居住区环境与噪音污染对居民心理健康的影响——以北京为例

心理健康作为当代城市居民面临的主要问题之一,已有研究证实居住区建成环境和社会环境对心理健康的影响。然而,此类研究主要聚焦于西方发达国家,而且对于噪音污染因素考虑不足,未能同时研究居住区环境和噪音污染对居民心理健康的影响。论文基于2017年北京市26个居住区居民的健康问卷调查数据,采用多层Logistic模型,探讨居住区环境(包括建成环境及社会环境)与居民感知的多种来源的噪音污染(包括道路交通噪音、轨道交通噪音、商店餐饮噪音和住房装修噪音)等多种因素与居民心理健康的相关关系。研究发现,居住区环境和噪音污染水平均与居民心理健康显著相关。与西方发达国家居住区环境与心理健康关系的研究类似,论文发现居住区医疗设施和休闲娱乐设施可达性、居民邻里关系、居住区满意度等因素与心理健康显著相关;不同的是,论文发现公园可达性、居住区交通噪音等因素与心理健康相关性不显著。此外,本文发现住房装修噪音是影响北京居民心理健康的主要噪音来源。     

(What Geographers Should Know About) The State of U.S. and Canadian Academic Professional Associations’ Engagement with Mental Health Practices and Policies

The professional organizations to which geographers belong and by which they are represented have a civic duty and ethical responsibility to educate their members about mental health issues in their professions and, by default, their work environments. And yet national-level professional associations in North America are lagging behind universities in adopting initiatives, commissioning reports, and looking into best practices around the mental health of their members. A survey of the Web sites of sixty-six professional associations in the social sciences, geographical sciences, and humanities in the United States and Canada reveals an uneven presence of attention to mental health issues in terms of their members’ research on mental health issues, awareness of mental health as a professional development issue, and engagement in mental health advocacy and public outreach. In this article, we explore how geography’s professional organizations compare to others with respect to these issues and suggest ways in which they can develop their own mental health protocols to address the crisis of mental health in the academy. Key Words: Academic professional associations, American Association of Geographers, Canadian Association of Geographers, mental health, mental health practices and policies.     

竞争型公共设施区位决策——概念、选址原则及模型构建

竞争型公共设施竞争性、公益性并存,其区位决策相对更加复杂。首先提出了“竞争型公共设施”的概念,指出“兼顾效率与公平的空间均衡”是其选址的基本原则,并概括出具体选址要求：遵循供需双方的空间相互作用模式、限制至邻近设施的最大出行成本、追求总出行成本最小化、约束设施规模门槛、与低层级设施在出行成本上相区分等。其次构建了基于概率分配规则的重力P中值模型,通过纳入设施规模因子实现区位和规模同步求解,并对邻近设施最大出行成本和设施最小规模进行约束,以实现空间公平-效率、服务质量公平与规模效率等多重目标。最后经过实证检验,优化后的设施布局更为均衡合理。     

城市流动人口心理健康的影响因素——以广州市和深圳市为例

以珠三角核心城市广州市和深圳市为例,采用中国劳动力动态调查个体问卷数据（CLDS-2016）并运用线性回归模型,旨在解析城市流动人口心理健康的影响因素及其作用机理,并对比广州市和深圳市流动人口心理健康影响机制的差异。研究发现：1）工作环境特征、社会交往特征、生理健康特征和社会人口特征均对流动人口的心理健康产生影响。其中,工作环境特征中的工作满意度、工作压力与流动人口的心理健康呈显著相关,社会交往特征中的社区信任以及生理健康特征中的自评健康对流动人口的心理健康具有显著影响。2）对于广州市而言,工作环境特征（工作压力）、社会交往特征（社区信任）、生理健康特征（自评健康、饮酒历史、日常锻炼、因伤救治）对流动人口的心理健康影响显著。3）对于深圳市而言,其心理健康的影响因素仅体现为工作环境特征（工作满意度、工作压力）和生理健康特征（自评健康、因伤救治）。实证研究表明,相同因素对于不同城市流动人口的心理健康作用机理存在差异,广州城市规划与治理中应注重打造优质社区并完善休闲健康设施配套,而深圳市则应注重通过改善工作环境来提升流动人口的心理健康。     

基于邻里效应视角的城市居民心理健康影响因素研究——以广州市为例

随着新型城镇化、健康中国等战略的提出,“城市健康”成为社会各界关注的重要议题。然而,既有研究较少基于邻里效应的视角,揭示城市社区环境对居民心理健康的影响因素。论文基于2015年广州市23个社区的1150份问卷调查数据,从邻里效应的视角出发,采用多层线性回归模型,识别了广州市居民心理健康的决定因素,尤其关注社区建成环境和社会环境的影响。研究发现,广州市居民的心理健康水平在社区层面存在空间异质性,由个体层面因素与社区层面因素所共同决定。就个体因素而言,受教育程度、住房产权和身体健康状况对心理健康水平有显著的正向预测作用;就社区建成环境因素而言,服务设施配套和公园绿地供给均与心理健康水平呈显著的正相关关系;就社区社会环境因素而言,社区纠纷数量对心理健康有显著的负向预测作用,社区组织数量和邻里交往频率对心理健康有显著的正向预测作用。建议通过社区规划和社区建设,加大公共服务设施和公园绿地的供给,健全社区组织,鼓励邻里交往,从而提升居民的心理健康水平。     

郊区化背景下居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康影响——以广州为例

本文从健康地理跨学科的视角入手,以广州市典型郊区的102个样本为研究对象,并选择10个城区街道的927个样本作为参照组进行对比研究,重点探讨中国式快速郊区化背景下,郊区居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康状况的影响。通过构建多元线性回归模型,从微观层面探讨居民城市建成环境、健身行为和心理健康之间的相互关系。结果表明：基于WHO-5反映心理健康量表的评分,郊区样本心理健康状况平均分值只有8.411分,远低于城区样本的平均12.788分,郊区居民的心理健康问题需要引起重视。相对于城区居民,郊区居民健身活动受长距离的通勤及不完善的公共交通系统的时空约束更为明显,健身活动频率更低、时间更短、空间上主要集中在住宅附近。这种差异除了受个人经济社会属性、邻里社区融入等因素影响外,还明显受到建成环境因素的影响。研究结论对弥补过度市场化逐利下造成的城市公共性缺失,维护社会空间公平,完善中国式郊区化下的公共服务设施配套体系,改善郊区居民心理健康状况有重要意义,同时也可为郊区规划及公共政策制定提供参考。     

Children's Reasoning About Their Environment

Abstract

Research into children's thinking has shown age-linked differences in their abilities to structure the concrete and abstract features of their environment. This study attempted to investigate how these differences revealed themselves when children were asked to try to make sense of objects extracted from their environment by finding some meaningful relationship between them. The ways in which the children reasoned about everyday objects depicted on cards have implications for the design of curriculum materials used in geography.     

医疗设施可达性空间差异及其影响因素——基于上海市户籍与流动人口的对比

医疗设施可达性关乎民生健康、生活质量和社会公平等重大社会议题,受到广泛关注。将空间视角和社会视角相结合,考虑流动人口和户籍人口在城市不同区域内可达性的差异,将有助于更加全面地反映当前城市医疗服务的资源配置及其社会公平问题。本文以上海市不同等级医疗设施的可达性为研究对象,利用改进潜能模型和多元线性回归模型,分析了城市中不同区域内医疗设施的可达性、户籍人口和流动人口就医可达性差异及其影响机理。研究发现：医疗设施可达性自内城区向郊区逐渐降低,郊区可达性的波动程度较大;户籍人口的就医可达性优于流动人口,2类人群的差异在中心城边缘区和近郊区最为明显;居住地区位显著影响居民的就医可达性,但对于户籍人口的影响更加显著。本文可为上海市医疗资源的空间配置优化和改善流动人口就医条件提供实证研究依据。     

Students' familiarity and initial contact with species in the Monte desert (Mendoza,Argentina)

This study investigates how familiarity and initial contact with species can be explained by social-demographic variables in an arid environment of Argentina. Our main objectives were to investigate which species children are familiar with, and analyse the effect of place of residence, sex and age on students' knowledge and initial contact with species. In total, 1746 students between 7 and 18 years old participated in the study, from 25 urban and 19 rural schools. Students were asked to write down ten animals and ten plants, and to indicate where they had seen them for the first time. Children were able to name an important number of species but they were mostly acquainted with exotic ones. Familiarity with species and the use of different sources of information can be explained by interactions between the studied factors, while place of residence was not as significant as we expected. Sex was an important explanatory variable, likely influenced by differences in roles and children activities' preferences. It is necessary to improve the knowledge on native species, particularly those with conservation problems by using information sources close to nature, without neglecting the knowledge of the exotic species that children showed more familiarity from everyday life.     

基于改进潜能模型的就医空间可达性度量和缺医地区判断——以江苏省如东县为例

潜能模型广泛应用于就医空间可达性评价,现有模型综合了医疗设施服务能力、居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗。在此基础上通过考虑"医疗设施不同等级规模对居民就医选择行为的影响"对模型进行修正。结果表明,改进的潜能模型能够更为合理地评价就医空间可达性,准确揭示居民实际所能获取的医疗资源,结合医疗资源配置相关标准,则能有效判定缺医地区,为政府相关部门规划决策提供依据。     

Using GIS and perceived distance to understand the unequal geographies of healthcare in lower-income urban neighbourhoods

Geographers play important roles in public health research, particularly in understanding healthcare accessibility, utilisation, and individual healthcare experiences. Most accessibility studies have benefited from the increased sophistication of geographic information systems (GIS). Some studies have been enhanced with semi-structured in-depth interviews to understand individual experiences of people as they access healthcare. However, few accessibility studies have explicitly utilised individual in-depth interview data in the construction of new GIS accessibility measures. Using mixed methods including GIS analysis and individual data from semi-structured in-depth interviews, we offer satisfaction-adjusted distance as a new way of conceptualising accessibility in GIS. Based on fieldwork in a predominantly lower-income community in Columbus, Ohio (USA), we find many residents felt neighbourhood healthcare facilities offered low-quality care, which suggested an added perceived distance as they attempt to access high-quality healthcare facilities. The satisfaction-adjusted distance measure accounts for the perceived distance some residents feel as they search for high-quality healthcare in lower-income urban neighbourhoods. In moving beyond conventional GIS and re-conceptualising accessibility in this way, we offer a more realistic portrayal of the issues lower-income urban residents face as they attempt to access high-quality healthcare facilities. The work has theoretical implications for conceptualising healthcare accessibility, advances the mixed-methodologies literature, and argues for a more equitable distribution of high-quality healthcare in urban neighbourhoods.     

近15年来国外居民健康的邻里影响研究进展——基于CiteSpace软件的可视化分析

为了全面地分析国外居民健康的邻里影响研究新进展,基于CiteSpace可视化工具,分析Web of Science数据库中2002―2016年以来613篇主题为“居民健康的邻里影响”的文献,以揭示影响居民健康的重要环境因素,为中国健康城市规划提供依据。研究发现：1）近15年来国外居民健康的邻里影响研究关注度持续上升,研究主题集中,主要关注建成环境和社会环境2个方面;2）建成环境和社会环境一方面通过塑造居民交通出行方式、体育锻炼习惯、饮食习惯、生活态度以及心理状态等路径作用于居民健康,另一方面通过压力的累积、资源获取的受限等对健康产生影响;3）目前研究方法主要通过横向研究构建健康行为、相关疾病与环境要素之间的多元量化模型来实现,纵向研究较少。最后对中国居民健康的邻里影响研究提出3点建议。     

不同类型社区绿地规模和结构对居民心理健康的影响——以上海市郊区为例

以上海市郊区为案例地区,综合问卷调查和多源绿地数据,构建有序Logit模型分析高档、低档、近郊、远郊4类社区的社区内外绿地规模与结构对居民心理健康的影响。结果发现：1）不同社区的绿地数量与结构存在显著差异。高低档社区内的绿地差异大于近远郊社区;近郊社区的周边绿地数量优于远郊社区,但公园绿地可达性更差。2）提高社区内乔木和灌木比例、增加社区周边公园绿地可达性对心理健康有正向影响。3）低档社区居民的心理健康受到社区内植被覆盖和公园绿地可达性的显著影响,而高档社区居民对绿地空间的作用不敏感。4）近郊社区居民受到周边绿地规模和社区内植被覆盖的影响,而远郊社区绿地率和公园绿地的可达性对居民心理健康有显著作用。最后,提出对于低档和近郊社区首先需要关注社区内的绿地规划,对于高档和远郊社区应注重社区内外的绿地平衡的建议。     

基于改进区位配置模型的农村就医空间优化布局研究——以湖北省仙桃市为例

以湖北省仙桃市为研究区域,运用改进区位配置模型,通过调整设施数量和规模实验,研究农村就医空间优化布局。首先对比分析传统区位配置模型（LA模型）,引入等级规模偏好系数,构建改进区位配置模型。然后基于ArcGIS10.2 Geoprocessing 框架,整合GIS网络分析,运用程序设计语言Python和线性规划建模工具PuLP实现模型构建,运用线性规划软件Cplex实现模型求解,运用ArcGIS10.2进行地理空间可视化表达。最后通过调整设施数量和规模对比实验发现：医疗机构布局调整后更加合理,居民就医效率明显提高,居民获得医疗服务时间成本减少,且15 min内满足更多医疗需求,验证了改进区位配置模型在农村就医空间优化布局的实用性。     

基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法

空间可达性是评价医疗设施布局合理与否的重要指标,传统的医疗设施空间可达性评价,或者从医疗服务供需状况着手,或者从供需双方之间距离因素着手,均无法全面评价居民实际所能获取的医疗资源。本文采用基于潜能模型的评价方法对江苏省如东县医疗设施空间可达性进行分析研究,该方法综合考虑了医疗设施服务能力、居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗。研究表明,通过选取合适的出行摩擦系数,该方法能够较为全面准确地测度较小研究单元的医疗设施空间可达性,辅以GIS技术,可以很直观地揭示研究区域内医疗设施空间可达性差异,结合公共卫生管理部门制定的医疗资源配置标准,还可较为准确判定缺医地区,为政府相关部门规划决策提供依据。     

Accessibility in designing centralised warehousing: Case of health care logistics in Northern Finland

Long distances and sparse service networks set challenging conditions for material logistics in health care. Globally, health care organisations have been making structural changes towards centralised warehousing and deliveries. In Northern Finland, material logistics of the public health care system rely mainly on numerous separate order and delivery systems, although logistics needs, ordering and stock in different health care facilities correspond to each other. As centralised logistics in orders and deliveries may lead to remarkable savings, pressure for centralised management is high. This paper analyses how effectively a potential centralised warehousing system can be organised based on its spatial components. These include optimal location of one or more warehouses, delivery network coverage and efficiency of routes, as well as accessibility of health centres and hospitals. The geographic information systems (GIS) -based accessibility analytical framework described in this study applies vehicle routing and heuristic computations to location-allocation of warehouses to potential sites by optimising transport cost with a constraint to provide service to at least 90% of delivery demand. The spatial data include the road network, health care facility locations with rough estimates of freight demand nodes and potential locations of warehouse facilities. The main findings of the study show that majority of health centres and hospitals can be effectively reached by a delivery network based on one or two warehouses. Furthermore, the efficiency of the delivery network does not increase remarkably by increasing the number of warehouses, when measured as driving time.     

公平与效率导向下农村公共医疗资源的空间优化研究——以湖北省仙桃市为例

公共服务资源的空间配置问题一直存在效率与公平价值导向的博弈,空间综合人文社科的兴起,使其演化成一个空间优化问题。医疗资源空间配置的规划注重决策连续性,据此提出改进空间可达性的两步优化法。在农村地区资源有限的情况下,以空间可达性为主要指标,建立公平与效率导向下的二次规划模型,通过重新选址和设定规模以保证居民获得就医机会的最大公平和效率,并以湖北省仙桃市为案例进行应用研究。结果表明,新选地址和规模优化结果能使仙桃市医疗资源空间配置的公平性和效率性得到显著提高,2个步骤相结合,使其成为真正的混合优化模型,达到效率和公平平衡的双重目标。     

绿色环境暴露对居民心理健康的影响研究——以南京为例

绿色环境暴露对心理健康的影响长期以来都受到国内外不同领域学者的关注,但从个体与环境交互的角度关注衡量个体对环境实际感知的研究较少。论文试图基于对居民视觉感知和时空活动等因素的考虑,结合机器学习等技术扩展绿色环境暴露的测度方式,并构建绿色环境暴露对心理健康影响的概念框架。同时,以南京为实证对象,运用结构方程模型对比分析绿地率、绿视率、绿色视觉暴露对心理健康影响的差异。研究发现,3种绿色环境暴露测度指标对心理健康均有显著正向影响,但影响程度和路径存在差异,建立更加综合的绿色环境暴露评价指标体系至关重要。主观建成环境可以作为绿视率和绿色视觉暴露对心理健康影响的中介变量,身体活动仅作为绿色视觉暴露影响心理健康的中介变量。研究拓展了绿色环境暴露对心理健康影响的研究框架,并对城市绿地系统的规划管理具有参考价值。     

邻里环境感知与个体健康对通勤模式选择的影响研究——以南京市为例

通勤是大部分城市就业者日常工作所必须面对的问题。相比宏观层面的城市建成环境,微观层面的邻里环境感知及个体健康与通勤模式选择的联系更为密切。以南京市主城区8个社区为案例地,利用结构方程模型探究邻里环境感知与个体健康对城市就业者通勤模式选择的影响。首先借助问卷调查数据,将通勤模式分为积极通勤、公共交通通勤、电动车/摩托车通勤以及小汽车通勤四类;其次使用因子分析法确定邻里环境感知的潜变量,并将个体健康分为身体健康、心理健康与健康行为3个潜变量;最后构建结构方程模型的理论框架并进行实证分析。研究发现：① 邻里环境感知变量中服务设施感知、环境品质感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,交通安全感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的间接效应。② 个体健康变量中,心理健康与健康行为对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应。③ 通勤距离与社会经济属性对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,同时社会经济属性对通勤模式选择亦存在显著的间接效应。基于研究结果,提出有效提升就业者对于社区环境的主观感受,进而提高就业者参与健康行为的意愿与就业者的健康水平,从而引导其选择更加健康和绿色的通勤模式。     

城市街景绿地对居民心理健康的影响——以广州为例

随着城市建设用地飞速扩张,绿地作为稀缺资源,对居民心理健康具有重要影响。本文基于2015年广州市1273份居民问卷调查数据,并通过腾讯街景视图和机器学习算法提取街景绿地数据,考察街景绿地、地方依恋和心理健康之间的内在逻辑与机理,并对比本地居民和外来移民的差异。研究发现：① 街景绿地与居民心理健康水平呈显著的正相关关系;② 街景绿地与心理健康的关系受到中介变量地方依恋的影响,即街景绿地通过影响居民地方依恋,间接影响其心理健康水平;③ 对于本地居民,地方依恋发挥完全中介效应,即街景绿地对居民心理健康的影响完全通过地方依恋实现;④ 对于外来移民,地方依恋则发挥部分中介效应,即街景绿地不仅直接作用于居民的心理健康状况,而且通过影响居民的地方依恋间接提升其心理健康水平。