豫西火神庙石英闪长岩的矿物学特征及其意义

火神庙岩体位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区西部,为一杂岩体,主要由石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成,其中石英闪长岩出露于边部,构成了岩体的主体。为准确厘定石英闪长岩的形成过程以及形成的物理化学条件,并为进一步确定火神庙钼矿床成因提供依据,对主要造岩矿物(斜长石、钾长石、角闪石和黑云母)成分进行了详细的研究。结果显示石英闪长岩中的斜长石主要为中长石,可分为“正环带”斜长石、“反环带”斜长石和“韵律环带”斜长石;钾长石为正长石;角闪石为镁角闪石;黑云母属于原生镁质- 铁质黑云母。石英闪长岩形成过程中岩浆经历了多期演化：早期岩浆稳定结晶,结晶出An=30～35的斜长石;中期岩浆含水量增加,斜长石An值显著升高,An=39～42;晚期岩浆稳定结晶、含水量降低,结晶出An=42～28的斜长石。岩浆结晶温度为798～830℃、结晶压力上限为198～242MPa、氧逸度为-14～-13。镁铁质岩浆较高的氧逸度、温度及Cl含量与火神庙钼矿床的形成密切相关。     

陕西山阳-柞水矿集区燕山期岩体矿物学特征:对岩浆性质及成矿作用的指示

山阳-柞水矿集区位于中秦岭晚古生代弧前盆地中,矿集区内出露有泥盆纪、石炭纪地层,同时发育大量印支期和燕山期的岩浆侵入体。目前的研究显示,矿集区内出露的燕山期岩体在其内部及其与地层的接触带附近发育有强烈的热液蚀变和Cu-Mo矿化。通过对区域内燕山期岩体的矿物学研究表明:岩体发育有大量的钾长石和斜长石,部分已发生蚀变;黑云母是原生的镁质黑云母;角闪石主要属于浅闪石和镁角闪石;绿泥石主要是铁叶绿泥石,同时岩体中还发育有榍石、磷灰石等矿物。根据黑云母和角闪石成分特征可判定山柞地区的燕山期岩体是形成于造山带环境具有壳幔混溶特征的I型花岗岩;各岩体的结晶温度大致相同,在701~789℃之间;岩浆具有较高的氧逸度。根据绿泥石估算出岩体的热液蚀变温度在250~355℃,说明形成蚀变的热液流体属于中高温/中温热液流体。通过对比可以发现:山柞地区燕山期岩体在形成环境、岩浆源区及氧逸度方面与典型的大型、超大型斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoAu矿床的成矿岩体具有相似的特征,而且山柞地区燕山期岩体的黑云母在TiO2、Al2O3和CaO含量及K/Na、Mg/Fe、Mg/(Mg+Fe3++Fe2++Mn)及(Fe3++Fe2+)/(Mg+Fe3++Fe2+)比值与典型矿床具有一致性。但是山柞地区出露的燕山期岩体的黑云母的Ti、Si与AlⅣ+AlⅥ、Fe3++Fe2+的特征与典型矿床的成矿岩体中的黑云母成分具有一定的差异;磷灰石中F、Cl和S等挥发份成分,尤其是其中SO3含量明显低于典型矿床成矿岩体,表明成矿岩体氧逸度相对较低,这对于Cu/Mo等成矿元素的富集沉淀具有十分不利的影响;同时山柞地区燕山期岩体普遍形成于较大的深度,也是不利于其形成大规模矿化。总体上,山阳-柞水矿集区内燕山期岩体与典型的斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-Au矿床相比,既有部分有利的成矿条件,也有一些不利条件,虽然难以形成大型矿床,但仍具有形成中小型矿床的潜力,在今后的找矿勘查工作中依然需要重视。     

西藏拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床黑云母矿物化学特征

西藏冈底斯成矿带拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域拉萨地块东段中南部。拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床黑云母分为岩浆黑云母和热液黑云母。岩浆黑云母和绢英岩化带的热液黑云母属于镁质黑云母,钾化带的热液黑云母属于镁质黑云母和金云母,具有富镁的特征,是斑岩铜多金属矿床的一个典型特征。成矿岩体花岗闪长斑岩,属于造山带钙碱性岩系,具壳幔混源的成因特点,并且其黑云母与角闪石共生。与钾化带和绢英岩化带的热液黑云母相比,岩浆黑云母具有较高的BaO和TiO2含量。与岩浆黑云母和绢英岩化带热液黑云母相比,钾化带热液黑云母具高Si和Mg(XMg),低Fe;而绢英岩化带的热液黑云母又比岩浆黑云母较高Mg(XMg)。岩浆黑云母温度为706~746℃,平均值725℃;钾化带热液黑云母温度为396~453℃,平均值422℃;绢英岩化带热液黑云母278~372℃,平均值331℃。拉抗俄矿床黑云母氧逸度较高,均为NNO,有利于铜钼矿化形成;从岩浆黑云母到钾化带热液黑云母氧逸度升高,有利于铜钼成矿物质的运移,而从钾化带热液黑云母到绢英岩化带热液黑云母氧逸度降低,温度和氧逸度的变化可能是铜钼沉淀的一个原因。岩浆黑云母和绢英岩化带热液黑云母遵循"F-Fe avoidance"结晶化学规则,而钾化带热液黑云母F与XMg不遵循"F-Fe avoidance"结晶化学规则。岩浆黑云母、钾化带和绢英岩化带热液黑云母Cl与XMg均不遵循"Mg-Cl avoidance"结晶化学规则。黑云母化学成分记录了岩浆结晶过程中流体成分的变化。从岩浆黑云母到钾化带热液黑云母,再到绢英岩化热液黑云母,Ⅳ(F)和Ⅳ(F/Cl)逐渐减小,Ⅳ(Cl)逐渐增大。岩浆向热液演化过程中,F和Cl含量不断增加。岩浆-成矿热液F和Cl的含量的变化,对成矿物质运移和沉淀具有重要的作用。从岩浆黑云母到钾化带热液黑云母,再到绢英岩化带热液黑云母,lg(fHF/fHCl)逐渐减小,lg(fH2O/fHCl)和lg(fH2O/fHF)逐渐增大。岩浆熔体和热液流体存在很大差别;并且绢英岩化热液流体与钾化热液流体也不同,黑云母卤素化学也不代表一种单一的流体;绢英岩化热液流体混合大气水。本文研究结果显示,黑云母化学成分可以反映岩浆的性质和化学成分以及结晶过程中的物理化学条件。     

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭花岗岩黑云母矿物化学组成及其对锡成矿的指示意义

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭复式岩体主要由早阶段角闪石黑云母花岗岩和晚阶段黑云母花岗岩组成.电子探针分析结果表明角闪石黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁黑云母,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁叶云母.相对于黑云母花岗岩,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的MgO、TiO2含量偏高,Al2O3含量偏低.矿物化学研究结果显示,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度(logfO2)分别为680℃～740℃、-16.00～-15.31,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度分别为530℃～650℃、-19.20～-17.50.从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,岩浆结晶温度和氧逸度逐渐降低.与花岗岩有关的共存流体性质的研究发现,与角闪石黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fiuid值分别为4.22～4.39,2.78～3.24,-1.82～-1.73,而与黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2OfHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fluid值分别为3.27～3.53,2.85～3.22,-0.75～-0.22,可见与两种岩石类型共存热液流体的性质存在明显差异,且热液中Cl、Sn含量变化与岩浆结晶分异指数呈正相关关系.骑田岭岩体从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,随着岩浆的演化.岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体向富Cl和Sn方向演化.芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液.     

白马铁矿青杠坪矿段顶部细粒橄榄辉长岩中富角闪石细脉成因及其找矿意义

攀枝花式铁矿赋存岩体顶部普遍发育有富角闪石细脉。本文报道了白马铁矿青杠坪剖面顶部细粒橄榄辉长岩中富角闪石细脉、蚀变带和寄主岩中代表性斜长石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿、角闪石、黑云母和磷灰石等矿物的电子探针分析。岩相学观察表明,细脉中矿物主要为大颗粒角闪石,其间充填钛铁矿、斜长石、方解石;蚀变带中矿物为角闪石、辉石、斜长石、黑云母、磁铁矿及钛铁矿,矿物普遍发生蚀变(如黑云母绿泥石化),斜长石边部也发生溶蚀;靠近蚀变带的寄主岩中矿物主要为斜长石、单斜辉石(二者含量相近),另含少量角闪石、黑云母、磁铁矿和钛铁矿,在钛铁氧化物周围还有黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磷灰石,矿物也发生了轻微的蚀变;而远离细脉的新鲜寄主岩中矿物主要为新鲜的斜长石、单斜辉石(二者含量相近),少量橄榄石、角闪石、黑云母、磁铁矿及钛铁矿。电子探针数据表明,寄主岩中的斜长石An比细脉及蚀变带中的斜长石An要高。新鲜寄主岩中的斜长石主要为拉长石,蚀变带中的斜长石主要为中长石,而细脉中出现了钠长石。运用角闪石全铝压力计对富角闪石细脉中的角闪石颗粒进行了压力和深度的计算,从中心到边部所估算的压力表现出先增大后减小的趋势:69MPa→121MPa→167MPa→128MPa;运用磁铁矿-钛铁矿共生的温度计和氧逸度计,计算了寄主岩中磁铁矿和钛铁矿平衡时的温度和氧逸度,结果表明,磁铁矿和钛铁矿平衡的温度较低为546~574℃,氧逸度(logfO2)为-20.41~-23.83。另外,根据黑云母的Ti-Mg/(Mg+Fe)温度估算图解,靠近蚀变带寄主岩中黑云母的结晶温度为700~720℃。通过讨论分析得出结论:(1)青杠坪镁铁质侵入体侵位后顶部及周围先固结形成顶部细粒橄榄辉长岩带,对底部的含矿流体成矿起到屏蔽层的作用。(2)细脉和蚀变带中斜长石更富Na;由角闪石核部电子探针数据计算出的侵位深度为岩石的真实侵位深度,而由边部电子探针数据计算的深度为流体高压导致的"假"侵位深度;从富角闪石细脉到蚀变带再到寄主岩,矿物的结晶温度逐渐降低,对应流体高温到低温的扩散特点。(3)这种富角闪石细脉可以作为深部矿床的浅部标志,对深部矿床的勘察找靶提供了一种方法。     

陕西山阳柞水矿集区燕山期岩体矿物学特征:对岩浆性质及成矿作用的指示

山阳-柞水矿集区位于中秦岭晚古生代弧前盆地中,矿集区内出露有泥盆、石炭系地层,同时发育大量印支期和燕山期的岩浆侵入体。目前的研究显示,矿集区内出露的燕山期岩体在其内部及其与地层的接触带附近发育有强烈的热液蚀变和CuMo矿化。通过对区域内燕山期岩体的矿物学研究表明：岩体发育有大量的钾长石和斜长石,部分已发生蚀变;黑云母是原生的镁质黑云母;角闪石主要属于浅闪石和镁角闪石;绿泥石主要是铁叶绿泥石,同时岩体中还发育有榍石、磷灰石等矿物。根据黑云母和角闪石成分特征可判定山柞地区的燕山期岩体是形成于造山带环境具有壳幔混溶特征的I型花岗岩;各岩体的结晶温度大致相同,在701~789℃之间;岩浆具有较高的氧逸度。根据绿泥石估算出岩体的热液蚀变温度在250~355°C,说明形成蚀变的热液流体属于中高温/中温热液流体。通过对比可以发现：山柞地区燕山期岩体在形成环境、岩浆源区及氧逸度方面与典型的大型、超大型斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoAu矿床的成矿岩体具有相似的特征,而且山柞地区燕山期岩体的黑云母在TiO2、Al2O3和CaO含量及K/Na、Mg/Fe、Mg/(Mg+Fe3++Fe2++Mn)及(Fe3++ Fe2+)/(Mg+Fe3++Fe2+)比值与典型性。但是山柞地区出露的燕山期岩体的黑云母的Ti、Si与AlIV+AlVI、Fe3++Fe2+的特征与典型矿床的成矿岩体中的黑云母成分具有一定的差异;磷灰石中F、Cl和S等挥发份成分,尤其是其中SO3含量明显低于典型矿床成矿岩体,这对于Cu/Mo等成矿元素的富集沉淀具有十分不利的影响;同时山柞地区燕山期岩体普遍形成于较大的深度,也是不利于其形成大规模矿化。总体上,山阳-柞水矿集区内燕山期岩体与典型的斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoAu矿床相比,既有部分有利的成矿条件,也有一些不利条件,虽然难以形成大型矿床,但仍具有形成中小型矿床的潜力,在今后的找矿勘查工作中依然需要重视。     

哈萨克斯坦科翁腊德矿集区贫矿和成矿岩体性质对比及其对成矿的启示SCIEI北大核心CSCD

中亚造山带发育众多大型-超大型斑岩型Cu矿床。尽管这些矿床通常发育时代相近的大规模岩浆作用,但只存在少数成矿岩浆。因此,如何区分矿区内的成矿和贫矿岩浆对于找矿勘查至关重要。为了探讨这一问题,本文对哈萨克斯坦科翁腊德矿集区石炭纪的贫矿岩浆岩和成矿花岗闪长斑岩中的磷灰石、角闪石、黑云母和斜长石进行结构和成分分析,对弱蚀变岩石开展全岩主量元素分析。测试结果显示,贫矿岩浆岩和成矿花岗闪长斑岩均为富H_(2)O的(>~4%)氧化性(>~ΔNNO+1.63)岩浆,属于中钾或高钾钙碱性系列岩石。贫矿岩浆岩中斜长石An值存在显著变化(ΔAn在26~34)并与FeO含量呈正相关,表明其经历了明显的岩浆混合作用,而该过程在成矿花岗闪长斑岩中不明显。磷灰石、角闪石和黑云母成分对比显示,成矿花岗闪长斑岩的氧逸度和H_(2)O含量与贫矿岩浆岩没有显著差别,但它具有更高的岩浆Cl和S含量。岩浆矿物结构和成分研究表明,在岩浆迁移至地壳浅部仍含有充足的Cl、S和成矿元素是科翁腊德矿集区斑岩型Cu矿床形成的关键。在科翁腊德矿集区,具有一定成矿潜力的岩浆(如合适的氧逸度、H_(2)O含量和存在基性岩浆补给)由于在深部过早的发生流体出溶造成Cl、S和成矿元素从岩浆中散失(如贫矿辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩),或者岩浆中Cl含量和Cu溶解度过低造成岩浆运移和富集成矿元素能力低(如贫矿花岗岩),最终不能形成斑岩型Cu矿床。本文研究结果表明,岩浆的Cl和S含量是区分科翁腊德矿集区成矿和贫矿岩体的有效标识,而岩浆的氧逸度、H_(2)O含量和F含量在两者间没有明显差异。     

海南岛燕山晚期典型侵入岩矿物成分特征及其地质意义

分析了海南岛燕山晚期典型的屯昌岩体、千家岩体和保城岩体中的钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石的化学成分和成因特点。结果表明：(1)多数钾长石晶体的Or含量小于90，具岩浆结晶成因特征。大部分斜长石属奥长石一中长石，An含量与岩石的SiO2成负相关关系，显示岩浆发生了较高程度的结晶分异作用。(2)黑云母为镁质黑云母，主要为岩浆结晶成因，部分为耐熔残余。角闪石均为钙质角闪石类，既有岩浆成因的，也有次生交代成因的，以相对贫铝、富镁、(Na K)A低为显著特点。(3)岩体最终定位深度可能小于等于3．3km，温度大于等于750℃，具深源、高温、浅侵位特征。     

东昆仑东段哈拉尕吐花岗岩基岩浆混合作用:来自岩石学和矿物学约束

哈拉尕吐花岗岩基位于东昆仑东段,其中花岗闪长岩岩浆混合作用明显,是研究岩浆混合作用的良好对象.从岩石学、岩相学和矿物化学等方面对哈拉尕吐花岗岩基进行了详细研究.电子探针结果显示:寄主岩斜长石的An值同相对应包体中斜长石捕掳晶近似;包体中基质斜长石大部分具核边结构,核部和边部An值存在间断;部分包体中浅色基质斜长石的An值与具核边结构斜长石的边部近似;辉长闪长岩中斜长石具较高的An值.寄主岩角闪石同相对应包体中角闪石捕掳晶的结晶温度、压力和氧逸度较为接近;包体中基质角闪石的结晶温度和压力低于寄主岩角闪石,氧逸度稍高于寄主岩角闪石;辉长闪长岩角闪石具有最高的结晶温度和压力及最低的氧逸度.哈图沟剖面和德福胜剖面寄主岩中的斜长石和角闪石的成分具有一定差别.岩浆不同期次侵入结晶和岩浆自身演化,使不同地点斜长石和角闪石的成分和物理化学特征具有一定变化.镁铁质岩浆位于地壳深部,氧逸度较低,使结晶的角闪石具有较高的形成压力和较低的氧逸度,斜长石具较高An值;随着镁铁质岩浆注入寄主岩,由于环境突变,使斜长石受到熔蚀;由于岩浆上侵以及两种岩浆物理化学性质差别较大,导致温度、压力和水饱和度降低,氧逸度升高,使包体中残留岩浆快速结晶,形成具核边结构、浅色均一的斜长石,以及结晶程度较差、较高氧逸度的角闪石.      

海南岛燕山晚期典型侵入岩成因矿物学研究及其地质意义

分析了海南岛燕山晚期典型的屯昌岩体、千家岩体和保城岩体中的钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石的化学成分和成因特点。结果表明:(1)多数钾长石晶体的Or含量<90,具岩浆结晶成因特征。大部分斜长石属奥长石-中长石,An含量与岩石的SiO2成负相关关系,显示岩浆发生了较高程度的结晶分异作用。(2)黑云母为镁质黑云母,主要为岩浆结晶成因,部分为耐熔残余。角闪石均为钙质角闪石类,既有岩浆成因角闪石,也有次生交代成因角闪石,以相对贫铝、富镁、(Na+K)A低为显著特点。(3)岩体最终定位深度可能≤3.3km,温度≥750°C,具深源、高温、浅侵位特征。     

Mineral chemistry of banded migmatites from Hafafit and Feiran areas, Egypt

The migmatitic rocks exposed in Hafafit and Feiran areas exhibit some migmatitic structures as the banded, agmatic, boudinage and schlieren structures. The dominant type of these structures is the stromatic migmatites. Electron microprobe analyses of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran areas, in the Eastern Desert and Sinai, Egypt, are carried out and the metamorphic conditions are discussed. The present study revealed marked differences in the composition of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran localities. The obtained data indicated that plagioclases of the Feiran migmatites are of andesine and oligoclase composition, and display anorthite content from An₂₀ to An₃₈; whereas the Hafafit migmatites show a wider range of plagioclases from An₁₀ to An₆₀, and therefore plagioclases have labradorite, andesine and oligoclase composition. This may be due to the slow rate of the crystallisation processes. The analyses indicated that biotites of the studied areas are of metamorphic origin showing significant variation in Fe–Mg. It is worth mentioning that biotites from Hafafit migmatites have Mg–biotite composition while that of Feiram migmatites have Fe–biotite composition. High Mg and low Fe contents in biotite suggest higher crystallisation temperature. The composition of amphiboles in Hafafit migmatites is ferro-tschermakitic hornblende, while amphiboles from Feiram migmatites are magnesio-hornblende. High Ti content in the hornblende of Feiran migmatites suggests that they were formed at slightly higher temperatures and lower pressure than the Hafafit migmatites (i.e. Feiram migmatites and Hafafit migmatites were formed at granulite and amphibolite facies, respectively). Discrimination diagrams show that the muscovite is of secondary origin. Moreover, the present study confirmed that these migmatites are mainly formed by metamorphic differentiation via partial melting.     

Compositions of biotite,amphibole, apatite and silicate melt inclusions from the Tongchang mine,Dexing porphyry deposit,SE China: Implications for the behavior of halogens in mineralized porphyry systems

The Dexing deposit, located in the Circum-Pacific ore belt, is the largest porphyry copper deposit in eastern China. It is composed of 3 separate plutons, which host three mines: Tongchang, Fujiawu and Zhushahong mines. The porphyritic granodiorite samples studied in this investigation were collected from the Tongchang ore-forming pluton of this giant deposit. This paper presents electron microprobe analyses of biotite, apatite, amphibole, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and rehomogenized glassy melt inclusions from the Tongchang porphyritic granodiorites. Petrographic observations of the samples are consistent with portions of the granodioritic magma represented by our samples being overprinted by potassic hydrothermal fluid which variably altered these minerals.All of the studied micas are Mg-rich biotites. The biotites are separated into altered magmatic and secondary types based on their petrographic and geochemical characteristics. The phlogopite components of the secondary biotites are typically higher than those of the altered magmatic biotites, and the X_Mg values of all biotites correlate negatively with Cl contents, consistent with the Mg–Cl avoidance principle. The X_Mg values also correlate negatively with (K₂O + Na₂O + BaO), FeO and TiO₂ for both generations of biotites. The calculated log (fH₂O/fHCl) values (for 690 K) of the coexisting potassic fluids, which are determined from the altered magmatic biotite compositions, range from 4.43 to 4.67, and are very similar to those of other major porphyry deposits. However, the log(fH₂O/fHF) and log(fHF/fHCl) values for the same batch of hydrothermal fluids are significant higher and lower than those of these other porphyry deposits, respectively.The Cl concentrations of amphiboles and melt inclusions range from 0.18 to 0.32 wt.% and 0.15 to 0.44 wt.%, respectively. Most apatites trapped in biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts display a bimodal Cl distribution: 0.19 to 1.35 wt.% and 1.48 to 3.73 wt.%. Similarly, the S contents of the apatite also show a distinct bimodal distribution reflecting the effects of variable anhydrite saturation during evolution of the Tongchang melt and variable dissolution of anhydrite by saline aqueous fluids. The Cl contents of the apatites from the Tongchang system are typically higher than those of other studied porphyry deposits. Furthermore, the Cl contents of the melt inclusions are at or very near the Cl saturation levels (0.36 to 0.46 wt.% at 850 °C and 50 MPa and 0.42 to 0.54 wt.% at 850 °C and 200 MPa) for these melt compositions at shallow crustal pressures. These findings suggest that the area of the granodioritic magma represented by our samples, and perhaps the bulk of the Tongchang granodioritic magma was rich in Cl. The melt inclusion compositions are consistent with a high-salinity, hydrosaline liquid being exsolved directly from the granodioritic melt directly. This high-salinity hydrosaline liquid was likely very efficient at dissolving, transporting and precipitating ore metals in the mineralizing magmatic–hydrothermal system.     

湘东锡田燕山期A型花岗岩黑云母矿物化学特征及其成岩成矿意义

黑云母的化学组成特征对揭示花岗岩的源区特征、形成环境、后期热液作用以及成矿元素富集特征具有重要的指示意义.对与锡田钨锡多金属矿床成矿作用密切相关的锡田燕山早期花岗岩黑云母和长石成分进行了系统的电子探针分析.分析结果表明,黑云母具有富铁贫镁、高铝低钠的特征,其MgO和FeOT含量分别为0.12%~1.35%和15.47%~23.24%,类似于高铁黑云母;其含铁指数Fe/(Fe+Mg)较高,集中在0.87~0.99,属于铁叶云母;其长石主要以正长石和钠长石为主.这些特征暗示了寄主岩石源区以壳源为主.结合相关区域地质资料,表明锡田燕山早期花岗质岩浆具有较高的温度和较低的氧逸度.黑云母具有高的含铁指数、较高的结晶温度和低的氧逸度等特征均有利于锡成矿,可以作为勘探锡矿的标志之一.综合分析认为,在锡田花岗质岩浆演化过程中,岩浆结晶期后分异出的流体趋向于向富锡的方向演化,是锡田多金属矿床成矿流体的重要来源.      

Biotites and associated minerals as markers of magmatic fractionation and deuteric equilibration in granites

Analyses of 80 biotite, alkali feldspar, oligoclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide separates from the coarse-grained granites of a late-hercynian epizonal diapir, the Ploumanac'h complex, Brittany, show that these minerals display a regular concentric cryptic layering related to fractional crystallization. The Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Cr, V content of minerals decreases as the Na, Fe, and Rb content increases. Biotites become more dioctahedral towards the outer residual syenogranite, with a correlative K deficiency. Trioctahedral biotites from the inner accumulative monzogranite are secondarily oxidized with a gain of Fe³⁺ and a loss of OH. This alteration id due to the percolation of exsolved fluids rich in H₂O and containing a small amount of CO₂, F, S, Cl. During this autometamorphic stage, trace elements like Rb, Sr are completely redistributed on the scale of hand specimens, with a restricted range of partition coefficients between biotite, perthite and oligoclase. This equilibration occurred at a temperature about 550 ° C and a fluid pressure about 1,000 bars, with f _H2_O probably less than 500 bars. A later stage of fluid circulation along fractures brings up a slight Li metasomatism. Biotites are a sensitive marker of both magmatic and postmagmatic stages of subsolvus or ‘wet’ plutonites.     

A TEM and microprobe study of a two-perthite alkali gabbro: Implications for the ternary feldspar system

An unusual magmatic three-feldspar syenogabbro occurs 3 m inside the contact of the Klokken gabbro-syenite stock. It contains plagioclase, mesoperthite and cryptoperthite, together with a low temperature symplectite intergrowth. Textural relationships have been investigated by cathodoluminescence, bulk chemistry by microprobe, and exsolution microtextures and intracrystalline boundaries by TEM. The mesoperthite has a bulk composition around Or₂₆Ab₅₂An₂₂, well outside accepted limits of ternary feldspar solid solution. It is a mainly coherent, lamellar intergrowth of sodic andesine and orthoclase with incipient Mtwinning. The cryptoperthite, bulk composition around Or₆₁Ab₃₃An₆, is a coherent lamellar intergrowth of orthoclase and sodic low oligoclase. The compositions of the exsolved phases have been estimated. The meso- and cryptoperthite crystals have sharp boundaries with each other. Plagioclase (zoned An 55-35, with 2–3% Or) defines a solidus fractionation path. It behaved as an inert phase during crystallization of the perthites, which grew as homogeneous monoclinic phases in equilibrium on the strain-free ternary solvus, defining a solvus isotherm at ～ 950° C. Both of the monoclinic phases exsolved on reaching the coherent ternary spinodal at temperatures estimated to be close to 800–850° C and 700–830° C respectively. Lamellar periodicities (529±149 nm and 148±18 nm respectively) are considerably finer scale than predicted by coarsening experiments, suggesting that An and/or Al-Si order greatly inhibit coarsening. The symplectite is a coarse, incoherent intergrowth of sodic andesine and nearly pure K-feldspar, probably produced by simultaneous crystallization at <400° C. The new data and literature analyses are used to construct the geometry of the ternary feldspar system. Solvus isotherms implied by existing experimental data approach the Ab apex too closely at high temperature. The critical solution curve becomes slightly more albitic after leaving the binary Ab-Or join, and then turns sharply towards the An-Or join. It intersects the proposed new limit of feldspar solid solution near Or₃₆Ab₄₄An₂₀ at 1,060° C. This probably approximates to the highest temperature on the ternary critical curve at 1 bar.     

Peristerite compositions in quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef-Fox Glacier Area, New Zealand

Plagioclase compositions vary from An_0.1–2.5 to An₃₂ with increasing grade in chlorite zone to oligoclase zone quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand. This change is interrupted by the peristerite composition gap in rocks transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies grade. Oligoclase (An_20-24) and albite (An_0.1–0.5) are found in biotite zone schists below the garnet isograd. With increasing grade, the plagioclase compositions outline the peristerite gap, which is asymmetric and narrows to compositions of An₁₂ and An₆ near the top of the garnet zone. In any one sample, oligoclase is the stable mineral in mica-rich layers above the garnet isograd, whereas albite and oligoclase exist in apparent textural equilibrium in adjacent quartz-plagioclase layers. The initial appearance of oligoclase in both layers results from the breakdown of epidote and possibly sphene. Carbonate is restricted to the quartz-plagioclase rich layers and probably accounts for the more sodic composition of oligoclase in these layers. The formation of more Ca-rich albite and more Na-rich oligoclase near the upper limit of the garnet zone coincides with the disappearance of carbonate and closure of the peristerite gap. Garnet appears to have only a localized effect on Ca-enrichment of plagioclase in mica-rich layers within the garnet zone. The Na-content of white mica increases sympathetically with increasing Ca-content of oligoclase and metamorphic grade. Comparison of the peristerite gap in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier schists and schists of the same bulk composition in the Haast River area, 80 km to the S, indicates that oligoclase appears and epidote disappears at lower temperatures, and that the composition gap between coexisting albite and oligoclase is narrower in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area. It is suggested that a higher thermal gradient (38-40°C/km) and variations in Si/Al ordering during growth of the plagioclases between the two areas may account for these differences. In the Alpine schists the peristerite gap exists over a temperature and pressure interval of about 370-515°C and 5.5-7 kbar (550-700 MPa) P_H2O.     

新疆阿尔泰巴斯铁列克钨多金属矿区花岗岩黑云母特征及成岩成矿意义

黑云母是花岗质岩石中常见的造岩矿物,其成分可以有效指示花岗岩形成的物理化学条件和岩石成因。巴斯铁列克矿床是近年来在新疆阿尔泰造山带南缘发现的首例二叠纪矽卡岩型钨多金属矿床。矿区出露多种类型二叠纪含钨花岗岩。为理清花岗质岩体之间、岩体与钨多金属矿化之间的关系,文章采用电子探针测定了黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩、二云母花岗岩和钾长花岗岩中的黑云母成分。结果表明,所有黑云母具有富铁、高铝、贫镁特征,含铁指数(Fe²⁺/(Mg+Fe²⁺))为0.66~0.80,二云母花岗岩属铁质黑云母而黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩属铁叶黑云母。所有岩石是具有A型特征的I型花岗岩。不同类型岩石中黑云母的成分差异与岩浆来源、分异演化程度有关。二云母花岗岩中黑云母的w(MgO)与结晶温度最高,与黑云母平衡流体的log(fHF/fHCl)值（-1.13~-1.25）最低,log(fH₂O/fHF)值（4.64~4.96）最高,母岩浆相对富Cl;黑云母花岗岩中log(fHF/fHCl)值最高,log(fH₂O/fHF)最低,与二长花岗岩是同一岩浆房不同演化阶段的产物,与二云母花岗岩和钾长花岗岩属不同的岩浆体系,母岩浆相对富F元素。黑云母花岗岩与W矿化关系更密切。     

Magmatic petrogenesis and the evolution of (F:Cl:OH) fluid composition in barren and tungsten skarn-associated plutons using apatite and biotite compositions: Case studies from the northern Canadian Cordillera

A detailed study of apatite and biotite compositions in multiple intrusive phases from five composite plutons in the northern Canadian Cordillera was undertaken with the aim of determining the composition of magmatic fluids relative to F:Cl:OH for several plutons―both barren and mineralizing―and for specific intrusive phases from each pluton that may be related to nearby tungsten skarns. Magmatic apatite and biotite compositions are consistent with a crustal source of magma, either derived from predominantly supracrustal rocks, and (or) derived from predominantly infracrustal rocks and fractionated to felsic compositions. Increasing MnO (± FeO and XF:XCl) with decreasing CaO in apatite broadly correlates with an increasing degree of magmatic differentiation, although Fe# vs. total aluminum in biotite is a better indicator of inter- and intra-plutonic differentiation. Anomalously iron-rich biotites occur in highly fractionated and (or) wallrock-contaminated phases of plutons associated with tungsten skarns.Estimates of magmatic fluid composition―calculated as the activity ratios log[aHCl / a_HF] and log[a_HOH / a_HF] from apatite and biotite compositions―show several trends with respect to magmatic differentiation. Two barren plutons demonstrate that fluids in silicic magmas become HF enriched relative to HCl with increasing differentiation, although re-equilibration with late-stage sub-solidus or hydrothermal fluids may obscure this trend. The three intrusions with associated tungsten skarn mineralization, including the world-class Cantung deposit, also become HF-enriched with magmatic evolution. However, magmatic apatite and biotite in individual intrusive phases that are the most closely associated with mineralization have equilibrated with compositionally distinct fluids. In these particular intrusive phases, apatite appears to have equilibrated with an earlier HCl- and H₂O-rich magmatic fluid, and biotite appears to have equilibrated with a later HCl- and (a particularly) H₂O-rich magmatic fluid. The fluid in these magmas apparently evolved to a H₂O-rich (or less saline) composition as the temperature of the magma decreased. None of the other intrusive phases, from either the barren or tungsten-associated plutons, have apatite and biotite activity ratios that are suggestive of equilibration with such an HCl/HF- and H₂O/HF-rich fluid. Instead, the activity ratios calculated from apatite and biotite in intrusive phases that are not as closely associated with mineralization are well-coupled and unremarkable (although small variations are common), which would suggest that both minerals equilibrated with similar fluids. These intrusive phases do not appear to have produced a large quantity of saline hydrous fluid capable of seggregating and transporting tungsten. The identification of intrusive phases that did produce magmatic fluids that were anomalously enriched in HCl and H₂O could, therefore, be a predictor of nearby tungsten skarn mineralization.     

Major and Trace Elements of Magnetite from the Qimantag Metallogenic Belt: Insights into Evolution of Ore–forming Fluids

Magnetite, as a genetic indicator of ores, has been studied in various deposits in the world. In this paper, we present textural and compositional data of magnetite from the Qimantag metallogenic belt of the Kunlun Orogenic Belt in China, to provide a better understanding of the formation mechanism and genesis of the metallogenic belt and to shed light on analytical protocols for the in situ chemical analysis of magnetite. Magnetite samples from various occurrences, including the ore–related granitoid pluton, mineralised endoskarn and vein–type iron ores hosted in marine carbonate intruded by the pluton, were examined using scanning electron microscopy and analysed for major and trace elements using electron microprobe and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The field and microscope observation reveals that early–stage magnetite from the Hutouya and Kendekeke deposits occurs as massive or banded assemblages, whereas late–stage magnetite is disseminated or scattered in the ores. Early–stage magnetite contains high contents of Ti, V, Ga, Al and low in Mg and Mn. In contrast, late–stage magnetite is high in Mg, Mn and low in Ti, V, Ga, Al. Most magnetite grains from the Qimantag metallogenic belt deposits except the Kendekeke deposit plot in the " Skarn " field in the Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V diagram, far from typical magmatic Fe deposits such as the Damiao and Panzhihua deposits. According to the(Mg O+Mn O)–Ti O2–Al2O3 diagram, magnetite grains from the Kaerqueka and Galingge deposits and the No.7 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show typical characteristics of skarn magnetite, whereas magnetite grains from the Kendekeke deposit and the No.2 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show continuous elemental variation from magmatic type to skarn type. This compositional contrast indicates that chemical composition of magnetite is largely controlled by the compositions of magmatic fluids and host rocks of the ores that have reacted with the fluids. Moreover, a combination of petrography and magnetite geochemistry indicates that the formation of those ore deposits in the Qimantag metallogenic belt involved a magmatic–hydrothermal process.     

Cellular plagioclase intergrowths as a result of crystal-magma mixing in the Proterozoic Åland rapakivi batholith,SW Finland

Finely cellular plagioclase intergrowths have been studied in xenocrystic andesine (An₃₂) and andesine mantled K-feldspars within mafic magmatic enclaves in a quartz-feldspar porphyry from the Proterozoic subvolcanic Hammarudda complex, Åland rapakivi batholith, SW Finland. The cellular intergrowths usually occur as 0.2–2.0 mm mantles around xenocrysts but also as entirely cellular grains, and are built up of a network of two distinct phases: one relatively Na-rich (An₃₁) and one relatively Ca-rich (An₅₀). The grains are also covered by a thin (0.08–0.12 mm), continuous, normally zoned rim outside the cellular mantle. Small inclusions (0.01–0.05 mm) of Fe–Mg minerals are concentrated in the Ca-rich part of the network. Compositionally, the Na-rich phase of the network is close to the inner non-cellular andesine of the xenocrysts. However, it has a lower Or- and a slightly lower An-content. The Ca-rich phase has the same composition as the inner part of the normally zoned rim, which outwards grades into lower An-contents that overlap the An-content of the matrix plagioclases. The cellular network was developed after the andesine xenocrysts (or andesine mantled K-feldspars) were engulfed in mafic magmatic enclaves during a mixing event. The xenocrysts became heated to a temperature just below the liquidus of the mafic magma. Dissolution of the xenocrysts developed a spongy cellular texture which was penetrated by enclave magma. Ca-rich plagioclase crystallized in the cells in equilibrium with the enclave magma, trapping Fe–Mg-rich melt. As the enclaves cooled the outermost thin rim and matrix plagioclases crystallized from the mafic melt. These processes operated in fairly large enclaves, as the one studied here, which has a diameter of 70cm. Smaller enclaves, on the other hand, were cooled more rapidly to temperatures close to the solidus of the enclave magma, and consequently had no time to dissolve the xenoxrysts.