Insights into syndepositional fault movement in a foreland basin; trends in seismites of the Upper Cretaceous,Wahweap Formation,Kaiparowits Basin,Utah, USA

The Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation accumulated in the active Cordilleran foreland basin of Utah. Soft‐sediment deformation structures are abundant in the capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation. By comparing with well‐established criteria, a seismogenic origin was determined for the majority of structures, which places these soft‐sediment deformation features in a class of sedimentary features referred to as seismites. A systematic study of the seismite trends included their vertical and horizontal distribution and a semi‐quantitative intensity analysis using a scale from 1 to 5 that is based on magnitude, sedimentary structure type, and the predominance of inferred process of hydroplastic deformation, liquefaction or fluidization. In addition, orientations of soft‐sediment fold axes were recorded. Construction of a northwest‐to‐southeast stratigraphic and seismite intensity cross‐section demonstrates: (1) reduction in stratigraphic thickness and percentage of conglomerates to the southeast, (2) the presence of lower seismite, middle nonseismite, and upper seismite zones within the capping sandstone (permitting subdivision of the capping sandstone member), and (3) elimination of the nonseismite zone and amalgamation of the lower and upper seismite zones to the southeast. Regional isoseismal contour maps generated from the semi‐quantitative analysis indicate a decrease in overall intensity from northwest to southeast in the upper and lower seismic zones and in sandstone within 5 m stratigraphically of the contact between the upper and capping sandstone members. In addition, cumulative seismite fold orientations support a west–northwest direction towards regional epicentres. Isoseismal maps are used to distinguish the effects of intrabasinal normal faulting from those of regional orogenic thrusting. Thus, this study demonstrates the utility of mapping seismites to separate the importance of regional vs. local tectonic activity influencing foreland basin sedimentation by identifying patterns that delineate palaeoepicentres associated with specific local intrabasinal normal faults vs. regional trends in soft‐sediment deformation related to Sevier belt earthquakes.     

广州大都市登革热时空传播混合模式

以广州市2014年登革热疫情早期11周内679个登革热病例数据为例,提出了一种基于扩展Knox检验的疾病时空传播网络模型,研究登革热疫情早期时空传播特征。首先,应用扩展Knox检验方法发现2周1 km内、1周5~7 km两个时空标度下,病例之间具有显著的时空交互特征;其次,提取两个时空标度下的病例点对,分别构造时空近邻传播（STAT）网络和日常移动传播（HDMT）网络;最后,对STAT和HDMT传播网络的同配性、空间特征、网络中心位置进行对比分析。结果显示,广州市登革热传播是空间近邻交叉传播和空间扩散传播的混合传播模式;利用STAT网络亲近中心度标识出的“爆发中心”与病例空间核密度中心基本重合,HDMT网络中介中心度标识出的“扩散中枢”多位于城市快速交通干线附近。     

A comprehensive framework for studying diffusion patterns of imported dengue with individual-based movement data

ABSTRACT

International communication and global cooperation have greatly accelerated the worldwide spread of dengue fever, increasing the impact of imported cases on dengue outbreaks in non-naturally endemic areas. Existing studies mostly focus on describing the quantitative relationship between imported cases and local transmission but ignore the space-time diffusion mode of imported cases under the influence of individual mobility. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework at a fine scale to establish the disease transmission network and a mathematical model, which constructs ‘source-sink’ links between the imported and indigenous cases on a regular grid with a spatial resolution of 1 km to explore the diffusion pattern and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of imported cases. An application to Guangzhou, China, reveals the main flow and transmission path of imported cases under the influence of human movement and identifies the spatiotemporal distribution of transmission speed according to the time lag of each source-sink link. In addition, we demonstrate that using individual-based movement data and socio-economic factors to study human mobility and imported cases can help to understand the driving forces of dengue spread. Our research provides a comprehensive framework for the analysis of early dengue transmission patterns with benefits to similar urban applications.     

Fluid Borders: Rethinking Historical Geography and Fixed Map Boundaries in Contested Regions

This article introduces a quantitative methodology for analyzing contested map borders. The article applies the new analytical technique to a data set of thirty maps showing Bulgaria in ca. 800 CE, a disputed state and period in medieval historiography with relevance to modern national politics and territorial claims. Based on the data set, we generate a series of new maps that make explicit the fluid medieval boundaries and general disagreement among geographers and historiographers. Our analysis begins with a simple point-in-polygon procedure to create a majority map that depicts the points included within the borders of the Bulgarian polity in sixteen or more of the maps (>50 percent). The majority map is then combined with percentage maps, confidence interval map boundaries, and cluster maps. The confidence interval maps are created via a spatial bootstrapping procedure and measure the uncertainty in the majority map. The cluster maps are developed via a radial basis function and provide insight into the potential affectivity based on the cartographers' countries of origin. The final map reflects the general modern consensus of the borders of the Bulgarian polity around 800 CE. Besides its quantitative contribution to medieval and modern cartographic, historiographical, and political debates, this article has developed a widely applicable methodology for synthesizing map borders and territories in cases of cartographic disagreement.     

Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.     

南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其历史影响

19世纪中叶至20世纪30年代英美等国在我国南海海域的测绘活动,给这里的岛礁留下了一大批以英语为主的外语名称。文中论述了南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其对我国三次公布官方名称所产生的深刻影响,在总结历史教训的基础上,分析了当前处理南海地名问题的缺陷,提出了若干改进建议。     

RECENT HISTORICAL FLUCTUATIONS OF THE GLACIER DU TAILLON,PYRÉNÉES

The Taillon Glacier in the French Pyrénées offers one of the most detailed records of recent glacier fluctuations in the region. A comprehensive collection of early maps, paintings, and photographs, together with short-term measurements relating to the ice margins and glacier behavior, have made possible a full reconstruction of the glacier's history since the end of the 19th century. The general pattern of ice-front retreat has been punctuated by a series of significant local readvances, dated 1886–1890, 1906–1911, 1926–1928, 1945, and 1964. The record is compared with the more detailed histories of glaciers from the Alps, and signals a surprising degree of sensitivity for the Taillon Glacier, given its overall size and state of survival. [Key words: Taillon Glacier, Pyrénées, Little Ice Age, glaciology.]     

Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.     

The Holocene Evolution of the Ebre Delta Catalonia, Spain

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广州市登革热时空传播特征及影响因素

以广州市主城区为研究区,着眼于街道等微观尺度,首先通过实地调查分析法、核密度分析法、标准差椭圆法,探究登革热时空传播特征;其次结合交叉相关性分析法与地理探测器,分析温度、湿度、气压、用地类型对登革热传播的影响,讨论了不同用地类型交互作用与登革热扩散的关系。研究表明：1）登革热时空传播具明显的阶段性特征,多发生于居住环境较差、人口密度较高的区域,并快速向外扩散;2)登革热发展初期,以输入型病例为主;3）环境较差、老年人口众多、人员构成复杂、交通便捷的老城区是登革热高爆发风险区域;4）温度、湿度、气压对登革热传播存在显著滞后性影响关系,温度、湿度与登革热传播呈正相关关系,气压与登革热传播呈负相关关系;5）居民人口分布与登革热传播关系最为密切,池塘、农田、草地、公共绿地交互地区会增加登革热传播风险。     

岳西县土壤侵蚀空间分布与环境因子的关系

以岳西县2004年TM影像为数据源,通过目视解译的方法,得到2004年土壤侵蚀强度矢量图。利用Arc-GIS软件,将土壤侵蚀图与不同的环境因子图进行叠加分析,探讨了岳西县2004年土壤侵蚀空间分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明:从土壤侵蚀与土壤类型的关系看,土壤侵蚀主要发生在麻石黄棕壤、黄棕壤性麻石土及麻石棕壤上。从不同土地利用方式看,侵蚀土壤主要发生在有林地、灌木林、水田、高覆盖草地地区。从土壤侵蚀与坡度的关系看,土壤侵蚀主要发生在3°～25°的坡度上,尤其在8°～25°坡度上居多。从土壤侵蚀与坡向的关系看,山地的北坡、西南坡、西坡及西北坡容易发生土壤侵蚀。从土壤侵蚀与海拔的关系看,200～1000 m地区土壤侵蚀比较显著,尤其500～1000 m的地区土壤侵蚀发生量多。     

A Spatial Variant of the Basic Reproduction Number for the New Orleans Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878

A spatial variant of the basic reproduction number (R₀), here defined as the number of subsequent deaths attributed to an initial mortality, can be used to identify geographic variation within an epidemic. A spatial R₀ was calculated at the neighborhood level, here defined by a 50‐m buffer surrounding an index case, for mortality data from the 1878 yellow fever epidemic of New Orleans. The highest number of secondary mortalities linked to a neighborhood index case was twelve, with a further eighty‐seven extrapolated morbidity cases. Results also highlight the importance of multideath residences and cultural contacts in neighborhood‐level disease spread.     

国外城市交通系统的空间研究进展

城市交通空间研究历史悠久,最早追朔到19世纪初,整体上经过了萌芽探索（19世纪初至19世纪末）、深化发展（20世纪初至50年代）、快速发展（20世纪60年代至80年代）和丰富全面（20世纪90年代以来）四个阶段：研究领域主要集中于交通—城市空间耦合、城市交通空间通达性、空间句法及形态、空间复杂性等方面,其中交通—城市空间耦合研究历史久远,贯穿始末,空间通达性兴起于20世纪60年代,空间句法集中于20世纪70-80年代,空间复杂性则起步较晚,兴盛于21世纪初;整体上,国外城市交通空间复杂性研究薄弱,集成复杂系统科学理论／方法,结合GIS地计算的城市交通空间复杂性规律研究势必成为未来研究的重心和中心。     

The heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps

Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the “Yu Gong Regional Maps”, along with 18 articles and the “Terrain Fangzhang Map” (AD 224–271). This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the “Wooden Fangzhang Map” (an administrative map) which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties (AD 502–557), “Haineihuayi Tu” (Map of China and its neighbouring countries) (AD 730–805), drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and “Shouling Tu” (an administrative map, AD 1031–1095), drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western latitude- based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases (world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.     

欧美地缘经济理论发展脉络及其内涵特征探析

20世纪90年代初欧美地缘经济学一经诞生,就备受关注、讨论及推崇,但在其性质及内涵的认识上则出现了诸多分歧,已影响到学科理论及实践的进一步发展。从地缘经济理论发生学角度,对欧美地缘经济学的实践背景、理论缘起、发展流派等进行回顾与梳理,以辨析其性质及内涵特征。主要研究结论如下:(1)欧美地缘经济学具有深刻而丰富的理论渊源,世界范围内地缘经济合作实践二度兴起,成为理论内涵的重要来源及宏观背景。多个相关或相近学科的研究成果,为其提供了理论准备,地缘政治学则是其直接理论来源;(2)随着地缘经济学理论的地域扩散,形成了以美国、意大利和俄罗斯为中心的多个各具特色的理论学派。不同学科及其分支理论、观点与流派之间相互借鉴、交叉与融合,使其变得极为庞博复杂;(3)地缘经济学已形成有别于地缘政治学的理论内涵及特征,不过总体上处于学科理论的初创阶段,其研究边界尚不清晰、核心理论有待建立、学科体系有待完善。     

Calibration of regional pollen data to construct maps of former forest types in southern Sweden

A method was developed to construct maps of former forest types based on regional pollen data in southern Sweden. The considered species were Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juniperus, Picea, Pinus, Populus, Quercus, Salix, Tilia and Ulmus. A network of 37 regional pollen sites with high data quality from lakes and peat deposits were selected from Sweden south of 60 ° N. Pollen percentage values were calculated and converted into estimates of tree composition. For controlling the reliability of the reconstruction, the estimates from the core-tops were compared with present day forest inventory data, and local pollen diagrams were compared with the regional pollen diagrams. An inverse distance weighted interpolation algorithm was used to generate maps for each tree species distribution at 2000 BP, 1500 BP, 1000 BP, 500 BP and 0 BP. A supervised classification routine was implemented to generate nine different forest types common to the five studied time intervals. The maps show that the amounts and patterns of distribution of the species and the forest types have varied in a significant but systematic manner through time. The changes are due to human activities, migrational patterns and changes in climate. These maps will be of value as a basis for future landscape planning, forestry and conservation of biodiversity.This is the 20th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

邮轮旅游研究的回顾与前瞻——基于国外英文期刊论文的评述

世界上邮轮萌芽于19世纪初,而真正携带游客的邮轮旅游则主要开始于19世纪中叶。邮轮旅游从最初主要为社会精英和富人阶层参与的简单社会活动,发展至今日已成为一种大众化的市场现象。国外有关邮轮旅游的研究开始于20世纪60年代,迄今已积累有非常丰富的研究成果,有关理论和研究方法日臻成熟。相比之下,我国的邮轮旅游业则刚刚起步,有关研究远为滞后,亟需了解国外邮轮旅游发展的成功经验,以及借鉴国外学者的有关研究成果。在广泛综合前人相关研究的基础上,系统总结了国外邮轮旅游研究在理论、观点、方法、实践等方面取得的成就,并对目前研究存在的一些不足和未来研究应注意的问题进行展望,希望研究结论可以为促进中国邮轮旅游的健康发展,引导中国学者开展有关研究提供科学参考。     

中国古代世界地图主要成就与特色初探

世界地图的编辑出版一直被认为是文明国家的标志之一。在《中国近代地图志》世界地图篇的编写基础上,首先系统地梳理了明清两代近600年间（公元1368-1911年）的25余种代表性世界地图,着重地分析了这些世界地图的历史背景,探讨了明清世界地图特色、贡献和作用。主要结论为：① 中国古代文明与经济水平长期领先于世界,自然成就了先于西方完成世界地图之创举;② 受制于多个皇权实施“闭关锁国”保守政策,中国古代世界地图呈现出集中于5个相对开放繁荣时段轨迹,即“自主传统、中西融合、康乾盛世、自主创新和近代化发展”时段;③ 中国古代世界地图具有5个鲜明的成就与特色,即“先于西方成图、资料积累丰富、传统制图优势、图文并茂模式、中西融合先河”;④ 诠释了中国古代世界地图在传播世界地理知识与推动社会进步中的重要作用。总之,中国古代世界地图具有重要的史料价值和现实意义。     

Observations on mass media reporting and individual motivation to obtain a flood inundation map—River Torrens,Adelaide, South Australia

A four-sheet set of flood inundation maps of the River Torrens floodplain in Adelaide, prepared as part of the River Torrens Flood Mitigation Study, was made available by the government in an attempt to inform the public about the flood risk. Prior levels of awareness were low, there not having been a significant flood in the area since 1931.Announcement of the Flood Mitigation Study and the maps' availability was made by news release, ministerial press conference and paid advertisements in the local press. A content analysis of the various news media's coverage of this event shows that the media generally ignored the floodplain maps and concentrated on other aspects of the news release.The maps were available free from state and local government offices, and records were kept of all persons requesting maps. In the first three months only 277 persons requested maps. Approximately two-thirds of these collected maps for personal reasons and the other one-third for occupational reasons. There was no relationship between the numbers of each sheet collected and the number of flood-prone premises on the sheet. One of the sheets shows no flood-affected premises but has been requested as much as any other sheet.The results are compared with sales figures of floodplain maps prepared for Brisbane, Queensland, after a disastrous flood there in 1974. The effect of experience of a flood is evident on both the population and the media in Brisbane when compared to Adelaide. In addition to low prior awareness of flood risk, the low prominence of the story in the mass media, the content of the media reports and the positions of the paid advertisements in the press all contributed to the poor community response to the maps.