金木达-南木达地区微量元素分带特征及找矿

四川壤塘金木达—南木达地区地处我国川西北"金三角"金成矿带,该带发育多处大中型微细浸染型金矿床。前人对该带金的成矿地质、构造及成矿规律研等究较较多,但对微量元素的分带却没有研究。该文依据区内1∶5万水系沉积物测量成果对Au、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Bi等的含量特征、相关性及水平分带序列进行了研究表明,带内As、Sb可作为金矿的上部位元素,异常区微量元素分带表现为矿体上部逆向分带、矿体中上部正向分带相互叠加,表明区内具有隐伏矿体,地表或浅部矿体剥蚀程度较低,对区内深部找矿具有良好的指示意义。     

甘肃玛曲大水金矿构造叠加晕特征研究

为探讨甘肃大水金矿深部成矿潜力,在分析矿区成矿地质条件及矿床地质特征的基础上,对大水金矿Au2主矿体开展了构造叠加晕研究。地球化学统计分析表明,大水金矿矿床元素组合为Au、Ag、Hg、As、Sb、W,矿区Au、Sb、Ag、As、Hg、U等元素背景含量较高。矿体轴向特征研究显示,大水金矿床Au2主矿体原生晕轴向分带具有"前、尾晕共存"或"反分带"特征,表明大水金矿具有多期多阶段叠加成矿-成晕的特征。在矿体上部(标高3800m),前、尾晕形成叠加或共存,指示上部矿体已剥蚀;而在矿体尾部(标高3500m),Hg、Te、As、Sb等前缘晕元素又发育内、中带强异常,形成了前、尾晕叠加或共存,指示深部找矿前景较好。     

内蒙古巴彦宝力道金矿区物化探综合找矿方法及其应用

巴彦宝力道金矿区位于内蒙古苏尼特左旗,区内发育与金矿化有关的破碎蚀变带和糜棱岩化带。通过研究地质及物化探工作成果,建立本区地球物理、地球化学成矿模式,采用相关分析和"格氏法"等方法,确定了矿床元素轴向分带序列为:As Sb Hg Bi Li Sr Ba Ag Pb Au Cu Zn Sn V Co Cr Ni Ti Mo W,前缘晕元素为As、Sb、Hg、Bi,主成矿元素为Au、Cu、Zn,尾晕元素为Ti、Mo、W。据轴向分带特征,确定金矿体剥蚀程度的判别指标为w(As)×w(Sb)×w(Bi)/w(Ti)×w(Mo)×w(W)。建立了找矿标志,为下一步地质找矿提供了依据。     

玲珑金矿大开头矿区47号脉微量元素特征

选择胶东玲珑金矿典型矿体47号脉为研究对象,应用基岩地球化学方法,测试微量元素含量,研究微量元素与金的相关关系、计算微量元素的浓集系数并确定其轴向分带,探讨微量元素对深部金成矿的指示意义,期待能对玲珑金矿深部找矿提供一些参考.初步认识如下:矿区金矿体的最佳指示元素依次为Au、Ag、Bi、As、Cu、Co、Mo、Sb;金矿体的轴向分带序列从上到下依次为As、Pb、Ag、Cu、Hg、Sb、Mo、Ni、Th、V、U、Mn、Zn、Bi、Co、Au;矿体中Au、Bi、Ag、As富集系数大,Cu、Co富集系数中等,而Zn在矿体中相对亏损.研究结果表明,在深部47号矿体仍有较好的成矿前景.     

新疆东准噶尔库布苏金矿床地质与地球化学特征

库布苏金矿位于野马泉地块南缘火山岩浆弧区,准噶尔褶皱系内东准噶尔褶皱带中部.区内地层、构造、岩浆岩及金异常发育,已发现3条含金矿脉,矿床规模达中型.重点介绍了3号金矿脉的地质特征,该矿脉地表品位虽偏低,但深部金品位明显增高,厚度变大.通过对3号金矿(脉)体原生晕地球化学分带的研究,确定了库布苏矿区主成矿元素为Au,Ag,Pb,As,Sb组合,发现在矿体头晕和尾晕中重叠出现As,Sb元素异常组合,可能指示深部存在盲矿体.初步查明金矿化体规模,预测在已知矿体深部300m下,存在一个隐伏矿体,可利用钻探对深部进行控制.     

豫西龙门店银矿K4矿体原生晕特征及深部预测

对龙门店银矿K4矿体Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mo、Hg、As、Sb、Bi等11种微量元素的原生晕特征进行研究,为矿体深部成矿预测提供理论依据。微量元素统计学分析表明,Pb、Zn可作为矿体主要的近矿指示元素,矿体的成矿过程具有多期次叠加的特点;分析K4矿体原生晕地球化学参数垂向变化规律,发现矿体前缘和中部分别表现出明显的尾晕指示元素强异常和前缘晕指示元素强异常;计算得到矿体自上而下的轴向分带序列为W—Mo—Au—Hg—Cu—As—Bi—Zn—Ag—Sb—Pb,出现了明显的"前尾晕共存"和"反向分带"现象。依据上述K4矿体原生晕特征,建立了矿体原生叠加晕模型,并预测矿体深部存在规模较大的盲矿体,909 m标高以下有较大的找矿潜力。     

庐枞盆地北东缘西湾铅锌矿床原生晕地球化学特征及其对矿体圈连的指示意义

西湾铅锌矿床位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞盆地北东缘,其赋矿围岩破碎溶蚀现象明显,地层和矿体产状难以辨识。为了准确圈连矿体,以原生晕地球化学特征研究为基础,以热液矿床原生晕找矿理论为指导,通过对西湾矿区钻孔岩石光谱样品进行测试,绘制原生晕剖面等值线图,研究原生晕浓度分带和轴向分带特征,探讨原生晕地球化学特征及其对矿体圈连的指示意义。聚类分析和因子分析发现,As、Sb、Pb、Zn、Ag、Mo与铅锌矿成矿关系密切。16号勘探线原生晕浓度分带和轴向分带特征表明:前缘晕指示元素为As、Sb,近矿晕指示元素为Pb、Zn、Ag,尾晕指示元素为Mo;轴向分带特征反映Ⅲ号矿体具"反分带"现象。轴向分带和指示元素的变化特征说明,西湾铅锌矿床成矿作用复杂,推测为多期次成矿或矿体沿倾向还有延伸。As、Sb、Pb、Zn、Ag、Mo的浓度分带特征对矿体的圈连具有较好的指示意义。     

云南六苴砂岩型铜矿床地球化学异常模式

云南六苴铜矿床是楚雄陆相红层盆地砂(页)岩型铜矿的典型代表.矿体(平均品位1.34%)赋存于K2ml1中紫色砂岩与浅色砂岩交互带,从紫色砂岩到浅色砂岩,依次呈现赤铁矿、辉铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿水平分带.采集9个钻孔岩芯样品,分析其主元素与微量元素地球化学异常特征,指示成矿元素组合为Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg.K2ml1中铜矿体,从上至下具有v-Ni-Cu-Ag-Hg-(As-Sb)-Pb-(Zn)-V-(Ni)垂向分带;由西(全紫带)至东(全浅带)具有Sb-Hg-v-Cu-As-Sb-Ag-Co-Ni-Pb-Zn横向分带.通过不同剖面地球化学异常特征对比,建立矿床的地球化学异常模式:Co-Ni-V组合异常位于矿体上方,Pb-Zn组合异常位于矿体下方,矿体处元素组合异常为Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg.出现Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg组合异常,Cu/Ag>315、Cu/(Pb Zn)>320、Cu/(As sb Hg)为1000-5800时,矿体较富,品位稳定;出现Pb-Zn-Co-(Ni)组合异常,Cu/Ag<105、Cu/(Pb Zn)<7、Cu/(As Sb Hg)<36时无矿;出现Sb-Hg-V组合异常,Cu/(As Sb Hg)>5800时则无矿.Cu、Ag、As、Sb、Hg含量及元素对比值沿矿床走向从北向南降低,预示"矿化能力"减弱或矿体中心位置偏移.该地球化学异常模式为深部成矿预测提供了重要依据.     

西藏隆子县恰嘎锑矿4号脉原生晕特征及深部找矿预测

西藏隆子县恰嘎锑矿位于藏南错美-隆子锑金成矿带中东部,该区成矿条件有利,是找锑铅锌的良好靶区。研究表明:1矿体原生晕发育,且分带明显。2结合原生异常分布态势及其与矿体的关系,成晕组分可以分为:前缘元素(Cd、Hg、As)、近矿元素(上部为Pb、Zn,中部为Sb,下部为Cu、Au、Ag)、尾晕元素(Mn、Bi、Mo、W、Sn)。3对该区利用浓集中心法和分带指数法分别求出了相近的分带序列:Pb-Zn-Mn-Bi-Mo-W-Sn-Cd-Hg-As-Sb-Cu-Au-Ag-Ba。4深部找矿方面,矿体很大可能向深部继续延伸或有盲矿体存在,且该矿床为热液型矿床。5在原生晕系统研究的基础上构建了深部矿体评价的指标(Cd×Hg×As×Sb)D/(Bi×Mo×W×Sn)D,数据表明该指标随深度的增加有规律地降低,是预测深部矿体资源潜力的有效指标。     

珲春黑山金铜矿区地球化学垂向分带研究

文章以黑山金铜矿区zK001钻孔资料为基础,对该区矿化进行了矿物学、成矿元素地球化学垂向分带研究.矿物学研究表明矿区由地表向深部,夕卡岩蚀变带由外带逐渐过渡为内夕卡岩带,再过渡为正常的闪长岩.以改良格里戈良分带指数法为主,辅以重心法,确定此矿床元素综合分带序列由浅到深为①Cu Sb Zn Ag;②Au Ni As Co Zn Hg Bi.与矿床浅部以铜矿体为主,深部以铜金矿体为主的地质事实相符合,并与矿物学分带相一致.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.