微量萤石样品消解技术及其Sm-Nd同位素高精度热离子质谱法测试

Sm-Nd同位素被广泛地应用于萤石样品的定年和示踪。萤石样品Sm-Nd同位素测试的化学分离中,一般采用酸溶解样品,但氢氟酸和硝酸与萤石反应不完全,由于萤石(CaF_2)特殊化学结构导致氟离子会和稀土元素离子形成难溶稀土氟化物,易导致Sm-Nd亏损,因而对于Sm、Nd含量较低的萤石样品,Sm-Nd同位素测试需要较大样品用量(100~200 mg)。本研究建立了一种利用HNO_3+HClO_4+H_3BO_3溶解萤石样品的消解方法,在萤石溶解过程中加入H_3BO_3可有效提高Sm-Nd回收率。实验表明,利用5 mL浓硝酸和0.015 mL高氯酸溶解萤石样品过程中加入1 mL 0.49 mol/L H3BO3效果最佳,结合高灵敏度热电离质谱仪(Triton)可实现微量萤石样品高精度Sm-Nd同位素测试。较先前已有的溶解方法,本方法大大降低萤石样品用量。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中不同价态的硒

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法( HG - AFS)测定土壤样品中Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)时,提取剂的选择是技术的关键.以往的提取剂种类多且不具有针对性,本文对比了不同提取剂的提取能力,确定使用KH2PO4 - K2HPO4溶液(pH=8.5)为实验用提取剂,以6 mol/L HCl作为还原剂,沸水浴30 min后HG - AFS测定Se总量,不加热直接测定Se(Ⅳ)含量,以差减法得出Se(Ⅵ)含量.在本实验酸度条件下,加入三价铁盐,可消除共存元素的干扰.方法回收率为90.0％ ～ 112.5％,线性范围为0.00 ～6.00 μg/L,相对标准偏差为5.0％ ～ 12.6％ (n=11),方法检出限可达到0.347 μg/L.标准物质的测定值与标准值相符.实验证实此方法提取效果好,是测定土壤样品中硒不同价态的可行性方法.     

利用ICP-MS研究桂林寨底地下河系统中碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征及其形成环境

氢化物发生与ICP-MS联用(HG-ICP-MS)可降低基体效应和多原子离子干扰,本文自制了一种与ICP-MS联用的氢化物发生装置,该装置采用三通将酸、碱和试样引入多接头的混合反应器中,再经自行设计的气液分离器随载气进入等离子体中,据此建立了HG-ICP-MS测定地质样品中稀散元素锗和碲的分析方法。实验中以20%盐酸+2%硼氢化钾(0.1%氢氧化钾介质)作为最佳氢化物发生反应体系,0.95 L/min为最佳载气流量,获得分析信号的灵敏度和稳定性较高,连续测定20次Ge和Te信号强度的相对标准偏差分别8.3%和2.1%,残余在ICP-MS中的Ge和Te信号强度在200 s内基本清洗完毕。Ge和Te检出限分别为0.007 μg/g和0.006 μg/g,其中Te检出限比采用敞口四酸溶样ICP-MS直接测定的检出限(0.1 μg/g)更低,应用于分析实际样品可给出准确结果。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定冰芯样品中痕量铅

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对冰芯样品中超痕量Pb进行了直接测定。确定了测定溶液中浓度为ng/L级Pb的最佳仪器参数，载气流速、进样速度等与灵敏度之间的关系,浓度和扫描参数对分析精度的影响。仪器对Pb的质量浓度在20～100ng/L的分析精度(RSD，n=3)＜10%,标准加入回收率在85%～115%，检测下限为0.62ng/L，并给出了采自可可西里马兰冰川M3冰芯中Pb的分析结果。     

离子色谱法测定水样中S~(2-)、SO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-)、S_2O_3~(2-)

该种方法利用离子色谱仪的电导检测器与电化学检测器串联 ,十几分钟即可连续完成水中S2 - 、SO2 - 3 、SO2 - 4、S2 O2 - 3 的测定 ,方法具有快速、高效、方便、灵敏、选择性好等特点。方法的检出限分别为 :S2 - 12 5 μg/L ;SO2 - 3 2 2 4 μg/L ;SO2 - 45 0 μg/L ;S2 O2 - 35 0 μg/L。相对标准偏差在 1 5 %～ 6 9%之间 ,能够满足水中S2 - 、SO2 - 3 、SO2 - 4、S2 O2 - 3四种阴离子分析测试的需要。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定化探样中痕量银的方法改进

应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中的痕量银,一般采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸电加热溶样,铱、铂为基体改进剂,以硫脲作为介质可能会导致大量铜与硫脲发生沉淀,干扰测量结果,分析流程繁琐、成本高。本文采用50%的王水水浴溶样,以湿加方式加入50 g/L硫脲基体改进剂,避免了铜在溶液中与硫脲络合,消除了干扰。方法检出限为0.01 μg/g,准确度和精密度好,内外检合格率符合地质矿产行业标准。该方法简化了样品处理步骤,提高了工作效率,分析成本降低,适合批量样品的分析,且溶解样品的溶液还可继续用于氢化物发生法测定砷、汞、铋、锑等元素。     

土著微生物参与下河套平原地下水中砷的还原作用

为查明土著微生物活动对高砷地下水形成的影响,利用河套平原高砷地下水中分离出的土著微生物(YH002)进行了微宇宙实验研究.实验结果表明: 高砷地下水中加入的葡萄糖提供了微生物生长所需要的碳源,微生物大量繁殖,分泌的有机酸使溶液的pH值降低.在缺氧条件下,溶液中的OD值最高达到了0.189,pH值最低为6.22;在有氧条件下,OD值最高达到了0.286,pH值最低为6.04.溶液中As(III)的初始质量浓度为74 μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的11.2%,在加入微生物和葡萄糖后,在缺氧和有氧条件下,As(III)的质量浓度分别为278 μg/L和310 μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的42%和47%.微宇宙实验说明地下水中的土著微生物能将As(V)还原成As(III).      

氢化物-原子荧光法快速测定化探样品中微量硒和碲

在沸水浴中用王水分解样品，以盐酸为还原剂，三价铁盐为干扰元素抑制剂（一般化探样品均含有铁，故无须另外加入），直接用氢化物一原子荧光光谱法测定化探样品中微量硒和碲。方法检出下限分别为：LD（Se）=0．1ng／L；LD（Te）=0．01ng／L。方法准确、简便、快速，可满足大批量化探样品中微量硒和碲的测定要求。用本分析方法测定不同基体成分的六个国家级化探标样中的硒、碲，测定结果与标准值基本一致，8次测定的标准偏差（RSD）分别为RSD（Se）=6．6％～9．5％，RSD（Te）=3．6％～8．4％。     

二氧化碳气藏与岩浆幔源流体——以临清坳陷东部梁古1井区二氧化碳气藏为例

2000年6月,位于临清坳陷东部的梁古1井在3 360～4 100 m(中下奥陶统)近800 m井段发现灌装样气异常,异常幅度一般为20 000～60 000 μL/L,最高达80 195 μL/L.在对3 361.77～3 480 m井段进行中途测试时,气体中的CO2含量高达99.18% ～99.58%,并含微量甲烷和氮气,用5 mm油嘴对3 518.8～3 537 m井段进行试气,日产二氧化碳气10 017 m3.2001年,该坳陷内正在施工的德古2井又在上第三系馆陶组发现灌装样气异常,最高异常幅度达330 000 μL/L左右,是梁古1井异常幅度的4倍以上.初步研究认为,这两口井产出的二氧化碳气为岩浆-幔源成因.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素，正常情况下成人摄入量不超过：F 4 mg/d、Cl 1.7～5.1 g/d、I 100～200μg/d；少年不超过F 3 mg/d，儿童I 1μg/kg－d，婴儿Cl 0.3～1.2 g/d。过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素，都可能导致疾病的发生。而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、Cl＜50mg/L、Br＞100 μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水，有利于人体健康。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.