河西地区农作物的蒸发蒸騰试验研究——临泽北部绿洲春小麦和玉米的蒸发蒸腾量

采用电子蒸散计(Lysimeter)逐日测定春小麦和玉米生育期的蒸散(地面蒸发和植物蒸腾)量, 结果表明, 作物的蒸散量随生育期的进程而变化, 并受供水条件所制约。春小麦全生育期的最大蒸发蒸腾虽约312mm, 最小蒸发蒸腾量245mm; 玉米全生育期的蒸发蒸腾量约468mm。春小麦套种玉米的增产节水效果显著, 其产量比单种春小麦和玉米的产量高约50%, 而蒸散耗水量比单种的低18%。本文就河西干旱区农业节约用水合理灌溉问题作了讨论。     

层状土壤中砂层层位对潜水蒸发的影响

通过室内一维土柱实验,研究了夹砂层土体构型中砂层层位对潜水蒸发的影响,分析了其影响机理,进一步讨论了砂层位置和水分蒸发的定量关系。结果表明,砂层对于水分的蒸发既有促进也有抑制作用,在地下水埋深为50cm时,5cm厚的底砂层可使水分的蒸发强度增加10％-20％;砂层距水位的距离大于5cm时,砂层可抑制水分的蒸发,且当距离增加到35cm左右,其抑制率可达70％-80％;当砂层距水位的距离继续增大时,水分的蒸发强度基本保持不变。这主要是由砂层自身的导水率变化以及砂层与同剖面中其它土质导水率的相对大小发生变化而引起。累积蒸发量与砂层层位以及蒸发历时之间定量关系的建立为预测砂层对潜水蒸发的影响以及估算特定历时蒸发损失量最小的砂层层位提供了依据。     

Geophysical model of the dynamical flattening of the Earth in agreement with the precession constant

The dynamical flattening of the Earth, as observed by geodetic techniques, is different by about 1 per cent from the value associated with the PREM density profile with hydrostatic equilibrium. In this paper, we compute a new dynamical flattening H induced by PREM mean density with hydrostatic equilibrium, to which we add lateral heterogeneities associated with (1) seismic velocity variations observed by tomography and (2) internal boundary topographies. First, we compute mantle circulation associated with the density anomalies derived from a tomography model. The flow-induced boundary deformations are then converted into additional mass anomalies which are added to the tomography model for computing the associated perturbation to the Earth's inertia tensor. Finally, we show that it is possible to obtain a dynamical flattening from the total inertia tensor (i.e. the sum of the PREM inertia tensor and of the perturbation) in agreement with that observed.     

Modelling the pole tide and its effect on the Earth's rotation

Summary. The pole tide is the response of the ocean to incremental centrifugal forces associated with the Chandler wobble. The tide has a potentially important effect on the period and damping of the wobble, but it is at present not well constrained by observations. Here, we construct both analytical and numerical models for the pole tide. The analytical models consider the tide first in a global ocean and then in an enclosed basin on a beta-plane. The results are found to approach equilibrium linearly with decreasing frequency and inversely with increasing basin depth. The numerical models solve Laplace's tidal equations over the world's oceans using realistic continental boundaries and bottom topography. The results indicate that the effects of the non-equilibrium portion of the deep ocean tide on the Chandler wobble period and damping are negligible.     

Deglaciation effects on the rotation of the Earth

Summary. The viscoelastic response of the Earth to the mass displacements caused by late Pleistocene deglaciation and concomitant sea level changes is shown to be capable of producing the secular motion of the Earth's rotation pole as deduced from astronomical observations. The calculations for a viscoelastic Earth yield a secular motion in the direction of 72° W meridian which is in excellent agreement with observed values. The average Newtonian viscosity and the relaxation time obtained from polar motion data are about (1.1 ± 0.6)10²³ poise (P) and 10⁴ (1 ± 0.5) yr. The non-tidal secular acceleration of the Earth can also be attributed to the viscoelastic response to deglaciation and results in an independent viscosity estimate of 1.6 × 10²³ P with upper and lower limits of 1.1 × 10²³ and 2.8 × 10²³ P. These values are in agreement with those based on the polar drift analysis and indicate an average mantle viscosity of 1–2 × 10²³ P.     

塔里木河干流两岸土壤水分特征曲线的分形模拟

应用Van Genuchten提出的土壤水分特征曲线公式,推导出了非饱和土壤水分特征曲线的分形模型。通过对塔里木河干流英巴扎断面6种不同土壤样本利用中子水分仪和负压计实测的水分特征曲线资料反求得到相应的分形维数,分析了分形维数与土壤质地之间的关系,结果表明随着土壤砂粒含量的减少或粘粒含量的增加,分形维数逐渐增大。此外,基于土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布求出了塔里木河干流两岸沙漠地风沙土壤粒径的分形维数。通过对土壤水分特征曲线的分形维数与土壤粒径的分形维数的对比,得知它们之间存在着良好的线性关系。根据此关系,利用易测得的土壤粒径结合所推导的分形模型,对土壤水分特征曲线进行了预测,结果表明土壤水分特征曲线的预测值与模拟值比较接近,模型的预测结果很好地吻合了实测的土壤水分特征曲线。这一结果对于实际工作中根据风沙土土壤颗粒大小分布的分形维数来预测沙漠风沙土土壤水分特征曲线具有一定的指导意义。     

Rural mobility in Java: the village economy and the rest of the world

The effect of internal migration on rural populations in Central Java, Indonesia, is analyzed. The focus is on the relationship between the village and the outside world and how it affects the type and patterns of migration that occur. The data were collected in May 1985 in interviews with persons leaving or entering one village.     

广东珠江三角洲外围城市协调度评价及发展策略

依据2012年广东省经济-社会公平-生态环境方面的数据,构建经济-社会公平-生态环境评价指标体系,借助物理学中耦合协调度函数建模法,定量分析了广东省珠三角外围粤东、粤西和粤北12个地级市的经济-社会公平-生态环境的耦合协调度。结果表明：各市经济、社会公平、生态环境3个子系统的发展程度各异,省内不同城市的耦合协调度水平也存在一定差距,一半城市处于协调发展阶段。根据各城市经济、社会公平、生态环境的发展现状,将其划分为3种类型：1）经济发展落后于社会公平和生态环境保护的地区,包括河源市、梅州市、云浮市、汕尾市等,未来在城市发展中重点要促进此类地区人口和产业等要素的集聚。2）经济发展较快但区域差距扩大地区,包括湛江市、茂名市、阳江市、韶关市和清远市,此类地区未来城市发展重点要提高中心城市人口的承载力,吸引人口和经济要素同步集聚;同时培育市域副中心,形成新的增长极,扶持县域经济的发展。3）经济发展较快而生态环境保护滞后地区,包括汕头市、揭阳市和潮州市,此类地区未来城市发展要重点加强建设区域性的生态环保基础设施,优化已经发展的城镇地区发展空间。     

青藏高原全新世降水序列的集成重建

青藏高原全新世降水变化对于过去全球变化研究有重要意义。在过去全球变化研究中, 大尺度区域降水序列重建缺乏可行、有效的方法, 本文以青藏高原作为研究区, 构建了分区古降水空间模拟－多区面积加权的集成方法, 重建全新世青藏高原降水序列。本研究以孢粉为环境证据, 选取有空间代表性的10 条由孢粉重建的高原样点降水序列, 获得716 条具有年代的定量降水记录, 建立全新世古降水记录数据集。借助GIS分析, 基于现代高原降水空间分布的地理因子模拟, 并与古降水记录相集成, 定量重建了高原全新世200 年分辨率的降水序列。结果显示:早全新世高原降水迅速增多, 并在9.0 kaBP达到极大值500 mm, 较现代高170 mm;9.0~5.6 kaBP是旺盛的湿润期, 降水总体比现代高出80 mm, 但呈现明显的下降趋势;5.6 kaBP以来降水减少, 降水与现代相当, 但波动幅度较小;集成序列与其他高低分辨率环境记录有很好的可比性, 说明集成序列有很好的代表性和一定的准确性。     

On the density distribution within the Earth

The distribution of density as a function of position within the Earth is much less well constrained than the seismic velocities. The primary information comes from the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth and this information alone requires that there be a concentration of mass towards the centre of the globe. Additional information is to be found in the frequencies of the graver normal modes of the Earth which are sensitive to density through self-gravitation effects induced in deformation.
  The present generation of density models has been constructed using linearized inversion techniques from earlier models, which ultimately relate back to models developed by Bullen and based in large part on physical arguments. A number of experiments in non-linear inversion have been conducted using the PREM reference model, with fixed velocity and attenuation, but with the density model constrained to lie within fixed bounds on both density and density gradient. A set of models is constructed from a uniform probability density within the bound and slope constraints. Each of the resultant density models is tested against the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth, and for successful models a comparison is made with observed normal mode frequencies. From the misfit properties of the ensemble of models the robustness of the density profile in different portions of the Earth can be assessed, which can help with the design of parametrization for future reference models. In both the lower mantle and the outer core it would be desirable to allow a more flexible representation than the single cubic polynomial employed in PREM.     

Contribution of a pathway through the Arctic Ocean to the recent reduction in the ice cover

The sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean has been reducing and hit the low record in the summer of 2007.The anomaly was extremely large in the Pacific sector. The sea level height in the Bering Sea vs.the Greenland Sea has been analyzed and compared with the current meter data through the Bering Strait.A recent peak existed as a consequence of atmospheric circulation and is considered to contribute to inflow of the Pacific Water into the Arctic Basin.The timing of the Pacific Water inflow matched with the sea ice reduction in the Pacific sector and suggests a significant increase in heat flux.This component should be included in the model prediction for answering the question when the Arctic sea ice becomes a seasonal ice cover.     

Determining the optimum image fusion method for better interpretation of the surface of the Earth

Image fusion is the production of high-resolution images by combining the spatial details of a high-resolution image with the spectral features of a low-resolution one. Reports of various quality metrics to evaluate the spectral and spatial qualities of fused images have been published. However, metrics may lead to misinterpretation due to inherent limitations in their mathematical algorithms. Hence, the use of additional assessment techniques in quality evaluation is reasonable. The purpose of the study was to compare the performances of several advanced fusion algorithms in order to help users in their choice of an appropriate fusion algorithm. Four different datasets were fused using advanced fusion algorithms, namely UNB PanSharp, Hyperspherical Color Space, High-Pass Filtering, Ehlers, Subtractive, Wavelet Single Band, Gram-Schmidt, Flexible Pixel-Based, and Criteria-Based. The spectral and spatial qualities of the fused images were evaluated using various quantitative procedures to ensure comprehensive and reliable comparison. The results showed that the Flexible Pixel-Based and High-Pass Filtering algorithms were very successful with regard to spatial quality, whereas the Flexible Pixel-Based and Criteria-Based algorithms were very successful with regard to spectral quality. The authors conclude that the Flexible Pixel-Based algorithm can be used for applications that require high spectral and spatial quality.     

Modeling the ocean circulation in the Bering Sea

With parameterized wave mixing,the circulation and the tidal current in the Bering Sea were simulated simultaneously using the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model.The simulated circulation pattern in the deep basin is relatively stable, cyclonic,and has little seasonal change.The Bering Slope Current between 200-1000 m isobaths was estimated to be 5 Sv in volume transport.The Kamchatka Current was estimated to be 20 Sv off the Kamchatka Peninsula.The Bering shelf circulations vary with season,driven mainly by wind.These features are consistent with historical estimates .A counter current was captured flowing southeastward approximately along the 200 m isobath of the Bering Slope,opposite to the northwestward Bering Slope Current ,which needs to be validated by observations.An upwelling current is located in the shelf break(120-1000 m) area,which may imply the vertical advection of nutrients for supporting the Bering Sea Green Belt seasonal plankton blooms in the break-slope area.The Bering Slope Current is located in a downwelling area.     

On the origin of the seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere

Summary. It is known that flow in the mantle can produce preferred orientation in olivine crystals with seismic anisotropy as a consequence. Flow in the subcrustal lithosphere is unlikely because of the high viscosity. Lenses of high temperature and low-viscosity ( anomalous mantle ) are located under the crust in many tectonically active regions, and viscous flow can easily arise in such material resulting in seismic anisotropy. After cooling, such anomalous mantle acquires high viscosity and becomes incorporated into the lithospheric layer preserving the anisotropy produced by the flows which existed previously. The interaction of the stresses with cracks in the upper crust can be one of the causes of anisotropy in this layer.     

长江干流河道对流域输沙的调节作用

利用长江干流和主要支流上测站1956~2004年的输沙量资料,对干流未测区域的来沙进行了估计。根据泥沙平衡 (Sediment budget) 概念,对长江干流河道的冲淤对来水来沙的响应以及对入海泥沙的影响进行研究发现,长江干流屏山至大通河道平均淤积速率为88.58×10⁶ t/a,河道淤积占总的来沙量及大通站输沙量比例分别为14%与21%。由于河道淤积,大通站输沙量减少了17.5%。总体来说上游淤积较轻,宜昌至汉口区间淤积严重,汉口至大通区间为微冲。长江干流的河道冲淤与流域总的来沙具有显著的相关关系,但各段河道的冲淤对流域来沙的响应各不一样。上游的冲淤与流域的径流量和来沙量均没有很好的相关性,宜昌-汉口段河道冲淤的变化与宜昌站的来沙具有显著的相关性;影响汉口-大通间河道的冲淤变化的主要因素是流域的来水量,河道的冲淤与大通站径流量的存在显著的负相关关系。三峡水库蓄水后整个长江干流的冲淤形势发生了根本的变化。三峡水库的蓄水运用有效地减轻了洞庭湖的泥沙淤积,同时也降低了洞庭湖的对长江干流泥沙的调节作用;长江上游干流河道淤积增强,中下游河道出现冲刷,但不同的河段表现不一;中下游河道冲刷量小于预测值,三峡水库的蓄水运用直接导致了长江入海泥沙的减少。     

The Passive Influence of the Oceans upon the Rotation of the Earth

A general theory is developed which allows the exact numerical computation of the static equilibrium response of a non-rotating spherically symmetric Earth model covered by thin oceans with geometrically irregular coastlines to the action of an imposed static tidal or centrifugal potential. The theory is self-consistent, and takes into account the gravitational self-attraction of the oceans and the elastic-gravitational response of the Earth model to both the applied potential and the equilibrium oceanic tidal load on the surface. The results are used to determine the influence of an equilibrium pole tide on the free period and the associated rotational eigenfunction of the Chandler wobble. If the pole is globally well represented by this equilibrium approximation, its effect is to increase the Chandler wobble period by 27·6 days. It is shown that a fully self-consistent theory of the rotation of an Earth model with oceans predicts that changes in spin and wobble will be coupled, and that the Chandler wobble should, as a result, be accompanied by an associated periodic change in the length of day. The consequences of spin-wobble coupling are explored quantitatively, and found to be slight.     

GCM-simulated hydrology in the Arctic duringn the past 21,000 years

The Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) project has chosen to conduct high resolution data-model comparisons for the Arctic region at 21 and 10 (calendar) ka BP. The model simulations for 21, 10, and 0 ka BP were conducted with the GENESIS 2.0 GCM. The 10 ka BP simulation was coupled to the EVE vegetation model. The primary boundary conditions differing from present at 21 ka BP were the northern hemisphere ice sheets and lower CO2, and at 10 ka BP were the orbital insolation and smaller northern hemisphere ice sheets. The purpose of this article is to discuss the hydrological consequences of these simulations.At the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka BP) the large ice sheets over North America and Eurasia and the lower CO2 levels produced a colder climate than present, with less precipitation throughout the Arctic, except where circulation was altered by the ice sheets. At 10 ka BP greater summer insolation resulted in a warmer and wetter Beringia, but conditions remained cold and dry in the north Atlantic sector, in the vicinity of the remnant ice sheets. Less winter insolation at 10 ka BP resulted in colder and drier conditions throughout the Arctic. Precipitation - evaporation generally correlated with precipitation except where changes in the surface type (ice sheets, vegetation at 10 ka BP, or sea level at 21 ka BP) caused large changes in the evaporation rate. The primary hydrological differences (from present) at 21 and 10 ka BP correlated with the temperature differences, which were a direct result of the large-scale boundary condition changes.     

A study of the climatic system in the Barents Sea

The climatic conditions in the Barents Sea are mainly determined by the influx of Atlantic Water. A homogeneous wind-driven numerical current model was used to calculate the fluctuations in the volume flux of Atlantic Water to the Barents Sea which are caused by local wind forcing. The study period is from 1970 to 86. When compared with observed variations in temperature, ice coverage, and air pressure, the results show remarkably good agreement between all three parameters. The climate system of the Barents Sea is discussed with emphasis on the interrelations and feedback mechanisms between air, sea, and ice.     

察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段晶间卤水的主要离子分布特征

通过野外采集样品、室内实验分析,研究了察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段晶间卤水的主要离子分布特征。采集了53个晶间卤水样品,通过分析,发现K+浓度一般随着深度的增加而减小,Li+浓度一般随着深度的增加而增加,Mg2+浓度随着深度增加浓度也在增加,但异常情况同样存在。Li+,B2O3在空间分布上有一个富集区域,越是远离这一区域离子含量就越低;K+含量则存在两个临界点,在临界点附近相关离子浓度和矿化度会变化。     

气候和地貌对晚第四纪冰川发育差异性的影响

中国第四纪冰川作用极大地推动了高亚洲乃至全球冰川形成机制的探讨。青藏高原以及喜马拉雅山地冰川作用的时限和规模研究得到了广泛关注,为西风带与西南季风带对晚第四纪冰川作用差异性问题的解决提供了有利条件。然而,对于中亚西风环流与东亚季风环流影响下的冰川演化差异性关系不甚明确,两大气候系统控制下的山地第四纪冰川的冰进时序、冰期历史和冰川规模显示出不同特点,其差异性主要体现在:西部山地的冰期启动时间早,冰川规模随时间而逐渐缩小,冰川历史较为完整,绝对年代证据显示冰川作用的启动时间是450 ka 左右的中梁赣冰期(MIS12);东部山地的冰期历史较短,仅保留末次冰期(~75 ka)的冰川遗迹,冰川作用的阶段性明显;冰川演化时间与空间的差异性表明,影响冰川发育的因素不仅仅是区域气候,构造因素也起着相当重要的作用。