平面海底界面上球体目标的声散射建模研究

根据目标声散射的T矩阵方法、将界面附近点源激发的声场利用复像方法展开、并考虑到界面对散射声场的影响,建立了平面海底界面上方目标的声散射模型.与已有模型相比,该模型能够计算更一般情况点源激发的三维声散射场.通过计算考察基于复像方法的有关系数证明了该模型的准确性,并给出了不同入射方向的界面上刚性球体和弹性球壳的散射声场算例,对目标散射幅度的分布以及随角度的变化规律做了分析.最后,设计实验对该模型做了验证.     

完全匹配层吸收边界在孔隙介质弹性波模拟中的应用

模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播,需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射. 本文在前人工作基础上,首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法,并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现. 首先,本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比,验证所提出的数值方法的正确性;然后,本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能,将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比,研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力. 数值结果表明,在孔隙介质中,完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波,无论对体波还是面波,是一种高效边界吸收算法.     

Free-surface implementation in a mesh-free finite-difference method for elastic wave propagation in the frequency domain

We present an original implementation of the free-surface boundary condition in a mesh-free finite-difference method for simulating elastic wave propagation in the frequency domain. For elastic wave modelling in the frequency domain, the treatment of free surfaces is a key issue which requires special consideration. In the present study, the free-surface boundary condition is directly implemented at node positions located on the free-surface. Flexible nature of the mesh-free method for nodal distribution enables us to introduce topography into numerical models in an efficient manner. We investigate the accuracy of the proposed implementation by comparing numerical results with an analytical solution. The results show that the proposed method can calculate surface wave propagation even for an inclined free surface with substantial accuracy. Next, we calculate surface wave propagation in a model with a topographic surface using our method, and compare the numerical result with that using the finite-element method. The comparison shows the excellent agreement with each other. Finally, we apply our method to the SEG foothill model to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Since the mesh-free method has high flexibility of nodal distribution, the proposed implementation would deal with models of topographic surface with sufficient accuracy and efficiency.     

2.5维非均匀介质中的地震波数值模拟

目前,完全的3D弹性波数值模拟计算仍然需要庞大的计算资源,而2D弹性波数值模拟,又不能准确地近似3D数值模拟.因此,本文在较高数值精度的一阶应力一速度弹性波动方程的基础上,采用时间错格差分拟谱方法在2D模型介质中计算3D弹性波场,即2.5D数值模拟.并将3D计算结果与2.5D和2D结果进行比较,发现2.5D模拟结果在波场形态和振幅方面比2D模拟结果更接近3D模拟结果,从而证实了2.5D数值模拟比2D数值模拟可以更好地近似3D波场数值模拟,同时证实了时间错格差分拟谱方法是一种高精度、高效率的正演模拟方法.     

A discontinuous Galerkin method for seismic wave propagation in coupled elastic and poroelastic media

Numerical simulation in coupled elastic and poroelastic media is important in oil and gas exploration. However, the interface between elastic and poroelastic media is a challenge to handle. In order to deal with the coupled model, the first-order velocity–stress wave equations are used to unify the elastic and poroelastic wave equations. In addition, an arbitrary high-order discontinuous Galerkin method is used to simulate the wave propagation in coupled elastic–poroelastic media, which achieves same order accuracy in time and space domain simultaneously. The interfaces between the two media are explicitly tackled by the Godunov numerical flux. The proposed forms of numerical flux can be used efficiently and conveniently to simulate the wave propagation at the interfaces of the coupled model and handle the absorbing boundary conditions properly. Numerical results on coupled elastic–poroelastic media with straight and curved interfaces are compared with those from a software that is based on finite element method and the interfaces are handled by boundary conditions, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed scheme in dealing with coupled elastic–poroelastic media. In addition, the proposed method is used to simulate a more complex coupled model. The numerical results show that the proposed method is feasible to simulate the wave propagation in such a media and is easy to implement.     

Harmonic wave diffraction by two circular cavities in a poroelastic formation

This study investigates the dynamic interaction of time harmonic plane waves with a pair of parallel circular cylindrical cavities of infinite length buried in a boundless porous elastic fluid-saturated medium. The novel features of Biot dynamic theory of poroelasticity along with the appropriate wave field expansions, the pertinent boundary conditions, and the translational addition theorems for cylindrical wave functions are employed to develop a closed-form solution in the form of infinite series. The analytical results are illustrated with numerical examples in which two empty cavities are insonified by a fast compressional or a shear wave at end-on incidence. The basic dynamic field quantities such as the hoop stress amplitude and the radial displacement of the elastic frame are evaluated and discussed for representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. The effects of the proximity of the two cavities, the incident wave frequency and type are examined. Particular attention has been focused on multiple scattering interactions in addition to the slow wave coupling effects which is known to be the primary distinction of the scattering phenomenon in poroelasticity from the classical elastic case. Limiting case involving two empty cylindrical cavities in an elastic solid is considered and excellent agreement with a well-known solution is established.     

基于BISQ模型的三维双相各向异性介质数值模拟

Biot-flow and squirt-flow are the two most important fluid flow mechanisms in porous media containing fluids. Based on the BISQ （Biot-Squirt） model where the two mechanisms are treated simultaneously, the elastic wave-field simulation in the porous medium is limited to two-dimensions and two-components （2D2C） or two-dimensions and three-components （2D3C）. There is no previous report on wave simulation in three- dimensions and three-components. Only through three dimensional numerical simulations can we have an overall understanding of wave field coupling relations and the spatial distribution characteristics between the solid and fluid phases in the dual-phase anisotropic medium. In this paper, based on the BISQ equation, we present elastic wave propagation in a three dimensional dual-phase anisotropic medium simulated by the staggered-grid high-order finite-difference method. We analyze the resulting wave fields and show that the results are an improvement.     

Dynamic interaction analysis of a circular cylindrical shell of finite length in a half-space

A study on the transient response of a circular cylindrical shell of finite length embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic half-space is presented. The soil-structure system is subjected to suddenly applied explosion waves. The numerical method employed is a combination of the time domain semi-analytical boundary element method used for the semi-infinite soil medium and the finite strip method used for the circular cylindrical shell. The two methods are combined through equilibrium and compatibility conditions at the soil-structure interface. The dynamic responses at the interface between the soil medium and the structure for every time step are obtained. Numerical examples are presented in detail to demonstrate the use and versatility of the proposed method. The following parameters are found to affect the response: (1) the slenderness ratio of the length over the diameter of the shell, L/D; (2) the relative wall thickness, h/a; (3) the relative stiffness ratio between the shell and the medium, E_s/E_m; and (4) the incidence angle of the explosion wave, α.     

交错网格高阶差分法三维弹性波数值模拟

本文应用交错网格高阶有限差分方法模拟弹性波在三维各向同性介质中的传播。采用时间上二阶、空间上高阶近似的交错网格高阶差分公式求解三维弹性波位移-应力方程,并在计算边界处应用基于傍轴近似法得到的三维弹性波方程吸收边界条件。在此基础上进行了三维盐丘地质模型的地震波传播数值模拟试算。试算结果表明该方法模拟精度高,在很大程度上减小了数值频散,绕射波更加丰富,而且适用于介质速度具有纵向变化和横向变化的情况。     

随机弹性介质中地震波散射衰减分析(英文)

地震波衰减一直是许多学科研究的热点,因为可以反映介质的特性。导致地震波衰减的因素很多,如:传播过程中由于能量扩散导致的几何衰减,固体岩石内部晶粒间相对滑移导致的摩擦衰减,岩石结构不均匀引起的地震波散射衰减。本文主要从统计的观点出发,通过多次数值模拟的方法研究纵波散射在随机弹性介质中所引发的衰减。首先用随机理论建立了二维空间随机弹性介质模型,然后用错格伪谱法的数值方法模拟了波在随机介质中的传播,再通过波场中虚拟检波器的记录,用谱比法估计了弹性波在随机介质中的散射衰减。不同非均匀程度随机弹性介质中的数值结果表明:介质不均匀程度越高,散射衰减越大;在散射体尺寸小于波长的前提下,不同散射体尺寸的计算结果说明:散射体尺寸越大,弹性波衰减越明显。最后提出了一种不均匀孔隙介质中流体流动衰减的方法。通过对随机孔隙介质中地震波的总衰减和散射衰减分别进行了计算,并定量得出了随机孔隙介质中流体流动衰减,结果表明:在实际地震频段下,当介质不均匀尺度101米量级时,散射衰减比流体流动衰减要大,散射衰减是地震波在实际不均匀岩石孔隙介质中衰减的主要原因。     

非均匀弹性介质地震波动模拟的Fourier变换方法

一、前言 地震模型技术是应用地震法研究地下储油地层分布的基础工作,它可以用来研究地,震波的传播以及各种波的特性,可以通过修改地质模型,反复进行正演,实现对实际地震剖面的最优逼近,以实现地震反问题。本文在文献[1]的基础上,应用Fourier变换方法研究了用非均匀弹性介质波动方程正演问题的解来模拟地震波的传播,探索了该方法对非均匀弹性介质地震模型的有效性及实用性。     

高精度频率域弹性波方程有限差分方法及波场模拟

有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,但常规的有限差分法本身存在着数值频散问题,会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率,为了克服常规差分算子的数值频散,本文采用25点优化差分算子,再根据最优化理论求取的优化系数,建立了频率空间域中弹性波波动方程的差分格式;为了消除边界反射,引入最佳匹配层,构造了各向同性介质中弹性波方程在不同边界和角点处的边界条件. 最后由弹性波波动方程和边界条件,通过频率域有限差分法,分别利用不同震源对弹性波在均匀各向同性介质、层状介质及凹陷模型中的传播过程进行了数值正演模拟,得到了单频波波场、时间切片和共炮点道集,为下一步的研究工作（如成像、反演）提供了研究基础.     

求解双相和黏弹性介质波传播方程的间断有限元方法及其波场模拟

间断有限元（Discontinuous Galerkin：DG）方法具有低数值频散、网格剖分灵活、能模拟地震波在复杂介质中传播等优点.因此,本文将一种新的DG方法推广到双相和黏弹性等复杂介质的地震波场模拟,发展了求解Biot弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程的DG方法.首先通过引入辅助变量将Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程转化为关于时间-空间的一阶偏微分方程组,然后对该方程组进行DG空间离散,得到半离散化的常微分方程组.最后,对此常微分方程组,应用加权的Runge-Kutta格式进行时间推进计算.数值结果表明,DG方法可以有效地求解Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程,并能很好地压制因离散求解波动方程而产生的数值频散,获得清晰的各种地震波震相.     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

基于精细积分法的三维弹性波数值模拟(英文)

波动方程有限差分法是地震数值模拟中的一种重要的方法,对理解和分析地震传播规律、分析地震属性和解释地震资料有着非常重要的意义。但是有限差分法由于其离散化的思想,产生了不稳定性。精细积分法在有限差分法的基础上,在时间域采用解析解的表达形式,在空间域保留任意差分格式,发展成为半解析的数值方法。本文结合并发展了以往学者的成果,推导了任意精细积分法的三维弹性波正演模拟计算公式,并对其稳定性进行了数值分析。在计算实例中,实现了精细积分法二维和三维弹性波模型的地震正演模拟,对计算结果的分析表明,精细积分法反射信号走时准确,稳定性好,弹性波场相较于声波波场,弹性波波场成分更为丰富,包含了更多波型成分(PP-和PS-反射波、透射波和绕射波),这对实际地震资料的解释和储层分析有重要的意义。实践证明,该方法可直接应用到弹性波的地质模型的数值模拟中。     

裂隙弱度参数的波场特征

本文将Schoenberg线性滑移裂隙介质理论应用到HTI(LSD)介质的弹性波波场数值模拟之中.主要针对描述裂隙状态的2个裂隙参数--法向弱度EN和切向弱度ET对波场的影响进行了有限元模拟.模拟结果揭示了EN主要影响快波而ET主要影响慢波的波场特征,通过EN和ET变化对应的裂隙含水程度说明了EN对裂隙中的流体敏感而E...     

Effective velocities in fractured media: a numerical study using the rotated staggered finite‐difference grid

The modelling of elastic waves in fractured media with an explicit finite‐difference scheme causes instability problems on a staggered grid when the medium possesses high‐contrast discontinuities (strong heterogeneities). For the present study we apply the rotated staggered grid. Using this modified grid it is possible to simulate the propagation of elastic waves in a 2D or 3D medium containing cracks, pores or free surfaces without hard‐coded boundary conditions. Therefore it allows an efficient and precise numerical study of effective velocities in fractured structures. We model the propagation of plane waves through a set of different, randomly cracked media. In these numerical experiments we vary the wavelength of the plane waves, the crack porosity and the crack density. The synthetic results are compared with several static theories that predict the effective P‐ and S‐wave velocities in fractured materials in the long wavelength limit. For randomly distributed and randomly orientated, rectilinear, non‐intersecting, thin, dry cracks, the numerical simulations of velocities of P‐, SV‐ and SH‐waves are in excellent agreement with the results of the modified (or differential) self‐consistent theory. On the other hand for intersecting cracks, the critical crack‐density (porosity) concept must be taken into account. To describe the wave velocities in media with intersecting cracks, we propose introducing the critical crack‐density concept into the modified self‐consistent theory. Numerical simulations show that this new formulation predicts effective elastic properties accurately for such a case.     

非均匀流-固边界耦合介质多参数全波形反演方法

海洋勘探环境可以抽象为下伏固体与上覆流体相互耦合的介质,本文针对流-固边界耦合介质提出了一种高效、稳定的多参数（速度和密度）全波形反演方法.本文采用弹性波一阶位移-应力方程作为过渡层耦合声波压力方程与弹性波位移方程来模拟耦合环境,相比于传统的交错网格建模方法或者构建连续性条件,本文提出的方法在正演精度和稳定性上凸显出很大优势,极大降低了计算内存.反演策略对多参数全波形反演至关重要,由于不同参数之间的相互耦合使得密度在多参数全波形反演中较难获得,因此本文将非均匀流-固边界耦合介质多参数全波形反演分为两个步骤完成：第一步利用变密度声波方程结合推导出的密度梯度算子进行纵波速度和密度的双参数反演;第二步根据链式法则求取横波速度的梯度,结合第一步的反演结果使用流-固边界耦合方程反演横波速度.最后通过与声波动方程数值模拟结果对比证明正演算法的准确性;上覆流体的Marmousi-2模型的数值试验测试说明反演方法的有效性和适应性.     

The Numerical Modeling of 3-D Elastic Wave Equation Using a High-Order,Staggered-Grid, Finite Difference Scheme

This article provides the application of the high-order, staggered-grid, finite-difference scheme to model elastic wave propagation in 3-D isotropic media. Here, we use second-order, temporal-and high-order spatial finite-difference formulations with a staggered grid for discretization of the 3-D elastic wave equations of motion. The set of absorbing boundary conditions based on paraxial approximations of 3-D elastic wave equations are applied to the numerical boundaries. The trial resuits for the salt model show that the numerical dispersion is decreased to a minimum extent, the accuracy high and diffracted waves abundant. It also shows that this method can be used for modeling wave propagation in complex media with the lateral variation of velocity.     

求解二阶解耦弹性波方程的低秩分解法和低秩有限差分法

时间域的波场延拓方法在本质上都可以归结为对一个空间-波数域算子的近似.本文基于一阶波数-空间混合域象征,提出一种新的方法求解解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程.该方法采用交错网格,连续使用两次一阶前向和后向拟微分算子,推导得到了解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程的波场延拓算子.由于该混合域象征在伪谱算子的基础上增加了一个依赖于速度模型的补偿项,可以补偿由于采用二阶中心差分计算时间微分项带来的误差,有效地减少模拟结果的数值频散,提高模拟精度.然而,在非均匀介质中,直接计算该二阶的波场延拓算子,每一个时间步上需要做N次快速傅里叶逆变换,其中N是总的网格点数.为了减少计算量,提出了交错网格低秩分解方法;针对常规有限差分数值频散问题,本文将交错网格低秩方法与有限差分法结合,提出了交错网格低秩有限差分法.数值结果表明,交错网格低秩方法和交错网格低秩有限差分法具有较高的精度,对于复杂介质的地震波数值模拟和偏移成像具有重要的价值.