hm2扇贝所致。     

西北太平洋海洋净初级生产力与柔鱼资源量变动关系的研究

海洋初级生产力在海洋生态中扮演重要角色,其变化影响了海洋渔业的潜在产量。本文根据2004-2013年中国鱿钓组提供的西北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)捕捞数据和海洋遥感净初级生产力数据,研究了柔鱼冬春生西部群体资源量变动与净初级生产力的关系。结果发现,柔鱼渔场范围内净初级生产力在经度方向上呈明显的季节性变化,冬春季低,夏秋季高。捕捞月份7-11月对应的适宜净初级生产力范围分别为500~700 mg/(m2·d)(以碳计),500~800 mg/(m2·d),500~1000 mg/(m2·d),500~800 mg/(m2·d)和300~500 mg/(m2·d),最适净初级生产力分别为700 mg/(m2·d),600 mg/(m2·d),700 mg/(m2·d),600 mg/(m2·d)和400 mg/(m2·d)。7-11各月最适净初级生产力平均纬度与捕捞努力量纬度重心呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),说明了捕捞努力量位置在渔场中不是随机分布,可能受最适净初级生产力的纬度分布的影响。柔鱼年间资源丰度与各年3月份净初级生产力以及7-11月份平均净初级生产力大小显著正相关(P<0.05)。推测每年柔鱼资源量大小可能是由3月份产卵场海域和7-11月捕捞月份渔场净初级生产力水平交互作用的结果。研究表明,异常环境条件(厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件)对柔鱼产卵场和渔场的净初级生产力具有显著影响,但调控机制不同。     

赤道印度洋中部沉降颗粒物的季节变化特征及调控机制研究

基于2020年1—12月在赤道印度洋中部海域获取的沉积物捕获器时间序列样品,分析了沉降颗粒物与颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon, POC）通量的季节变化特征,并结合卫星遥感、数值模式及再分析数据探究上层物理过程对生物泵输出通量的调控作用。结果表明,2020年赤道印度洋中部海域的沉降颗粒物总通量与颗粒有机碳通量的变化范围分别为4.57~35.75 mg/(m2·d)\[(18.94±10.18) mg/(m2·d)\]和0.27~2.97 mg/(m2·d)\[(1.09±0.66) mg/(m2·d)\],两者均呈现显著的季节变化特征。总体上,1—3月、6月和9—11月呈现出3个显著的高通量事件。通过分析发现混合层深度变化与营养盐跃层波动的耦合作用可能是调控中深层通量变化的主要原因。与此同时,西南季风流（Southwest Monsoon Current, SMC）与赤道Wyrtki急流生消也可能通过改变温跃层或营养盐跃层深度对沉降颗粒物通量强度和季节变化起调控作用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.