Ultrasonic attenuation of pure tetrahydrofuran hydrate

Improved estimates of the amount of subsurface gas hydrates are needed for natural resource, geohazard, and climate impact assessments. To evaluate gas hydrate saturation from seismic methods, the properties of pure gas hydrates need to be known. Whereas the properties of sediments, specifically sands, and hydrate‐bearing sediments are well studied, the properties of pure hydrates are largely unknown. Hence, we present laboratory ultrasonic P‐wave velocity and attenuation measurements on pure tetrahydrofuran hydrates as they form with reducing temperatures from 25°C to 1°C under atmospheric pressure conditions. Tetrahydrofuran hydrates, with structure II symmetry, are considered as proxies for the structure I methane hydrates because both have similar effects on elastic properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments. We find that although velocity increased, the waveform frequency content and amplitude decreased after the hydrate formation reaction was complete, indicating an increase in P‐wave attenuation after hydrate formation. When the tetrahydrofuran hydrate was cooled below the freezing point of water, velocity and quality factor increased. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance results indicate the presence of water in the “pure hydrate” samples above the water freezing point, but none below. The presence of liquid water between hydrate grains most likely causes heightened attenuation in tetrahydrofuran hydrates above the freezing point of water. In naturally occurring hydrates, a similarly high attenuation might relate to the presence of water.     

The impact of faulting on the stability conditions of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal sediments

The phase transition problem of methane hydrate in porous sediments is solved. Based on the obtained solution, the impact of faulting on the stability conditions of gas hydrates is investigated by the numerical modeling of the filtration and thermal regimes in the sedimentary cover of the Central Basin of Lake Baikal within the segment of the anomalous behavior of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR). It is assumed that such behavior is caused by the tectonic action. The calculations testify to the plausibility of the proposed model of formation of the anomalous area with total decomposition of the contained hydrates. It is shown that dissociation of gas hydrates in sediments due to faulting and the subsequent uplift of the products of these transformations along the incipient channel toward the bottom of the lake can result in the extensive accumulation of gas hydrates on this surface. It is also shown that if the total amount of the free gas, which left the hydrate dissociation zone, reached the level of the lake surface at normal pressure and temperature, its volume could be equivalent to the resources of a medium-size gas field. The results of numerical modeling the violation of the gas-hydrate stability conditions in Lake Baikal sediments can also be valid for the other regions with hydrate-bearing sediments if the case specific conditions and regional tectonic activity are taken into account.     

水合物合成及导热系数测定

设计了一套实验装置，结合瞬态面热源法来测量混合气水合物导热系数及含混气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数.在-10℃～5℃，压力66MPa下，含体积比甲烷9001%，乙烷503%，丙烷496%的混合气与0971mol/m3十二烷基磺酸钠水溶液生成的水合物的导热系数约为055W/(m·K)，并且其值随温度的上升而增高，呈玻璃体导热特性.由于“爬壁”效应的存在，混合气与饱含SDS水溶液的沙子多孔介质反应生成含混合气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数（约12W/(m·K)）显著低于含四氢呋喃水合物的沙子多孔介质的值（约19W/(m·K)）.虽然本实验使用了SDS来加速和促进水合反应的进行，但是水合物样品中依然存在游离水，因此本研究采用了温度振荡法来进一步促进含SDS水溶液的水合反应进行，研究发现当浴槽温度在-10℃～4℃间周期变化时，游离水在水的相变温度区附近转变为水合物，通过几个周期的温度振荡，样品中的游离水被完全消耗掉.最后通过对含不同浓度SDS的四氢呋喃水合物导热系数测试，讨论了实验中加入SDS对水合物导热系数的影响，结果认为本实验中加入的SDS量对测试结果影响很小（±15%）.     

海底天然气水合物层界面反射AVO数值模拟

本文采用AVO数值模拟方法,共选取水合物系统分层结构6个模型,对水合物、游离气和饱水沉积物接触界面的反射特征进行了数值模拟,研究了BSR及双BSR的存在条件与水合物体系垂向分布的关系,对一些现象从理论上进行了阐明.主要结论是：（1）强的似海底反射界面BSR与游离气体的存在密不可分,实际地震剖面中的“BSR”可能不对应水合物而只对应气体,无明显BSR的地方可能有水合物.（2）水合物顶部有可能存在游离气体,它可以在正常BSR（BSR1）之上形成另一个具有正极性的似海底反射界面BSR2.（3）正常BSR之下的双BSR（BSR0）其弹性机理有两种可能,一是水合物之下游离气上升迁移遇到某种阻隔层或不同气体组分的自然分层所造成的气体垂向分布的梯度性差异;二是当水合物之下的游离气体中存在残存的水合物时,同样会形成一定强度的似海底反射,在这种情形下BSR0的极性比较难以判断,取决于残存水合物上下游离气的饱和度和残存水合物的厚度.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏演化分析研究

南海北部陆坡具备天然气水合物成藏的基本地质条件,神狐海域天然气水合物是当前我国海洋天然气水合物勘探开发研究的重点靶区.然而,神狐海域水合物集中分布在水合物稳定带的底部薄层中,饱和度高,其水合物特征与典型的低甲烷通量控制的水合物分布有很大差异,对其成藏机理和控制因素尚不明确.本文构建了针对神狐水合物成藏过程的一维动力学模型,模型包括沉积压实作用、甲烷溶解度、以及水合物生成和沉积体渗透率,模拟计算的主控参量为海底沉积速率和水流通量,在孔隙水中甲烷浓度一定的情况下,水流速率决定了溶解甲烷的迁移速率和稳定带中甲烷的供给速率,并以此模型计算了神狐海域水合物聚集成藏的动力学过程.模型讨论了特定沉积速率和水流通量条件下水合物成藏与分布特征,并与实际观测数据进行比较研究.研究发现,基于当前沉积速率和水流通量条件模拟的水合物形成演化过程,与神狐海域实际水合物分布特征存在很大差异,但在假定系统中水合物饱和度初值达16~20%时,模拟的水合物饱和度分布特征与观测数据吻合,并因此推测在早期地质历史上,神狐海域存在更加丰富的甲烷水合物,当前的水合物分布特征是在对早期水合物继承基础上发展而成的,而且神狐海域水合物含量正逐渐减少.     

Temperature and Pressure Dependencies of Thermal Transport Properties of Rocks: Implications for Uncertainties in Thermal Lithosphere Models and new Laboratory Measurements of High-Grade Rocks in the Central Fennoscandian Shield

Measurements on thermal conductivity and diffusivity as functions of temperature (up to 1150 K) and pressure (up to 1000 MPa) are presented for Archaean and Proterozoic mafic high-grade rocks metamorphosed in middle and lower crustal pressures, and situated in eastern Finland, central Fennoscandian Shield. Decrease of 12–20% in conductivity and 40–55% in diffusivity was recorded between room temperature and 1150 K, which can be considered as typical of phonon conductivity. Radiative heat transfer effects were not detected in these samples. Pressure dependencies of the samples are weak if compared to crystalline rocks in general, but relatively typical for mafic rocks.The temperature and pressure dependencies of thermal transport properties (data from literature and the present study) were applied in an uncertainty analysis of lithospheric conductive thermal modellings with random (Monte Carlo) simulations using a 4-layer model representative of shield lithosphere. Model parameters were varied according to predetermined probability functions and standard deviations were calculated for lithospheric temperature and heat flow density after 1500 independent simulations. The results suggest that the variations (uncertainties) in calculated temperature and heat flow density values due to variations in the temperature and pressure dependencies of conductivity are minor in comparison to the effects produced by typical variations in the room temperature value of conductivity, heat production rate or lower boundary condition values.     

海洋天然气水合物发育顶界的模拟计算

天然气水合物顶界的确定对于其资源评价十分重要,但目前还没有很好的方法来确定.本文利用在甲烷-硫酸根（SMI）界面硫酸根与甲烷所消耗的量相等和水-天然气水合物二相体系甲烷溶解度模型,建立了水合物顶界埋深计算的数学模型,并考虑硫酸根氧化有机质和微生物原位甲烷生成的影响.计算的ODP1245和IODP1327站位水合物顶界埋深分别为53 mbsf和83 mbsf,与钻探获得的水合物顶界埋深相吻合.     

Numerical simulation of accumulation of gas hydrates during sedimentation and compaction of sediments under subaqueous conditions

The mutual influence of compaction of depositing sediments and formation of gas hydrates in a porous medium is examined. Within the framework of the general mathematical model developed in this study, these interrelated processes are described by a nonlinear system of eight partial differential equations and are analyzed using numerical simulation in terms of the model including compaction of depositing sediments, movement of pore fluids, and formation of gas hydrates from dissolved methane accumulated during sedimentation. On the basis of model examples calculated with the use of representative parameters of the system, it is shown that the hydrate formation rate depends on the sedimentation rate and thermal conditions. Gas hydrate formation is shown to influence the pore fluid velocity in the near-surface zone of sediments.     

藏北地区钻孔大地热流值测量

本文利用藏北地区三口天然气水合物钻孔测温数据,在分析样品热导率测试结果基础上,计算了藏北地区的热流值.对于样品热导率值,首先根据样品孔隙度对实验室测试结果进行了饱水校正,计算热流时采用的是对应井段的岩石热导率饱水校正值的厚度加权平均值.地温梯度以三口钻孔48 h的测温数据为基础,回归三口井的地温梯度,计算时去除了浅部受地表温度和冻土带对温度影响的数值.A钻孔地温梯度分为200~438 m和438~882 m两段回归,分段热流的加权平均值作为钻孔热流值,计算结果为42.7 mW·m^-2; B钻孔和C钻孔回归地温梯度时未分段,热流计算结果分别为58.3 mW·m^-2、70 mW·m^-2.综合分析认为,岩石圈断裂、地幔上涌、碰撞造山过程中的剪切生热等因素可能造成了班公湖—怒江缝合带以南热流值较高,而北部羌塘地块热流值相对较低.     

南海北部陆坡深水区的海底原位热流测量

海底热流数据是开展海洋地球动力学研究和油气资源评价的基础数据.南海北部陆坡深水区蕴含有丰富的油气和水合物资源,而该区热流站位很少.为了解陆坡深水区水合物有利区块的地热特征,利用剑鱼1型海底原位热流探针,在南海西沙海域和神狐海域成功获得了16个站位的热流值.测量结果表明,西沙海槽与白云凹陷都具有较高的热流值,西沙海槽区除1个站位结果不可信外,另2个站位所测海底表层地温梯度分别为105.3 和99.9℃·km^-1,原位热流分别为89±1和87±1 mW·m^-2;白云凹陷中部区域13个站位测得表层地温梯度变化于58.5~100.7 ℃·km^-1,热流值除4个站位低于70 mW·m^-2外,其余都变化于75±2~101±4 mW·m^-2范围,比前人在白云凹陷东部获得的热流高.分析认为,西沙海槽和白云凹陷区域的高地热特征与陆坡深水区的高热背景、晚期断裂发育、底辟、岩浆侵入和热流体活动等有关.     

Heat transport in the Red Lake Bog,Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands

We report the results of an investigation on the processes controlling heat transport in peat under a large bog in the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands. For 2 years, starting in July 1998, we recorded temperature at 12 depth intervals from 0 to 400 cm within a vertical peat profile at the crest of the bog at sub‐daily intervals. We also recorded air temperature 1 m above the peat surface. We calculate a peat thermal conductivity of 0·5 W m^?1 °C^?1 and model vertical heat transport through the peat using the SUTRA model. The model was calibrated to the first year of data, and then evaluated against the second year of collected heat data. The model results suggest that advective pore‐water flow is not necessary to transport heat within the peat profile and most of the heat is transferred by thermal conduction alone in these waterlogged soils. In the spring season, a zero‐curtain effect controls the transport of heat through shallow depths of the peat. Changes in local climate and the resulting changes in thermal transport still may cause non‐linear feedbacks in methane emissions related to the generation of methane deeper within the peat profile as regional temperatures increase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地幔热导率的选取对动力学数值模拟的影响——以岩石圈张裂过程为例

目前存在有多种地幔热导率模型,不同模型在数值和随温压变化的特征上有明显的差异.为探究不同热导率模型对动力学数值模拟结果的影响,本文对不同模型下的岩石圈张裂过程进行模拟研究,探讨地幔热导率对岩石圈热传输、变形和熔融过程的影响及其作用机理.结果显示,不同热导率模型下,岩石圈的变形和熔融特征表现出明显差异.高热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较晚,形成陆缘较为宽阔,地壳熔融强烈而地幔熔融较弱;低热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较早,形成陆缘较为狭窄,地幔熔融强烈而地壳熔融较弱.这种差异源于不同地幔热导率下岩石圈和地幔热状态的变化及相应力学性质的改变.高热导率下,热传导的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈现较热的状态,其强度整体较低,壳幔耦合减弱;而低热导率下,热对流的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈较冷的状态,其强度整体较高,壳幔耦合增强.基于模拟结果,本文认为地幔热导率的选取对动力学模拟的结果有着较为显著的影响,相对于随温压的变化,热导率数值的差异对动力学数值模拟的结果影响更大,尤其是对于地幔熔融过程的影响.     

南海神狐海域地层渗透率与含水合物饱和度关系研究(英文)

本文利用取自南海神狐海域钻井岩芯进行了核磁共振测量,研究了岩石中所含水合物对地层渗透率的影响,该岩芯样品为一"孔隙充填型"水合物样品。核磁共振测量结果表明岩石中所含水合物对地层渗透率影响很大,随着含水合物饱和度的增加,地层渗透率迅速降低。通过对测量结果的进一步分析可知"孔隙充填型"水合物对地层渗透率的影响-存在多方面的因素,包括水合物对地层孔隙度、孔隙迂曲度的影响以及对水合物对孔隙喉道的堵塞等。最后本文利用Masuda下降模型建立了适用于南海神狐海域的相对渗透率与含水合物饱和度的经验公式,下降指数N=7.9718。     

复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯（EPS）颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

中国第一批大地热流数据

本文叙述了观测大地热流的方法和仪器, 其中包括在钻孔中测定温度的半导体热敏电阻井温仪和在室内测定岩芯标本热导率的装置.给出了最近几年在华北地区11个地点的16个钻孔中取得的温度和热导率数据以及计算热流值的结果.初步讨论了热流值分布与本区复杂地质条件之间的关系, 如中国北部及东部地区热流值与世界同类型地质单元相比较具有较高值和较大分散性的可能解释.      

非膨胀型防火涂料的等效热传导系数及其试验方法

热传导系数是表征非膨胀型防火涂料隔热性能最重要的参数,也是进行钢构件升温计算所必需的参数。非膨胀型防火涂料的热传导系数随温度升高有较大变化,采用常温下的热传导系数来计算钢构件在火灾下的温度将导致较大的误差。从工程应用角度,热传导系数采用一个常数可极大地简化计算,因此本文提出了等效热传导系数的概念及其试验方法。该方法基于非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件标准耐火试验,可综合反映涂料在火灾下的实际性能。试验与理论计算的对比表明,采用等效热传导系数可相当精确地模拟非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件在火灾下的升温。     

Micro X‐Ray computed tomography imaging and ultrasonic velocity measurements in tetrahydrofuran‐hydrate‐bearing sediments

Naturally occurring gas hydrates contain significant amounts of natural gas that might be produced as an energy resource in the foreseeable future. Thus, it is necessary to understand the pore‐space characteristics of hydrate reservoirs, particularly the pore‐scale distribution of the hydrate and its interaction with the sediment. Four end‐member models for hydrate distribution in the pore space are pore filling, sediment‐frame component, envelope cementing, and contact cementing. The goal of this study is to compare the models with pore‐scale hydrate distributions obtained in laboratory‐formed hydrates. Our results verify hydrate pore‐scale distributions by direct, visual observations that were previously implied by indirect, elastic property measurements. Laboratory measurements were conducted using tetrahydrofuran as a guest molecule since tetrahydrofuran hydrate can be used as a proxy for naturally occurring hydrates. We performed micro X‐ray computed tomography to obtain information about the distribution of hydrate in the pore space of synthetic sediment (glass beads). We also made ultrasonic velocity measurements on the same samples. Micro X‐ray computed tomography images and ultrasonic velocity measurements both indicate that the tetrahydrofuran hydrate forms in the pore space with a part of the hydrate bridging the grains without touching the grain surfaces. These hydrate‐bearing sediments appear to follow a pore‐filling model with a portion of the hydrate becoming a load‐bearing part of the sediment frame.     

中国大陆科学钻探靶区深部温度预测

依据中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)两口先导孔中地热测量和岩石样品热物性参数,对5000m深钻的可能钻遇温度进行了预测.先导孔中地温梯度介于1-26℃/km;岩石热导率变化为2.64-8.81W/(m@K),平均(3.4±1.26)W/(m@K);实测热流值为76-80mW/m2;30块岩石样品放射性生热率变化为(0.0-2.17)μW/m3,450m深度以上层平均(0.76±0.5)μW/m3,以下层段平均(0.48±0.2)μW/m3,生热率随深度递减,但变化趋势难以明确判定.分别对热流和热导率取上、下限,采用不同的生热率随深度的分布函数,区分考虑或不考虑热导率的温度相关性,分别计算出5000m深度内可能的温度分布剖面.计算结果表明,超深井于5000m垂直深度上的温度将达到110-140℃,2000m深度的探井钻遇温度将介于54-64℃.此外,考虑热导率的温度效应后预测的温度一般高于未考虑热导率温度效应5-8℃.     

Methane hydrates in controlled-source electromagnetic surveys – analysis of a recent data example

Data from a recently acquired sea-bed logging deep-water survey are analysed for resistive bodies at depths below mudline shallower than about 300 m. A model consistent with known methane hydrate properties is found to explain near-offset structures over an offset scale of a few hundred metres observed in the data. The lateral near-seabed resolution of the sea-bed logging method was determined to less than 100 m for source frequencies of up to 10 Hz. The importance of accurate hydrate maps to improve data processing is demonstrated by placing synthetic reservoirs below hydrates and observing their effects on reference model processing. The phase is shown to be less perturbed by shallow resistors than the amplitude, which is an important quality control of standard anomaly maps. While patchy shallow resistors can generally be mapped with simple normalized magnitude-versus-offset and phase-versus-offset difference analyses, large area distributions of hydrates over kilometres are hard to distinguish from deeper structures using controlled-source electromagnetic data only, short of conducting a full 3D inversion of a sufficiently large survey. Beyond, the study confirms the applicability of controlled-source electromagnetic techniques in general to map shallow resistive structures for drilling hazards and possible future exploration of methane hydrates as an energy source.     

共和盆地恰卜恰地热区现今地热特征

恰卜恰地热区位于青海共和盆地的东北部,是我国重要的具有干热岩地热资源勘探开发潜力的地区之一.自2013年起,不同的研究者针对该区开展了大量地球物理探测工作,然而现今地热场的研究相对较少.本文基于4口干热岩钻孔的稳态测温资料和81块岩芯样品的热导率测试数据,计算了研究区4个大地热流值.研究结果表明：研究区基底花岗岩层现今地温梯度为39.0~45.2℃·km^-1,平均值为41.3℃·km^-1,大地热流值介于93.3~111.0 mW·m^-2之间,平均值为102.2 mW·m^-2,与我国主要的克拉通型盆地（如柴达木盆地、四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地）和新生代裂谷型盆地（如渤海湾盆地）相比,该区属于青藏高原高热流背景下的局部异常高地温梯度和高大地热流区.分析认为,研究区高地热异常可能暗示共和盆地浅部（20 km以浅）存在局部异常热源体（岩浆囊）.