SUMMER MEASUREMENTS OF DISSOLVED ION CONCENTRATIONS IN ALPINE STREAMS,BLANCA PEAK REGION,COLORADO∗

Chemical weathering is commonly assumed to be negligible in the denudation of alpine landscapes. Spot samples of dissolved ions from alpine streams on the Blanca Massif had minimum average concentrations in 1978 of 35.53 ppm (range: 14.9–75.6 ppm) and in 1979, 20.23 ppm (range: 7.35–35.0 ppm). Correlations between the variation in the concentration of dissolved ions (silica, pH, and minimum ion concentration) and the elevations and drainage-basin areas of sample sites were significant at the 0.05 level.     

安徽省淮北平原地下水氟、溶解性总固体空间变异特征

应用数理统计学及地质统计学方法,对安徽省淮北平原73个浅层地下水中氟离子、溶解性总固体数据进行分析。结果表明,氟离子、溶解性总固体均服从对数正态分布,变异系数分别为0.77、0.36。地下水氟离子、溶解性总固体半方差函数分别满足高斯模型、指数模型,氟离子在49.00 km内存在自相关,溶解性总固体在7.21 km内存在自相关。氟离子浓度>1 mg/L的区域分布在淮北平原东北部、中部。淮北平原溶解性总固体>1 g/L的地区主要分布在宿州和淮北,其空间分布特征与氟离子相似。     

WHY MONITOR CARBON IN HIGH‐ALPINE STREAMS?

In this short communication, we report on dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations from a summer stream monitoring campaign at the main hydrological catchment of the Tarfala Research Station in northern Sweden. Further, we place these unique high‐alpine observations in the context of a relevant subset of Sweden's national monitoring programme. Our analysis shows that while the monitoring programme (at least for total organic carbon) may have relatively good representativeness across a range of forest coverages, alpine/tundra environments are potentially underrepresented. As for dissolved inorganic carbon, there is currently no national monitoring in Sweden. Since the selection of stream water monitoring locations and monitored constituents at the national scale can be motivated by any number of goals (or limitations), monitoring at the Tarfala Research Station along with other research catchment sites across Fennoscandia becomes increasingly important and can offer potential complementary data necessary for improving process understanding. Research catchment sites (typically not included in national monitoring programmes) can help cover small‐scale landscape features and thus complement national monitoring thereby improving the ability to capture hot spots and hot moments of biogeochemical export. This provides a valuable baseline of current conditions in high‐alpine environments against which to gauge future changes in response to potential climatic and land cover shifts.     

陨石中铼锇同位素化学分离过程的几个重要影响因素

本文针对陨石中铼锇同位素比值高精度测定,选取6块不同类型的普通球粒陨石（吉林陨石、信阳陨石、武安陨石、肇东陨石、河北陨石、荷叶塘陨石）和两块铁陨石（南丹铁陨石和T-5）进行预处理和化学过程的一些条件实验。实验结果表明,陨石金属表面的锈迹清洗使用1M的HCl效果更佳;对于样品溶解,逆王水溶解效果比浓硝酸好,高温溶样熔解彻底,常温状态下仅能溶解出约30%的陨石样品中的Os;微蒸馏二次纯化可提高Os测定信号的稳定性和精度;稀释剂的浓度及加入量应与样品匹配,且达到平衡状态是高精度和高准确度的保障;普通球粒陨石取样范围在0.1g-0.3g (即样品中Os的绝对含量为100ng)即可获取最佳信号强度和精度;本次实验全流程空白Os可控制至0.5~81pg,Re可控制至4～77pg采用同位素稀释法,当187Os/188Os比值的精度最小可至4ppm（n=120,2se）。     

Cu- and Zn-Soil Anomalies in the NE Border of the South Portuguese Zone (Iberian Variscides,Portugal) Identified by Multifractal and Geostatistical Analyses

Extensive Cu- and Zn-soil geochemical data in the Albernoa/Entradas–S. Domingos region (NE border of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, South Portuguese Zone) were examined to separate anomalies from background using the concentration–area fractal model. Distribution patterns of Cu and Zn concentrations in soil are primarily influenced by bedrock. The regional threshold values of Cu- and Zn-soil contents over metasedimentary sequences are 20–25 and 20–60 ppm, respectively, becoming 30–50 and 20–90 ppm, respectively, when metavolcanic rocks are present. The first-order threshold values for Cu are 80–90 ppm in soils over metasediments and 70–80 ppm in soils over sequences bearing metavolcanics. For Zn, the first-order threshold values are 40–80 and 90–100 ppm in soils over metasediments and metavolcanic rocks, respectively. Metasediments and metavolcanics comprising significant sulphide disseminations are outlined by Cu- and Zn-soil values above 100 and 300 ppm in soil, respectively. On the basis of these results, Alvares and Albernoa/Entradas areas emerge as the first priority targets for exploration. The observed non-coincidence of Cu- and Zn-soil anomalies in soil in the area could reflect difference in element dispersion during weathering, they mostly indicate distinct metal sources related to the original composition of different rock types or to chemical changes developed during Variscan deformation/re-crystallization path. The established regional baseline data can be used as reference for environmental studies.     

Risk of Fluoride-Rich Groundwater on Human Health: Remediation Through Managed Aquifer Recharge in a Hard Rock Terrain,South India

The main objective of the present research was to examine the risk of fluoride-rich groundwater in the Shanmuganadhi River basin, south India on human health. The non-carcinogenic risks were estimated into two classes: (1) risks associated with oral intake of water and (2) risks associated with dermal contact. Hazard Quotient for oral intake and dermal contact was separately calculated for adult men, adult women and children from the geochemical results of 61 representative samples collected from the wells constructed in hard rock aquifers during the post- (January-2018) and pre-monsoon (May-2018) seasons. The collected samples were analyzed immediately after the field work for all the major ions and fluoride. Finally, total hazard index was calculated for adults (men and women) and children to evaluate the risk. It directed that 41%, 49% and 74% of post-monsoon samples and 30%, 43% and 62% of pre-monsoon samples possessed a non-carcinogenic risk for men, women and children, respectively. Because the basin falls in the drought-prone region, the water supply for drinking and cultivation are commonly based on groundwater resources. The study revealed that the minerals such as apatite, fluorite, biotite and pyroxene in the hornblende–biotite gneiss formation contribute fluoride ions to the groundwater system due to water–rock interaction mechanism. The Durov diagram depicted that dissolution of silicate minerals and cation exchange are the foremost hydrogeochemical activities, which decide the overall chemical composition of groundwater in this region. The ionic concentrations including fluoride increased with respect to depth of occurrence of groundwater. Escalation of the water table due to monsoon recharge and artificial recharge through a check dam decreased the total dissolved solids and fluoride ion concentration. The investigation conducted around the existing check dam at Kaldurai village highlighted that the fluoride concentration is below the allowable limit of 1.5 mg/l (WHO in World health statistics 2017: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017) in the wells closer to the check dam toward the downstream side. The concentration increased with distance, which lead the groundwater unsuitable for consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the managed aquifer recharge using check dams in the other parts of the basin to enrich the quantity and applicability of groundwater.

     

Density and conductivity properties of Na-CO3-Cl-SO4 brine from Mono Lake, California, USA

Relationships among conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and density were determined for hypersaline brine (TDS, 83 g kg^–) from Mono Lake. A theoretical estimate of density based on ionic composition and calculated partial molar volumes compared well with actual measurements (difference, 390 ppm). However, an empirically derived equation of state based on temperature and conductivity provides the most accurate density estimates (residual errors, 190 ppm) and can be used with data collected with CTD profilers.     

THE DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF AN ALPINE SHRUB,CASSIOPE MERTENSIANA,FROM MOUNT RAINIER,WA, USA

The application of dendrochronological techniques to shrubs found in arctic and alpine plant communities is opening previously untapped regions to the exploration of plant‐climate ecological relationships and climate reconstruction. In this pilot study, we present growth (1963–2004), reproduction (1963–2004), and stable carbon isotope ratio (1975–2004) chronologies for Cassiope mertensiana from a subalpine site in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Based on simple linear correlation analysis, positive correlations characterize plant growth and previous year mean maximum temperature in April and June, suggesting the influence of temperature on snowpack and, in turn, on growing season length, plant and soil insulation, and nutrient and moisture availability. Plant growth and reproduction are significantly correlated with current year July mean maximum temperature and total precipitation, indicating the importance of a warm and extended growing season for optimal plant development. Using step‐wise multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a preliminary calibration model for July mean maximum temperature (R = 0.63), extending over the 1974–2004 time period. This archive has the potential to elucidate multi‐scale, spatially‐explicit, ecological and climatic information for alpine ecosystems situated along a north‐south transect from the southern Yukon to the Pacific Northwest of the United States.     

穆珠朗玛峰地区土壤中稀土元素的含量和分布

本文论述了珠穆朗玛峯地区土壤中稀土元素的含量,以及它们在土壤中的分布模式,并发现土壤中稀土元素的含量水平在很大程度上受土壤母质的制约。     

南极普里兹湾海域铀系同位素的分布

本文报道了南极普里兹湾海域U、2 2 6Ra、2 1 0 Pb、2 1 0 Po的分布以及2 34U/2 38U和2 1 0 Po/2 1 0 Pb放射性比值。研究结果表明 ,该海域表层水中的铀同位素分布基本均匀 ,铀含量范围为1 3 2 8- 1 4 2 0 μmol·m- 3,平均值为 ( 1 3.82± 0 .2 9) μmol·m- 3,2 34U/2 38U平均放射性比值为1 1 4± 0 0 3。铀含量与盐度之间存在良好的相关性 ,其相关系数达 0 895。该海域溶解态2 2 6Ra比活度范围为 1 37- 1 78Bq·m- 3,平均值为 1 5 5Bq·m- 3;颗粒态 2 2 6Ra比活度范围为0 0 0 6- 0 0 35Bq·m- 3,平均值为 0 0 1 5Bq·m- 3;2 1 0 Po比活度 0 80- 1 5 2Bq·m- 3,平均 1 1 4Bq·m- 3;2 1 0 Pb比活度 1 34- 2 1 5Bq·m- 3,平均 1 66Bq·m- 3;2 1 0 Po/2 1 0 Pb的放射性比值0 5 5- 0 84,平均 0 69。并对2 1 0 Po和2 1 0 Pb的不平衡作了讨论。还研究了 1个站位溶解态和颗粒态2 2 6Ra、2 1 0 Pb的深度分布及2 1 0 Pb在两相中的分配     

黑河上游夏半年河水化学组成及年内过程

2006年5月至2006年10月在黑河上游扎马什克、祁连及莺落峡水文站逐日采集河水样,同期在七一冰川冰采集融水样,研究水化学组成、演化特征及其影响因素。样品分析结果表明：黑河上游山区,受人类活动影响较少,水中可溶性无机离子的含量比较低,主要受水岩作用过程影响。水文因素,特别是降水是控制水中化学物质含量季节变化的主要因素。受流域地理-地貌特征及水文差异影响,祁连水文站样品中Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4和Na+的含量相对较高,札马什克样品中Ca2+,Mg2+和HCO-3浓度较大,莺落峡的水化学组成介于扎马什克与祁连之间。在流域范围内,气候差异是引起水化学组成变化的主要因素。上游河水中的化学物质主要来源于碳酸盐溶解,也有部分硫酸盐的贡献,随径流演化,岩盐和硫酸盐的贡献逐渐占主要地位。     

Seasonal changes in pasture biomass, production and offtake under the transhumance system in northern Pakistan

An understanding of seasonal changes in pasture biomass, production and offtake of different range types is fundamentally important for the efficient management of livestock grazing. However, few studies have quantified these changes for transhumance systems, despite the fact that transhumance is still the main form of livestock management in several regions of the world and is often critical for the livelihoods of the people. One such area is the Northern Areas of Pakistan, where six villages and their pastures were selected for study. Pastures were categorized within foothill, dry temperate and alpine range types, and seasonal biomass, production and offtake of the vegetation was estimated by clipping paired caged and uncaged quadrats. The alpine range type had by far the highest biomass and offtake; the foothill and dry temperate range types were much more sparsely vegetated. Although alpine pastures were heavily used, particularly in spring, there was no evidence for consistent over-utilization of pasture resources. Within the dry temperate range type, production was highest during spring but significantly under-used. This indicates a potential for increased use of dry temperate pastures during spring, an important period both for early recovery of livestock body condition after winter and to reduce the heavy pressure on the alpine pastures at this time.     

玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的动态变化及其驱动力

玛曲高寒草甸的健康状况直接影响着整个黄河流域的水安全,因此精确、全面地认识玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的变化及其驱动因子就显得尤为重要。本文基于卫星遥感数据及地面实测数据,分别从生态服务功能价值评估及时空格局分析两方面,考察了2004-2013年玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的变化趋势及其驱动力。结果表明:(1)玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的服务功能价值呈缓慢下降态势,下降速度约为6×10⁷元·a^-1。(2)导致其变动的驱动因子排序为:年降水量>年均牧畜存栏量>农村人口数量>人均居住面积>年均气温>重工业产值>有无自然灾害>工业产值>乡道投资>环境治理投资>牧民定居投资,即自然因素基础上的人文因素使得玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的服务功能价值不断降低。本文的研究结果对于准确认识玛曲高寒草甸生态系统的现状、变化趋势及其驱动力具有重要意义。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

基于SOFM神经网络模型的土地类型分区尝试——以青藏高原东部样带为例

基于土地类型自下而上的自然区划能够确立更加清晰的自然区划界线,是自然区划研究取得突破的关键。以青藏高原东部山区为研究区,采用神经网络模型与GIS技术,开展基于土地类型自下而上的区划研究。通过计算得到研究区地形综合指数、温暖指数、湿润指数、地被指数和水文指数5个自然指数指标,并将这些指标作为变量输入层,输入到建立的Self-Organizing Feature Maps神经网络模型中,对土地类型单元自下而上合并,生成青藏高原东部山区自然区划图,实现以土地类型单元为控制本底的定量化分区。结果表明:①可以将土地类型单元聚合成高原高寒稀疏植被区、高原高寒草甸草原区、高原高寒灌丛草甸区、高山深谷灌丛草甸区和高山深谷针叶林区5个自然带区域。②分区结果与中国生态地理区域划分的自然界线比较接近,相似性较高,分区结果较理想。     

INFLUENCE OF ENSO ON MAXIMUM,MINIMUM, AND MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, in both its warm and cold states, has a pronounced influence on mean monthly temperature and precipitation in Southeast United States, particularly along the Gulf of Mexico coast. This paper examines the influence of ENSO warm and cold events on the average monthly maximum and minimum as well as mean temperatures at 88 stations across the Southeast during 1931–1994. Composite time series for the 24-month period from July prior to a warm- or cold-event year (year -1) to June following a warm- or cold-event year (year +1) are examined. In the months with the largest mean temperature departures, January and February of years +0 and +1, maximum and minimum temperature departures are of the same sign as the mean temperature departure. However, in much of the region south of Virginia, the maximum and minimum temperature departures are of opposite sign during the autumn of year +0 and spring of year +1. The role of cloud cover is examined in relation to the temperature response to ENSO. A decreased diurnal temperature range during the autumn of year +0 to the spring of year +1 occurred during warm events and is believed to be associated with increased cloud cover caused by an enhanced subtropical jet stream. [Key words: ENSO, temperature, cloud cover, Southeast United States.]     

天山哈密榆树沟流域地下水化学特征及其来源

根据天山哈密榆树沟流域地下水的pH 值、总可溶性固体（TDS）、电导率（EC）和主要化学离子的测定,运用综合特征描述法、三角图示法、相关性分析和主要离子比值法,探讨了流域地下水的水化学特征及其形成原因。分析结果表明：地下水的pH 值为中性略偏碱性;阳离子中Ca²⁺ 质量浓度含量最高,阴离子中HCO₃^-浓度最高,阳离子质量浓度序列为Ca²⁺ >Na⁺ >Mg²⁺ >K⁺,阴离子质量浓度序列为HCO₃^->SO₄^2- >Cl^- >NO₃^-;该流域地下水主要离子类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺ ;TDS 含量分别为104.33 mg·L^-1和99 mg·L^-1,属于弱矿化度水;地下水中离子组成主要受碳酸盐风化作用的影响。     

WEATHERING TRENDS IN FINE DEBRIS BENEATH A SNOW PATCH,NIWOT RIDGE,FRONT RANGE,COLORADO

Seven soil pits dug in a downhill sequence beneath Martinelli snow patch, Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, reveal that soils are coarse-grained with only limited evidence of silt translocation. Clay mineralogy within the pits exhibits a widespread and distinct change at a depth of ～15–20 cm. The most common characteristic of this change is a distinct increase in vermiculite in the lower layer, usually accompanied by a decrease in kaolinite and/or smectite. This pattern is interpreted to reflect decreased weathering intensity with depth. Microenvironments beneath the snow patch which exhibit high chemical weathering rates on coarse surficial debris also appear to experience high rates of clay production relative to referenced dry alpine sites, with specific clay mineralogies varying in a fashion commonly found in humid temperate environments. Data generated in this study appear to provide site-specific support for the regionally-developed Synthetic Alpine Slope Model. Spatial variations in eolian additions and meltwater produce complex patterns in chemical weathering of fines beneath large snow patches, although the nature of clay-mineral change is typical of humid, temperate, mid-latitude environments. [Key words: chemical weathering, alpine environments, clay mineralogy, Synthetic Alpine Slope Model.]     

普兰县农牧结合潜力分析（英文）

农牧结合是高寒牧区放牧系统的一项重要的实践,具有实现农业和牲畜业可持续生产的重大潜力。然而,目前青藏高原的农牧业分离已经导致集约化农业、草地退化和饲料短缺的问题产生。因此,为探索高山放牧系统中农牧结合的潜力,本研究以中国普兰县为例,基于多数据源,分析了牧草生产潜力和牲畜产量,并从饲草供给角度评估了农牧结合的潜力。结果表明:普兰县可用于人工种草的潜在边际土地约560公顷,基本位于环境条件较好的普兰镇周边。而积温是牧草种植的主要环境限制因子,今后牧草种植应注重品种的抗寒性和生长周期,同时也要注意人工草地建立后的退化和沙化问题。另外,虽然2012–2016年普兰县牲畜数量明显下降,但高寒草地放牧牲畜数量依然高于农牧景观的牲畜放牧数量。该地区目前放牧牲畜数量一般维持在约11万只羊单位,而人工草地和作物秸秆能够提供约1.1万只羊单位的饲料,约占农牧景观中牲畜数量的一半。普兰县农牧结合可以适当补充放牧条件下牲畜饲料的缺额,尤其是在农牧区的普兰镇。本研究结果对未来牧草生产和发展农牧结合具有重要的指导意义。     

黄河流域坡高地系统最小生态需水研究

以保护和恢复流域坡高地生态系统为目的，对坡高地最小生态需水问题进行研究，提出了坡高地生态需水和生态缺水的计算方法。以黄河流域为实例，在GIS和遥感技术支持下对坡高地最小生态需水量和缺水量进行了计算，并从时空两个尺度揭示了黄河流域坡高地生态系统最小生态需水的变化规律，研究成果可为流域生态环境建设和水资源合理配置提供依据。