GENTRIFICATION AND LAND RENT: A HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE RENT GAP IN MINNEAPOLIS

The rent gap theory has been a prominent explanation of gentrification for nearly two decades. It has been subject to much critique, but few empirical analyses. This research, based in Minneapolis, attempts an empirical evaluation of the hypothesis using land price data in nine redeveloped parcels over a span of 130 years. While the rent gap appears to exist in most parcels, a simple one-to-one correspondence between the gap and gentrification cannot be made because of the nature of the theory and the limitations of the data. There is evidence, however, that rent gaps may form not just in declining areas, but in stable poorer areas when there is substantial capital investment on the urban fringe. This finding lends support to the theory's emphasis on the role of uneven development in the creation and eventual closure of the rent gap.     

SOCIAL THEORY AND THE FUTURE OF URBAN GEOGRAPHY*

Three themes that seem likely to be influential in the near future have recently characterized the work of geographers using social theories as the basis of their explanations of urban phenomena. They are (1) the debates about structure and human agency. (2) the claims of feminists about the analytical significance of the social construction of gender roles, and (3) the demand that we now use our social theories more actively to explain experienced reality. In continuing our use of social theory in urban geography, we must prevent its marginalization as one specific substantive topic; the alternative epistemologies of this type of work can guide new interpretations of every substantive issue in urban geography.     

生态位理论在沙地农业开发中的应用

在回顾生态位理论的产生、发展及其在我国生态农业建设中的应用基础上,总结了生态位理论在沙地农业开发中的应用。主要途径有:引进新的生态元、组装高效生态元、开拓潜在生态位、定向改变基础生态位。     

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES*

ABSTRACT. Levels of alcohol consumption are a major public health issue. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how geographical patterns of religious affiliation in the United States relate to geographical patterns of alcohol consumption. We explored state‐level correlations between alcohol consumption and religious adherence. Although we found no statistically significant correlation between overall religious adherence rates and current or binge drinking rates, states with higher adherence rates were significantly more likely to have high proportions of binge drinking among current drinkers. Yet, regionally, we found a strong inverse correlation in the Southeast and a strong positive correlation in the Midwest and Northeast between adherence rates and current and binge drinking rates. These geographical differences were largely explained after stratifying by major religious denominational groupings. States with high Catholic adherence rates tended to have higher drinking rates, whereas states with high Evangelical Protestant adherence rates tended to have lower drinking rates. These findings suggest that the relationship between religion and alcohol may be denomination‐specific and challenge the lay perception that religious adherence per se is associated with less alcohol consumption and less excessive drinking among those who drink.     

INFORMATION THEORY AND SEQUENCES OF LAND USE: AN APPLICATION

This paper addresses the question of how far into the past previous land-use patterns provide significant information concerning present or future patterns. The provision of information is viewed as a reduction in uncertainty. An information-theoretic approach that permits both statistical and graphical analysis is suggested. Application of this method to the analysis of land-use change in three townships on the fringe of Akron, Ohio suggests that, to a varying degree, the processes of change are first-order Markov processes.     

HOUSING INTEGRATION AND RENT SUPPLEMENTS TO EXISTING HOUSING*

This work examines the use of an annually updated metropolitan data system as a tool for evaluating benign racial location policies during the first year of the Section 8 Existing Rent Supplement program. Case-study evidence shows that the rent supplement program (with benign locational policies) is ineffective in reducing the isolation faced by minority groups, and that the information used to monitor compliance of the program with benign locational policies lags badly behind the true state of affairs. As a result, new areas of racial concentration have been encouraged and augmented.     

生态位理论在昆明市土地利用结构优化中的应用

土地利用的效益及潜力可用土地利用的生态位来描述。借助生态位理论,通过分析昆明市（1996～2004年）土地利用类型面积及土地利用类型面积变化情况,并结合土地利用的经济生态位模型,计算了昆明市1999～2006年土地利用类型间相互作用的强度。结果表明昆明市农用地与建设用地经济生态位位差较大,经济发展和城市化进程更加剧了建设用地占用农用地的速度和强度;农用地内部各种土地利用类型的生态位宽度,耕地和牧草地最高且逐年增加,而林地处于较低水平,反映出昆明市需要依靠内部土地利用结构的调整来提高农用地生态位,从而实现土地资源的合理利用与优化配置。     

SELLERS AND NONSELLERS OF LAND FOR NEW RURAL HOUSING*

Landowners can choose either to sell or to hold their land in areas with active rural land markets. Sellers and nonsellers are both important because their decisions shape patterns of land use. Analysis of mail survey data from 286 landowners in the Rochester, MN SMSA isolates four characteristics that distinguish sellers from nonsellers: occupation, size of landholding, recent acquisition of land, and interest in selling land. Nonsellers are often farmers with a large landholding and no interest in selling. More information is needed about their non-economic motives for holding land.     

城市土地综合经济评价的理论方法初探

城市土地经济评价对改革土地无偿使用的体制具有重要意义。本文根据我国国情，探讨了城市土地经济评价的理论依据，参评因素及因子体系；运用模糊数学方法，对山东济宁市的城市土地进行了综合评价，取得了较好的效果。     

黄淮海平原土地类型及其利用

本文以土地类型为基础,探讨黄淮海平原土地合理利用的方向与途径,阐明土地类型研究的实践意义。     

THE IMPACT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ACT ON LAND ALIENATION IN CALIFORNIA*

The Agricultural College Act of 1862 provided land grants to states for the establishment of A & M colleges. It is widely held that this measure was primarily used by speculators to acquire vast tracts of public domain lands. An examination of the influence of the Act on land alienation in California only partially supports this notion. Regional variations in the pattern of land entries over time reflect changes in the provisions of the original land act allowing thousands of small holders also to make use of this land measure.     

MOZAMBIQUE,NEOLIBERAL LAND REFORM,AND THE LIMPOPO NATIONAL PARK*

ABSTRACT. Central to its transformation from a state‐centered to a neoliberal, free‐market economy, in 1997 the Mozambican state passed a radical new land law that guarantees the rights of individuals and communities to occupy land and transfer land‐use titles, a move seen as necessary for attracting private investment. By comparing how the land law has been applied to the Limpopo National Park and several adjacent villages, I show how it has led to geographically uneven land reform. More specifically, outside the park, the law has enabled the semiprivatization of community lands, in theory protecting community land rights. However, the application of the law within the park has resulted in the further nationalization of this space, which is leading to land dispossession for communities within the park's borders. I thus show how neoliberal land reform is giving rise to a seemingly contradictory type of “neoliberal state space.”     

鲁西北地区土地资源条件与土地利用变化趋势的研究

本文从分析鲁西北地区土地资源的基本特点入手,讨论了该地区土地需求、土地利用结构和土地利用方式的变化趋势,以及水土资源条件对未来土地利用变化的影响。本文还探讨了土地利用变化对环境和农业持续发展可能产生的影响,并提出了一些实现土地资源高效持续利用的措施。     

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL THEORY: TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURAL GEOGRAPHY *

This paper critiques the narrow empiricist focus and inadequate theoretical development of much architectural geography. The geographer's concern and interest in the built environment is integrated with a more critical and relevant awareness of social theory. Four theoretical categories of building and architectural function are discussed: buildings as cultural artifacts, as objects of value, as signs, and as a spatial system. Directions for research are proposed for the example of historic preservation.     

城市化进程与土地资源的可持续利用

文章通过对我国城市化进程的特点，用地需求及城镇扩展用地结构的分析，提出通过产业结构的调整、旧城改造、开辟CBD地区商务区等实现城市用地空间结构的调整与优化；以小城镇建设，乡镇企业改造与自然村庄的合并改造联系在一起的综合开发方式，解决小城镇建设与农地保护的矛盾；根据城市的自然条件、结构和功能布局城市绿地，进一步提高用地布局结构的合理性，并介绍了以“绿脉”为先导的城市空间布局概念。     

松嫩沙地沙漠化的气候因素与沙地发育特征

松嫩沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘，也是我国沙漠化土地的东缘。其独特的气候条件使沙地的形成与发展、风沙地貌形态及风沙活动规律都具有明显的区域特色。通过对气候因素及其控制下沙地发育的分析，可以进一步认识该沙地形成演化及现代沙漠化的若干区域性特征     

SETTLEMENT,POPULATION AND LAND USE ANALYSES OF THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN USING SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR-A DATA*

Shuttle Imaging Radar-A data are employed to study the settlement, population and land use in the Baoding and Dezhou areas of the North China Plain. By applying nearest neighbor and quadrat analyses, the settlements are found to exhibit a mixed random-clustering pattern which defied the application of Christaller's central place theory. The distinctly visible boundaries from the images permitted accurate estimation of population in both areas. The linear land use forms, notably transportation lines, could also be accurately mapped; the Chinese practice of lake reclamation was also revealed. It is concluded that SIR-A data are useful for much human geography research.     

中国“土地生态安全”与“土地生态风险”研究比较

运用文献分析法,从概念、评价方法和研究内容等3方面对中国土地生态安全和土地生态风险研究进行了比较。研究发现：（1）土地生态安全和土地生态风险的概念既有联系又有区别,两者的联系在于对土地生态问题的关注,研究的根本目的也是统一的;土地生态安全注重土地生态系统的健康状况,而生态系统风险把土地利用活动看作土地生态系统遭受威胁的风险源,关注出现安全问题的可能性及其后果;（2）对于土地生态风险评价和土地生态风险评价,两者的区别关键在于指标体系的选择,而不是数学模型的应用。（3）在研究内容上,目前侧重于土地生态安全和土地生态风险的评价研究,且多重复性工作,对评价结果的应用研究较少。建议加强土地生态安全和土地生态风险的机理和应用研究。     

门槛理论与珠江三角洲区域发展

应用门槛理论,对珠江三角洲的持续发展提出诊断,分析在该地区发展中的种种限制因素,并提出解决这些问题,促进珠江三角洲可持续发展的一些设想：充分利用珠江三角洲的地理区位,加强内外辐射和聚集功能;以人为本,实现人口、资源与环境的协调发展;深化产权制度改革,加快产业结构调整和升级换代,提高企业经济效益;加强生态环境保护,实现经济、社会和环境效益的统一。