环渤海地区河流河口及海洋表层沉积物有机质特征和来源

2013年8月采集了环渤海地区35条主要河流河口表层沉积物样品,12月采集了渤海与北黄海24个表层沉积物样品,分析了其生物地球化学指标:总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳同位素(δ13C)和氮同位素(δ15N),探讨该区域表层沉积物有机质特征及组成。研究表明:河流河口表层沉积物有机碳同位素(δ13C)值在–26.4‰—–21.8‰,平均值为–24.5‰;渤海表层沉积物有机碳同位素(δ13C)值在–23.8‰—–21.7‰,平均值为–22.3‰。河口表层沉积物TOC含量在0.06%—3.87%,平均值为1.31%;渤海表层沉积物TOC含量在0.52%—2.09%,平均值为1.08%。河流δ13C富集较轻,偏向陆源;海洋δ13C富集较重,偏向水生有机质来源。河流河口表层沉积物的δ13C值差异较明显,最大值与最小值相差4.6‰,但是流域地理位置距离近的河流δ13C值差异不大。河流河口表层沉积物δ15N在1.5‰—10.2‰,平均值为5.5‰;渤海表层沉积物δ15N在4.4‰—5.6‰,平均值为5.0‰。河流表层沉积物δ15N范围比渤海表层沉积物δ15N范围广,原因是河流受陆源有机物影响,且陆源有机物来源差异大。海洋表层沉积物δ15N相对均一,说明海洋表层沉积物δ15N受物源影响较小,体现了水体中有机质的转化和微生物活动对氮同位素的影响。本研究中表层沉积物的δ13C与δ15N没有明显的相关性,也体现了陆源有机质输入的影响。根据经典的二元模式计算,35条河流陆源有机质的贡献比例范围为10%—90%,平均值为60%;渤海陆源贡献比例范围为10%—50%,平均值为20%。河流有机质的来源以陆源有机质为主,水生有机质为辅。渤海有机质的来源以水生有机质为主,环渤海河流的陆源输入也有重要贡献。需要指出的是,有机碳同位素(δ13C)、氮同位素(δ15N)和Corg/Ntotal对有机质来源判别有一定局限性,虽然稳定同位素有示踪性,然而其成分仍然不可避免地受到生物地球化学等过程的改造,在使用稳定同位素技术示踪物源时,须小心谨慎。     

同位素示踪技术在海洋环境研究中的应用

综合δD、δ18O、224Ra、226Ra、228R、钍系同位素和210Pb、14C等同位素示踪技术研究的最新成果,概述了同位素示踪技术在海洋水体运动、颗粒动力学、海洋生物生产力、沉积动力学、古海洋学等方面的研究进展,提出了在这一领域应重点发展的研究方向,以期推动同位素示踪技术在海洋环境研究中的应用。     

北大西洋45°N区氧同位素3期以来上层水体性质的变化

北大西洋45°N区是北大西洋冰筏碎屑(IRD)带的中心区,其海洋沉积物包含高分辨率沉积环境和气候变化信息,对45°N区沉积记录的研究有利于反演末次冰期以来古海洋环境的变化.通过对岩心Hu71-377中IRD含量的统计、浮游有孔虫组合及氧和碳同位素(δ18O和δ13C)分析,重建了北大西洋45°N上层水体水团性质演化历史...     

利用δ^18O和烯烃记录恢复海水表面温度和盐度

深海沉积物中有孔虫壳体的氧同位素成分(δ^18O)被广泛用做古气候变化标志，但是这种δ^18O的变化是由海水表面温度、全球冰体体积和区域盐度相互作用造成的，这三者的影响难以分开．最近已发展了一种根据浮游藻类中不饱和稀烃(alkenone)的丰度比值来计算古温度的技术．这里我们利用取自于阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾间的深海钻孔氧同位素和烯烃记录相结合的方法来提取盐度信号．     

北冰洋西部沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义

通过对楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋深水区表层沉积物中有机碳同位素含量(δ13C)、氮同位素含量(δ15N)及生物成因SiO₂(BSiO₂)含量分析,结果表明海源和陆源有机质的分布受海区环流结构和营养盐结构所制约.楚科奇海中西部和楚科奇海台受太平洋富营养盐海水的影响,海洋生产力高,沉积物中海源有机质和BSiO₂含量高;靠阿拉斯加一侧海域海水的营养盐含量和生产力都偏低,沉积物中陆源有机质比重增加;在研究区北部和东北部的楚科奇高地和加拿大海盆,冰封时间较长,营养盐供应少,海洋生产力低,但来自马更些河和阿拉斯加北部的陆源有机质增多,沉积物中BSiO₂含量小于5%,海源有机质百分含量小于40%.由于亚北极太平洋水通过楚科奇海向北冰洋海盆输送,研究区营养盐池表现为开放系统,营养盐的利用率与它的供应成反比,与海洋生产力成反比.     

钙质成岩作用对有孔虫氧同位素的影响

通过对南海北部ODPl84航次1148站井深477m之下深海相渐新世浮游有孔虫Globoquadrina压扁壳、次生方解石和充填壳的氧同位素对比，定量分析了钙质成岩作用对壳体氧同位素的影响，结果发现，受成岩作用影响，1148站浮游有孔虫氧同位素显著变轻，这种变化趋势与低纬度开放性大洋明显不同。其原因可能与南海海盆扩张早期，大量陆源物质从较窄陆架可以直接沉积到海底，由于陆源物质氧同位素相对偏负，当与海洋沉积物混合后，引起本区沉积物孔隙水氧离子浓度变轻。而扩张初始，高的沉积速率可能使钙质壳体被快速封存在一个相对孤立的系统中，造成孔隙水离子成为影响壳体氧同位素变化的主要因素。当氧同位素相对较重的有孔虫壳体溶解和重结晶并与孔隙水离子发生交换时，引起壳体δ^18O负向偏移。     

珠江口外近海沉积有机质化学及稳定同位素组成的早期成岩改变

理解早期成岩过程中有机质的化学和同位素分馏对于研究海洋和湖泊环境中的生物地球化学过程是很重要的。将珠江口外近海生物成因有机质分为可水解氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂类和酸不溶四个部分,分析了有机质的化学和同位素组成(δ13C,δ15N),借以讨论沉积有机质在埋藏的早期成岩过程中所发生的化学和同位素改变,结果表明,从浮游生物→悬浮颗粒物→表层沉积物→沉积柱内部,易降解组分可水解氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂类占样品总有机碳的份额依次降低。沉积物及四个有机部分的稳定碳同位素组成在纵向上随深度保持相对恒定,而在不同有机部分之间差异明显。不同类型有机物的分解速率差异在改变有机质化学成分的同时,导致其δ13C发生小幅度负向漂移;细菌有机质的形成和分解对有机质化学成分和同位素组成演化也有重要贡献,并且在一定程度上抵消了上述δ13C的负向漂移,其结果导致沉积有机质的δ13C略低于浮游生物;另一方面,由于异养菌生长过程中的氮同位素分馏系数与可利用氮源的特征和培养基的性质等多种因素有关,导致沉积物的δ15N变化范围增大。在这里δ13C可以可靠地指示该海域沉积有机质的来源,而δ15N变化范围较大且规律不明显,难以用作沉积有机质来源的指示。     

同位素海洋学的发展

同位素海洋学（ＩｓｏｔｏｐｅＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ），在海洋科学研究中不仅着眼于元素，而且着眼于同位素的研究领域。１海洋同位素地层学与同位素古海洋学同位素地球化学方法是研究板块构造、海底扩张等当代地球科学重大课题的强有力工具。它应用于海洋地层学即出现海洋同位素地层学。同位素古海洋学则是同位素地球化学方法在古海洋学即海洋古地理学上的应用，这是地球科学新的“生长点”之一。人们发现，在冰期，海水中氧的重同位素相对富集，在间冰期，海水中氧的轻同位素相对富集。因此，钙质生物骨骼的氧同位素值可以反映气候的…     

河蚬分布的气候环境及壳体稳定同位素

根据实地考察和对现有资料的统计与分析,揭示中国大陆河蚬现生种主要分布在中国东南部年降水量大于800 mm(800~1400 mm)、1月平均气温大于0℃(0.5~4.5℃)、温暖湿润的淡水—微咸水河湖环境之中。河蚬壳体在生长过程中记录了气候环境和水体性质的信息。利用碳酸盐自动装置与Finnigan MAT-253型质谱仪联机对河蚬壳体δ18O和δ13C的值进行了系统测试,通过对比分析发现,壳体生长过程中由于生理效应和生态习性差异造成全壳的δ18O值变化较小,江苏一帆河、古黄河、江西绵江和云南滇池4个采样区(点)之间变化仅为1.4‰;河蚬壳体不同部位δ18O值记录了生长过程中的季节性温度变化;随纬度增高壳体δ13C值富集轻同位素组成,有变负的趋势;雨热同期气候环境下的一帆河、古黄河地区现代河蚬壳体碳氧同位素值在个体生长过程中变化位相非常相似,反映了壳体碳氧同位素值对气候环境的响应。     

西北冰洋楚科奇海台08P31孔晚第四纪的古海洋学记录

本文通过中国第三次北极科学考察在北冰洋楚科奇海台采集的08P31孔样品的多项指标分析,重建该区晚第四纪的古海洋与古气候演变历史。将08P31孔沉积物记录与其他孔综合对比初步划分为氧同位素3期(MIS 3)-MIS 1的沉积序列;TOC与Opal含量分析结果显示,自MIS 3以来该区总生产力呈逐渐上升趋势,但硅质生产力不高;CaCO3含量不仅代表海生钙质生物的生产力,也是陆源碎屑碳酸盐岩的信号;根据δ13Corg值运用两端元法计算出TOCmar/TOC,并通过TOCmar、TOCter与C/N值比较可知,δ13Corg值作为有机质来源的指标更可靠。经分析该孔沉积物有机质以海源有机质为主,但褐色层B2与白色层W3的有机质主要受到陆源有机质输入的影响;该孔沉积物中的浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)(Nps)的δ18 O和-δ13 C结果显示:褐色层B2和灰色层G1的轻值是由冰融水造成;黄褐色层Yb1上部到白色层W3下部的轻值反映了海冰形成速率提高,导致轻同位素卤水的生产和下沉。黄褐色层Yb1中部及白色层W3,Nps-δ18 O和-δ13C的重值对应低的有孔虫丰度,指示水体温度下降以及低营养环境。黄褐色层Yb2的Nps-δ18 O和-δ13C值呈镜像关系,这是由于大冰期环境下,海盆内储存了较少的融冰水导致。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.