TAIWANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND TRADE WITH THAILAND

Thailand has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and an important factor contributing to this phenomenal growth is foreign direct investment (FDI). Taiwan's investment in Thailand, led by small and medium sized companies in labour intensive and relatively low technology industries, has increased dramatically since 1986. While Western multinational companies have been interested in using FDI to expand their markets in the host country, Taiwanese FDI — in a pattern similar to Japanese FDI of the 1970s — has been taking place in selected developing countries to lower production costs and export manufactured products to third country markets. Taiwan's exports to Thailand have also shown a marked increase since the Taiwanese government allowed large scale FDI in 1986. Although small at the global scale, Taiwanese investment in Thailand has contributed to an increasingly integrated East Asian economy.     

Employment change in Tasmanian manufacturing, 1980–1985: an enterprise‐based approach

Regionally‐based employment studies must place greater emphasis upon the specific processes taking place within and between firms which lead to employment change. The present study, using an enterprise‐based approach, examines employment change within Tasmania's manufacturing sector between 1980 and 1985. Restructuring taking place within the state's larger resource‐based firms is compared with the role of small indigenous firms in terms of their employment implications. Analysis suggests that future employment growth is least likely to come from the large resource‐based industries which, nevertheless, will continue to employ a major share of Tasmania's manufacturing workforce. Most employment growth since 1980 has come from the state's small indigenous firms which sell their products primarily within the local region. Given the limited Tasmanian market, the potential for continued employment growth within the indigenous firm sector largely depends on these firms’ improved export performances in mainland and overseas markets.     

Overseas market development: a strategy for Australian renewable energy industries

In this paper, we look at the relationship between the development of domestic and overseas markets for Australian renewable energy. It is argued that encouraging the promotion of Australian renewable energy technology in overseas markets could be a practical strategy for developing the Australian renewable energy industry. Also, it is reasoned, Australian foreign aid and trade organisations could play an important role in assisting the Australian renewable energy industry via overseas market research, technology transfer, and human resource and institutional development programs. We suggest that further research and development cooperation between Australian renewable energy companies and research institutes would be beneficial, especially in exploring potential overseas markets. We also recommend that joint ventures between renewable energy industry partners in Australia and developing countries be used to promote growth in Australian renewable energy exports and, ultimately, in developing Australia's renewable energy industries.     

信息技术影响下服务业区位研究述评与展望

20世纪50年代以来,世界信息技术的快速发展及广泛应用对服务业的区位选择产生了深刻影响。首先,总结了国内外学术界对于信息技术影响下的服务业区位研究主要领域及其进展,指出西方相关研究主要集中在信息技术影响下的办公活动区位的区位演变及区位影响因素等方面;与国外相比较,国内研究起步较晚,研究集中在信息产业、办公活动、商业等领域的区位研究。其次,概括了国内外学术界对信息技术影响下服务业区位研究存在的问题,如研究范围较窄且不平衡,研究成果缺乏系统性,理论研究薄弱等问题。最后,指出随着信息技术应用越来越广泛,其对服务业区位影响更加深刻,应加强信息技术影响下的服务业区位系统研究,发展服务业地理学。     

京津冀地区主要污染物排放变化趋势及启示

为了厘清京津冀地区污染变化与趋势以及污染与经济发展的关系,为环境污染协同防治、环境与经济协调发展提供科学参考,借助趋势检验模型定性定量分析2000—2013年京津冀主要污染物排放变化趋势,探讨工业细分行业污染排放的结构特征。研究发现:京津冀地区环境污染排放趋势逐渐分化,化学需氧量、烟(粉)尘排放显著减少,二氧化硫排放减少趋势不太显著,废水排放显著增加,氨氮排放减少趋势不显著;京津冀地区污染排放与经济波动、结构调整存在密切联系;从工业细分行业来看,黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业、电力/热力生产和供应业、化学原料和化学制品制造业、造纸和纸制品业、农副食品加工业对污染排放贡献较大。     

四川省FDI区位选择的特征与机理

本文基于1991、1996、2000和2005年4个时间断面的注册FDI企业数据,分析了四川FDI对不同行业投资及区位选择的时空发展特征。研究表明:FDI投资区域从20世纪80年代末期的"遍在性",到90年代末转变为强烈的"成都指向"性。在行业空间结构上,FDI对制造业、建筑业、农林牧渔业及除旅游业外的其他第三产业的投资基本都集中在成都主城区,对农林牧渔业、制造业、批发和零售贸易,以及房地产业的投资在成都市郊区都有较大量分布,但除制造业在成都市郊区有明显的集聚趋势外,其他行业的投资都在降低。绵阳市在制造业和批发零售贸易FDI的投资有较明显的增长趋势,乐山的旅游业是FDI重点投资的行业。     

Chinese Trade in Latin America Compared to the European Union and the United States: The Case of Technology-Intensive Exports

Using trade data submitted by United Nations member states from 1995 to 2013, this article contributes to understanding China's trade with Latin America. By employing and building on the TECH score methodology, this project highlights China's growing economic connectivity with nine large and important Latin American economies. The analysis conducted here shows that compared with exports originating from other, more traditional foreign investors (i.e., the United States and the European Union member states), Chinese exports to these Latin American countries—although growing in sophistication over time—are relatively less technologically sophisticated during the study period. This work clarifies that in spite of these Latin American economies being highly complementary (for their natural resources and consumer markets) to China's manufacturing-intensive economy and despite the rapid growth in bilateral and biregional trade, China's displacement of traditional foreign actors, in terms of its technology-intensive exports to the region, is not supported by the data to date.     

地方集群网络、信息溢出效应与中国ICT产品出口地理网络扩张

研究中国ICT产品的出口贸易扩张有助于理解“全球-地方”互动视角下国际贸易与国内产业地理的相互作用。本文构建地方集群网络和信息溢出效应促进产品出口扩张的机制分析框架,利用2000—2016年中国海关库数据,探究中国ICT产品出口地理网络扩张机制。研究发现： ①中国ICT产品出口源地从沿海地区向内陆地区扩张,出口目的地扩张重点在不同时间段存在差异。②中东部省份出口到东亚和北美、西部省份出口到北美和西欧的贸易扩张较为显著。③面板Probit模型分析表明,地方集群网络和信息溢出效应能够增加出口源地-目的地层面ICT产品出口额,提升出口专业化程度。     

中国制造业地理集中与省区专业化

20世纪80年代以来,中国制造业空间格局在市场化和全球化力量的共同影响下发生了显著变化。利用1980-2003年中国各省区两位数制造业数据,发现中国制造业在空间上越来越集中,而各省的产业结构则越来越多元化。具体而言,大多数产业在20世纪80年代趋于分散而在90年代更趋集中,而大多数省份产业结构总体上趋于多元化的同时,在90年代后期显露专业化的迹象。统计结果表明,经济全球化、比较优势和规模经济等是导致产业空间集中的原因,经济地理模型中强调的外部经济并没有促进产业地理集中,激烈的产业内市场竞争推动了产业空间分散。     

从“路径创造”到“路径锁定”：港澳台投资与外商投资影响珠三角产业动态的比较分析

随着改革开放的深入,港澳台及外商投资在珠三角地区产业转型过程中的弊端逐渐暴露,部分港澳台/外资企业成为区域发展新路径的阻碍,但已有研究对此讨论不足。因此,论文基于2000—2019年珠三角地区地级市行政区制造业的面板数据,构建了路径依赖与路径突破指数,通过固定面板回归模型,探究比较港澳台投资与外商投资对珠三角地区产业动态的影响。结果发现：港澳台投资有利于路径依赖型新产业出现,促进地方产业的相关多样化发展,更强的本地嵌入性是主要原因;外商投资则会降低地方产业路径突破的可能,并通过强化产业集中度,导致路径锁定。此外,政府补贴会强化外商投资的路径锁定效应。研究结论对完善产业演化理论和优化中国港澳台及外商投资政策导向具有重要启示。     

城市文化产业集聚体:深圳大芬油画

大芬作为深圳油画产业集聚体所在地,目前其商品油画在全球市场上占据了绝对的份额.从大芬油画发行的网络演变来看,地处深圳、毗邻香港和广州这种独特的地缘优势,是其形成和发展的重要条件.从其集聚模式来看,内部的诸多生产协作使其生产趋于高质、高效,而技法和题材的创新则在网络中得以形成和推广.针对大芬油画发展中现存的问题,提出以下发展对策:积极实现商品油画产业升级;继续开拓市场,加强配套和相关产业的建设;扶持外部支撑体系的建设;建立自己的直销网络.     

国际直接投资变化趋势及对我国引资的思考

国际资本投资特别是对外直接投资的迅速增长，无论是对资本输出国还是对资本吸纳国的经济和社会发展都产生了深刻的影响。以美国为首的发达国家无论是在资本输出还是资本流入中一直都占据重要地位，以新兴市场国家为代表的发展中国家的国际资本投资存在逐渐加强的趋势。从国际资本投资的行业分布特征来看，主要集中在制造业和金融、保险、房地产业，特别是金融、保险和房地产业所占比重持续上升。改革开放以来，外商投资已经成为引发我国经济发展深刻变化的重要因素，外商投资企业成为我国国民经济中的重要组成部分。要进一步抓对全球经济一体化的机会，制定相应的发展战略，促进我国经济的发展。     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

Regulating Land Use Conflict on the Urban Fringe: Two contrasting case studies from the Australian poultry industry

Land use conflict involving farm externalities represents an increasing policy concern in Australia as agricultural activities intensify and as the nation's metropolitan areas continue to expand outwards. A review of the rural-urban fringe literature reveals a noticeable absence of research exploring the intensity of conflict experienced by farmers. Similarly, inadequate attention has been given to the policies adopted by government to manage conflict. This article contrasts the regulatory system that has been implemented to manage conflict involving poultry farming on the metropolitan fringe of two Australian state capitals: Perth, Western Australia and Sydney, New South Wales. Spatial variation in the nature of government intervention is uncovered. In the discussion that follows reasons are identified to help explain such variation including state ideology, metropolitan growth, industry activism, geographical constraints and farm characteristics. It is concluded that where agricultural industries experience internal political divisions and a geographically dispersed membership it becomes more difficult to influence government policy.     

Soy,Cotton, and the Final Atlantic Forest Frontier

From 1945 to 2000, the extent of Paraguay's Atlantic Forest was reduced from 73,000 to 12,000 square kilometers. Deforestation rates were exceptionally high from the late 1960s through to the end of the century. During this period, dual agricultural frontiers pushed into the region from both east and west, resulting in a production landscape defined by two principal commodities: soybeans and cotton. This article considers the expansion and contraction of these industries and addresses their impacts on the region's forest cover. Findings suggest that the role of cotton and smallholder agriculture has been greatly diminished as a driver of land cover change in the region since 1990. High rates of forest loss were sustained, however, partly as a result of continued pressure for agricultural expansion for soy production.     

THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF LABOR: NORTH AFRICAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN FRANCE*

Since World War II, migrant labor has contributed significantly to Western Europe's economic growth. Initially, industries recruited and hired migrant workers to overcome labor shortages and downward demographic trends within the domestic work force. Since the recession of the mid-1970s, however, migrant labor has faced increasing job loss and restricted entry to many Western European countries. Throughout the postwar period, state immigration policy has supported industry, initially by assisting in the recruitment, and more recently, facilitating the repatriation of migrant workers. Economic and social disparities between developed core and underdeveloped peripheral countries are linked to international labor mobility. Certain sectors in the core benefit from the reserve labor force while emigration from peripheral countries partially contributes to these countries' economic problems. These issues are explored through a case study of the employment of North Africans in the French automobile industry.     

蒙古的经济发展与东北亚经济合作

90年代以来,蒙古对外经济联系格局发生了显著变化,东北地区日益成为蒙古对外经济联系的首选地区。本文从蒙古参与东北亚经济合作的必然性、与东北亚经济合作的态势、在图们江地区开发中的地位和作用三个方面分析了蒙古参与东北亚经济合作的趋势及其在东北亚经济合作中的地位和作用,并论述了蒙古经济发展的战略选择。     

产业地理集聚与外商直接投资产业分布——以北京市制造业为例

外商直接投资理论强调跨国公司的垄断优势和东道国的区位优势决定外商直接投资的产业分布。本文认为外商直接投资的产业分布还可能取决于因产业地理集聚和地方化贸易所形成的竞争优势。本文采用1999~2004年北京外商直接投资的产业流资料建立面板数据回归模型,引入产业地理集聚系数、产业联系等变量来研究影响外资产业分布的因素。统计分析表明,在空间上比较集聚、产业内联系较强的产业能够吸引更多的外商直接投资;前期外商投资对于跟进投资具有显著的示范效应、信息溢出效应以及产业联系效应,从而直接导致外资的产业累积效应。外商也强烈偏好资本技术密集型产业以及在国际市场上具有显著比较优势、盈利率高的产业。外商在充分利用其垄断优势、产业比较优势和竞争优势的同时,也尽量避开实际劳动成本较高和进入壁垒较高的垄断性产业。本文的结果显示,发挥本地优势,完善产业配套,促成产业集群是提升城市吸引外商直接投资的有效途径。     

Evolving Spatial Form of Urban‐Rural Interaction in the Pearl River Delta,China

Much of the development literature and the theory of urban transition have been based on an arbitrary division of production space into city and countryside. Despite growing recognition of the need for an integrated approach to urban‐rural relations, controversial issues related to the definition and measurement of the phenomenon remain unresolved. This case study of spatial transformation in China's Pearl River Delta analyzes with greater precision the geographic extent and functional attributes of a zone of urban‐rural interaction located outside and between major metropolitan centers. This zone has been the spatial focus of industrial and commercial development, although most of its population remains officially classified as “agricultural.” The peri‐urban zone was initially left behind by the central cities in terms of its contribution to the regional economy. After a decade of postreform development, this zone has moved ahead of the central cities and become the region's main destination for in‐migrants and foreign investment. The growth of the zone of urban‐rural interaction outside the central cities has absorbed a significant amount of the increased urban population, but it has not brought about a reduction of regional economic inequality because of the persistence of a backward economy in the periphery. Theoretical questions are raised concerning the validity of several fundamental assumptions underlying the conventional model of urban transition.