重塑上海淤泥质粘土直剪试验

直剪试验是测定土体抗剪强度常用的方法。通过对重塑上海第4层淤泥质粘土分别进行固结快剪和慢剪试验,对慢剪和快剪的剪应力和剪切位移曲线以及慢剪和快剪的抗剪强度曲线进行分析,并对其剪应力与剪切位移关系曲线进行归一化分析,拟合得到各竖向压力下τ·S-S的归一化方程,进而统一了各竖向压力下τ/P.S-S的归一化方程,并通过抗剪强度曲线图可得到抗剪强度参数粘聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ);抗剪强度和剪切破坏时与剪切面上的含水率有较好的线性关系。     

非饱和土抗剪强度研究方法的探讨

介绍了目前岩土工程界提出的新的非饱和土抗剪强度公式,并用试验证实了非饱和土抗剪强度与含水量的指数函数或幂函数关系,为非饱和土体抗剪强度公式应用于工程实践提供了依据.     

颗粒形态对砂土抗剪强度影响的试验和离散元数值模拟

为研究颗粒形态对砂土抗剪强度的影响，制备了5组不同粒径的球形石英砂和颗粒形态不规则的实验室标准砂，并进行一系列的直剪试验；离散元法能有效地模拟砂土的离散性和不均匀性，基于高性能离散元分析软件MatDEM，通过二次开发，建立直剪试验三维模拟器，对直剪试验过程进行了数值模拟，并对比分析了试验和数值模拟结果。数据表明:(1)石英砂试样的自然休止角与其抗剪强度有着正相关性；(2)球形石英砂较实验室标准砂能更快达到峰值强度，但其值相对较低；标准砂存在着一定的黏聚力；(3)在直剪过程中，直剪盒中部颗粒的位移较周围颗粒不同，形成了明显的剪切带，并且球形石英砂试样的剪切带内颗粒的位移更小；(4)砂土直剪试验中配位数与剪应力有着良好的正相关性。本文结果表明，在相同的荷载条件下不规则颗粒形态的石英砂的抗剪强度要明显大于球形石英砂。     

基于PFC2D数值试验的异性结构面剪切强度特性研究

天然岩体中广泛发育两侧岩性不同的异性结构面,开展异性结构面变形和强度特性研究旨在为岩体稳定性评价和利用提供依据。选取三峡库区侏罗系典型的砂岩-泥岩异性岩层,首先运用分形几何理论,定量计算了平直和4种不同不规则起伏形态结构面的粗糙度系数JRC值,然后基于PFC2D颗粒流程序,分别开展了以上5种形态异性结构面的数值剪切试验,获得了各形态结构面在不同正应力下的剪切应力-位移曲线。根据数值试验结果,采用巴顿的JRC-JCS模型分析了异性结构面强度特性,并与同性结构面强度性质进行对比研究。最后,在考虑异性结构面剪切破坏机制的基础上,引入强度因子的概念,提出了新的适用于异性结构面强度评价的两类改进巴顿准则。研究结果表明：异性岩体结构面抗剪强度介于相同粗糙度的两种同性结构面强度之间,在较低正应力下接近软岩同性结构面强度,符合Ⅰ型改进巴顿准则;在较高正应力下偏向硬岩同性结构面强度,符合Ⅱ型改进巴顿准则。实际工程中可利用改进准则并根据异性结构面应力状态对岩体稳定性进行评价,弥补了以往研究的不足。     

基于有效固结应力法确定结构性黏性土不排水抗剪强度

由于结构性的存在使得很多天然黏性土的强度和变形特性不同于重塑土和非结构性土。首先回顾了适用于确定重塑土和非结构性土不排水抗剪强度的有效固结应力法,并推导了相应的方程。在此基础上,对于结构性黏性土,采用两段不同斜率（内摩擦角正切）和截距（黏聚力）的直线模拟其抗剪强度包络线,建立了确定其不排水抗剪强度的有效固结应力法方程;当有效应力小于结构屈服应力时,有效固结应力方程中有效应力部分需乘以0.8的修正系数;只要已知剪切前的有效应力,利用相应的有效固结应力法公式,可确定结构性土体的不排水抗剪强度。利用连云港结构性软黏土的等压固结三轴试验数据,验证了有效固结应力法的适用性。分析表明：对于连云港软黏土的不排水抗剪强度,有效固结应力法的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;对于结构屈服应力,有效固结应力法的预测结果与试验数据点的拟合结果有一定偏差,但并不明显。     

用扁铲侧胀试验计算饱和软粘土的不排水抗剪强度

评价上海地区饱和软粘土的不排水抗剪强度.通过室内试验及十字板剪切试验得到的不排水抗剪强度cu与用扁铲指数(水平应力指数KD)计算得到的不排水抗剪强度cu进行比较,说明Marchetti(1980)计算cu的公式适用于上海地区的饱和软粘土.同时,扁铲模量ED与不排水抗剪强度cu具有线性相关性,故找到了一个更为简便的计算不排水抗剪强度cu的公式.     

滑坡滑面（带）残余强度试验方法的探讨

根据多年从事土工试验及滑坡研究的经验和体会，通过滑坡滑带上抗剪强度指标体系的多种方法的试验对比和综合分析，本文对土质滑坡滑面（带）抗剪强度指标的室内测试，提出了一种新的试验方法，即滑带土的多次剪试验，该方法在理论上较为严谨，实践上更切合工程实际，是解决土质滑坡滑面（带）残余抗剪强度指标问题值得推广的一种试验方法。     

门楼水库溢流坝段岩石与混凝土抗剪参数的确定

通过对门楼水库溢流坝段不同位置、不同深度、不同岩石风化程度在不同混凝土强度和不同含水率情况下近百块试块的室内直剪试验,研究了岩石和混凝土胶结面的抗剪强度与混凝土强度、岩石的风化破碎程度和含水率的关系。结果表明,混凝土的强度对胶结面的抗剪强度具有明显的影响;对于块状及次块状结构类型岩体,胶结面抗剪强度参数基本相同,但裂隙块体强度降低很多,部分块体破坏形态已不在是沿胶结面破坏,而是部分迁就胶合面,部分追随岩体内的结构面,并形成较大的起伏;随着含水率的增加,凝聚力和内摩擦角都明显降低。试块的抗剪强度只代表试验点的强度,为了得到建基面的抗剪强度,将岩石和混凝土的抗剪强度看作随机变量,引入区域化内变量和变异函数反映抗剪强度的随机性和结构性,通过克里格方程求得各个样本的权值,进而求出不同建基面的抗剪参数。     

植物根系与边坡土体间的力学特性研究

建立了根土相互作用的力学模型,在限定根在土体中方位的情况下推导出了由于根的加筋作用所增加的土体抗剪强度公式。并在实验室进行了大量常规直剪试验。对试验结果进行了分析,并和理论计算相比较,结果表明：植物根系可以明显提高土体的抗剪强度;随着含水量的增加,土体和根-土复合体的抗剪强度会下降;直根和斜根对根-土复合体抗剪强度的提高是相似的,都是随着根条数的增加而增加,但斜根的加强作用要大些;随着根条数的增加,根-土复合体的c、φ值都会提高。     

连云港海相软土不排水强度特征

连云港地区软土为碱性环境下沉积的非均质海积软土,软土抗剪强度具有固有各向异性。采用三轴不固结不排水剪切（UU）试验、无侧限抗压强度（UTC）试验、快剪试验和原位十字板剪切（FVT）试验4种方法,对连云港地区软土的不固结不排水抗剪强度特征进行了研究。结果表明：土体水平剪切面强度最低,竖直面抗剪强度最高;土体制样采用垂直方向的切取试样方式时,土体强度最高。根据三轴UU试验得出的黏聚强度和内摩擦角基于土体单元极限平衡理论恢复了土体剪切破坏时的应力状态,计算出土体实际抗剪强度。三轴UU试验得出的抗剪强度平均值约为13.13 kPa,试样破裂面与水平面的夹角在45.1°~45.7°区间最为集中。UTC试验测得的土体平均抗剪强度近似等于三轴UU试验测得的平均抗剪强度。FVT试验测得软土抗剪强度平均值为19.72 kPa,与三轴UU试验和UTC试验得出的抗剪强度平均值相比高了约6.60 kPa,这种现象与室内试验试样的机械扰动、土体应力状态改变和剪切面特征有关。     

桂北硅质岩结构面抗剪强度研究

在广西壮族自治区桂林市天门村进行了硅质岩结构面强度的原位试验,结合现场调查,基于Barton模型,估算了硅质岩结构面抗剪强度。结果表明,硅质岩结构面的剪应力-位移曲线呈现出塑性变形的特征,剪切过程具有爬坡、空化、剪胀的特点。剪切曲线分为剪胀、剪断凸台和完全接触三个过程。结构面受剪力初期,剪应力上升较快,剪切位移随剪应力的增大而几乎呈线性增大,处于弹性状态;随着剪应力的不断增大,在剪切面处发生爬坡作用和啃断作用这两种力学效果;当将结构面上的凸台被啃断后,剪应力上升的梯度变小,直至峰值强度,处于完全接触状态。原位试验得到的抗剪强度参数与Barton模型计算的结果具有较好的一致性,但Barton模型参数的确定带有很强的主观性而造成的误差较大,导致其计算结果偏小,因此在没有经验值和相关工程参考的地区进行现场大剪试验是十分必要的,既保证了工程的可靠性,又避免过于保守,本次实验的结果为类似工程的取值提供了参考。     

用抗剪强度指标计算预制桩软黏土侧摩阻力的参数统计分析

参照现有的静力法计算桩侧摩阻力的公式,提出了根据固结快剪c、j指标计算桩侧摩阻力的计算公式,其中有多个参数待定。根据收集到的上海地区19个工程摩擦型预制桩的试桩成果,采用最小二乘法,确定了上海地区主要软土层的待定参数,由统计得到的桩侧摩阻力的计算公式,计算出各试桩在各主要软土层的桩侧摩阻力和各试桩的极限承载力。结果表明,同一土层的各试桩桩侧摩阻力相关性较好,基本符合正态分布规律;单桩承载力计算值与实测值之间的误差较小;用上海地区主要软土层固结快剪c、j指标的上下限可以计算得到桩侧摩阻力上下限,根据19个工程统计得到的平均桩侧摩阻力在上下限之间;桩侧摩阻力的深度效应不明显,桩端持力层条件对桩侧摩阻力发挥有影响。     

估算异性岩石不连续面峰值剪切强度的经验公式

长江三峡库区广泛发育着两侧岩性不同的不连续面（称为异性不连续面）,研究其峰值剪切强度可为相关岩体的稳定性分析和评价提供理论依据。采用高强石膏浇注3组不同形貌且上、下壁面强度不同的不连续面试件,并在不同常法向应力下进行剪切试验。引入不连续面壁组合系数λ来综合量化不连续面壁的抗压强度和基本摩擦角对异性不连续面峰值剪切强度的影响,λ越小,上、下不连续面壁强度差异越大。异性不连续面的峰值剪切强度随λ的增加呈非线性增加,且在高法向应力下更为显著。在Barton公式的基础上,通过多元回归分析建立了估算异性不连续面峰值剪切强度的经验公式。采用天然和人工锯齿形异性不连续面的直剪试验结果对新公式做了进一步验证,试验剪切强度与新公式预测值吻合较好。简要分析了新公式在软硬互层岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用。最后,讨论了Wu公式的适用性以及新公式的优点和不足。     

Alternative approaches for analyses of a 100,000 m<Superscript>3</Superscript> rock slide based on Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion

A data set was derived for the Åknes rock slope, Norway, with the main focus on deriving input parameters for the Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion. Back-calculations of a 100,000 m³ rock slide were performed for evaluation of the data set. The limit equilibrium analysis showed that the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) has the greatest effect on the calculated safety factor of the slide. Probabilistic computations showed that the JRC stands out as the most important contributor to the total uncertainty over the whole set of variables and that the computed failure probability of the 1960 slide was very high, which may be interpreted that the input variables and the Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion are reasonable for the slide. JRC was measured on 0.25 m scale and on 1 m scale. The results from the two scales were different.     

岩石结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应的推拉试验研究

粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。     

Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints

Barton, N., 1973. Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng. Geol., 7: 287–332.

The surface roughness of rock joints depends on their mode of origin, and on the mineralogy of the rock. Amongst the roughest joints will be those that formed in intrusive rocks in a tensile brittle manner, and amongst the smoothest the planar cleavage surface in slates. The range of friction angles exhibited by this spectrum will vary from about 75° or 80° down to 20° or 25°, the maximum values being very dependent on the normal stress, due to the strongly curved nature of the peak strength envelopes for rough unfilled joints.

Direct shear tests performed on model tension fractures have provided a very realistic picture of the behaviour of unfilled joints at the roughest end of the joint spectrum. The peak shear strength of rough—undulating joints such as tension surfaces can now be predicted with acceptable accuracy from a knowledge of only one parameter, namely the effective joint wall compressive strength or JCS value. For an unweathered joint this will be simply the unconfined compression strength of the unweathered rock. However in most cases joint walls will be weathered to some degree. Methods of estimating the strength of the weathered rock are discussed. The predicted values of shear strength compare favourably with experimental results reported in the literature, both for weathered and unweathered rough joints.

The shear strength of unfilled joints of intermediate roughness presents a problem since at present there is insufficient detailed reporting of test results. In an effort to remedy this situation, a simple roughness classification method has been devised which has a sliding scale of roughness. The curvature of the proposed strength envelopes reduces as the roughness coefficient reduces, and also varies with the strength of the weathered joint wall or unweathered rock, whichever is relevant. Values of the Coulomb parameters c and Φ fitted to the curves between the commonly used normal stress range of 5–20 kg/cm² appear to agree quite closely with experimental results.

The presence of water is found in practice to reduce the shear strength of rough unfilled joints but hardly to affect the strength of planar surfaces. This surprising experimental result is also predicted by the proposed criterion for peak strength. The shear strength depends on the compressive strength which is itself reduced by the presence of water. The sliding scale of roughness incorporates a reduced contribution from the compressive strength as the joint roughness reduces. Based on the same model, it is possible to draw an interesting analogy between the effects of weathering, saturation, time to failure, and scale, on the shear strength of non-planar joints. Increasing these parameters causes a reduction in the compressive strength of the rock, and hence a reduction in the peak shear strength. Rough—undulating joints are most affected and smooth—nearly planar joints least of all.     

基于Excel数据表和极限分析法的滑坡抗剪强度参数反演分析

针对采用传统的确定性边坡稳定性分析方法进行滑裂面抗剪强度参数反演分析所需滑坡断面不少于两个的不足,基于概率可靠度理论,提出了一种结合Excel数据表和极限分析上限法的滑坡强度参数反演新方法。依托湘西朱雀洞特大滑坡进行算例分析,研究结果表明：结合Excel数据表法和极限分析上限法反演得到的滑裂面抗剪强度参数与工程现场实测数据吻合良好,验证了新分析方法的正确性和有效性;运用该法反演分析只需一个滑坡断面,可有效解决单一滑裂面抗剪强度参数反演问题,减少了计算工作量,具有广泛的适用性和良好的工程应用前景。     

Assessing prediction models of advance rate in tunnel boring machines—a case study in Iran

Tunnel boring machine applies in tunnel construction and in mining operation. During the last years, different methods have been introduced to analyze and assess suitable operations of digging systems presented. These methods are divided in two groups: (1) the first group is based on mathematical equations and shear strength applied on each cutter, (2) the second group is based on databanks and experimental relationship. This paper compares and analyzes two experimental methods as introduced by Barton and Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTNU) as well as using a mathematic model introduced by Colorado School of Mines and analyzed the validity scope of each of them. A case study is made in the 16-km Karaj–Tehran water supply tunnel. At the end, it is concluded that mathematical models are not suitable because they are highly dependent on the results of special laboratory tests; also, it attends less to rock mass characteristics. In jointed or nonhomogen rocks, as well as in this project with less value of laboratory data, using Barton model is more creditable. It enjoys high ability for definite measurement. Also, NTNU model attend to machine parameters and in case of availability of laboratory tests data, NTNU model is a suitable method. According to the available information and executing conditions of Karaj–Tehran water supply tunnel project including geology of area, experimental parameters, etc, the Barton method is more valid than the other methods.     

NON-LINEAR FAULT BEHAVIOUR NEAR UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS — A BOUNDARY ELEMENT APPROACH

A boundary element model for stress/stability analysis of underground excavations in the vicinity of faults is presented. The boundary element formulation adopts the fictitious stress method for the simulation of excavation boundaries and the displacement discontinuity method for the representation of faults. The numerical model employs the Barton–Bandis non-linear joint model for the modelling of the fault behaviour and linear elastic behaviour for the rock. An incremental-iterative in situ stress relaxation algorithm is implemented for the non-linear analysis of the faults. Both deformation and peak strength models of Barton–Bandis are incorporated for modelling the mechanical behaviour of the fault. The non-linear deformation of fault considers the effects of coupling between shear and normal stresses and displacement, joint closure, joint separation, hardening followed by post-peak or residual behaviour. The peak strength model employs a mobilized non-linear shear strength envelope. The differences between linear and non-linear simulation of the fault models are discussed. A comparison of model predictions with the classical Mohr–Coulomb peak strength model with constant joint stiffness is presented. The numerical model is used for a case study of Canadian hard rock underground mine. The shear and normal displacements along the fault during four mining sequences with backfill simulation are presented and discussed.