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1.
Stabilization of Bottom Hole Temperature With Finite Circulation Time and Fluid Flow 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
As an alternative to finite element or finite difference modelling, analytical solutions are derived by the method of Laplace transformation and numerical results obtained for several models of the bottom hole temperature stabilization. Included in the models are the finite circulation time, the thermal property contrast between the borehole mud and the surrounding formation, and the presence of radial or lateral fluid flow in the formation, all of which are found to have significant effects on the dissipation of the thermal disturbance induced by drilling.
The mud circulation is considered to have the effect of either maintaining the borehole mud at a constant temperature or supplying a constant amount of heat per unit length per unit time to the borehole. For small circulation times, the former reduces to the 'zero circulation' model in which the mud circulation creates an instantaneous temperature anomaly at the hole bottom; for small borehole radii, the latter reduces to the line source model and the traditional 'Homer plot'.
For typical drilling operations in which the bottom hole temperatures are measured several hours to several tens of hours after the hole is shut in, the new models generally predict higher equilibrium formation temperatures than does the Horner plot. However, predictions from the various models converge if the BHTs are taken after the hole has been shut in for a period which is greater than about five times the circulation period. 相似文献
The mud circulation is considered to have the effect of either maintaining the borehole mud at a constant temperature or supplying a constant amount of heat per unit length per unit time to the borehole. For small circulation times, the former reduces to the 'zero circulation' model in which the mud circulation creates an instantaneous temperature anomaly at the hole bottom; for small borehole radii, the latter reduces to the line source model and the traditional 'Homer plot'.
For typical drilling operations in which the bottom hole temperatures are measured several hours to several tens of hours after the hole is shut in, the new models generally predict higher equilibrium formation temperatures than does the Horner plot. However, predictions from the various models converge if the BHTs are taken after the hole has been shut in for a period which is greater than about five times the circulation period. 相似文献
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Sand stabilization effect of feldspathic sandstone during the fallow period in Mu Us Sandy Land 总被引:2,自引:4,他引:2
Depended on the analysis of ground snow situation, soil moisture loss speed and soil structure after planting crops of Mu Us Sandy Land remedied with feldspathic sandstone in the fallow period, it is concluded that feldspathic sandstone mixed with sand improved the sand stabilization in the governance of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period. The sandy land remedied with feldspathic sandstone had big snow coverage, 25%-75% higher than normal sand; soil moisture losses slowed down, and moisture content rose by over 3 times; soil structure had been improved, and water stable aggregate content increased by 6.52%-18.04%; survival rate of protection forest increased to 85%; and ground flatness is less than 1%. The above conditions weakened sand rising conditions of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period and formed two protective layers of snow cover and soil frozen layer under cold weather so as to prevent against wind erosion. 相似文献
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气温变化对西峰黄土高原地温与梨树发育期的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用西北地区140站1961-2000年的气温资料和西峰黄土高原1971-2005年5,10,15,20cm地温和1984-2005年梨树发育期资料,分析了西北地区春季、夏季、秋季、冬季和年气温的变化事实,再用相关计算和典型年份对比,分析了地温的时间变化规律及其对梨树发育期的影响。结果表明,西北地区20世纪60年代冬季增温,其余降温,70年代均降温,80年代冬季增温,其余降温,90年代均增温,冬季的最明显。西峰10cm地温各季节呈持续升高的趋势,春季增温最明显为0.058℃/a,变幅也最大,冬季增温幅度次之为0.039℃/a,再是秋季为0.032℃/a,夏季增温幅度最小为0.029℃/a,上升趋势均通过0.05和0.01的信度检验。冬季、春季地温与梨树的各发育期均为负相关,即地温高,发育期早,地温低,发育期迟。冬季地温与梨树发育期相关最显著的是叶变始期和开花始期,相关系数为-0.41~-0.52,信度为0.05,春季地温与之相关最显著的是开花始期,相关系数为-0.68~-0.69,信度达0.001。春季地温对梨树发育期的影响具有明显的持续性和滞后性,冬季地温对梨树发育期影响有阶段性,春季地温对梨树发育期的影响比冬季的明显。 相似文献
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利用大量的地热流体化学成分及环境同位素(δD、δ18O、14C)测试数据,深入分析了隆起山地构造对流型、沉降盆地传导型地热流体的化学特征及分布规律,进而对地热流体的环境同位素分布特征及形成年龄进行了梳理总结,得出了明确的结论。结果表明:隆起山地构造对流型地热田地热流体主要以断裂上升泉的形式出露,分布于西秦岭-祁连造山带,补给来源为当地及周边大气降水入渗,地热流体形成年龄一般小于5000~30000a,水质较好,属"开启型"的地热系统;热储层岩性、断裂规模及水热循环方式和深度等明显控制着地热流体化学类型、环境同位素特征和形成年龄。沉降盆地传导型地热田地热流体主要以管井开采的方式出露;热储埋藏深度小于1600m的地热井,地热流体补给来源为当地及周边大气降水入渗,形成年龄一般小于5 000~30 000 a,水质相对较好,属"半开启-半封闭型"的地热系统;热储埋藏深度介于1 600~2 600 m之间的地热开采井,主要为地质历史时期逐步形成的"古水",水化学类型复杂且水质较差,地热流体形成年龄介于30000~50000a,属"封闭型"的地热系统;热... 相似文献
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西北地区山区融雪期气候变化对径流量的影响(英文) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera-ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe-riod 1960?2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857℃ in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob-served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617℃, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in-creasing by 1.05℃. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%. 相似文献
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过去2000年冷暖变化的基本特征与主要暖期 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据近年国内外相关研究结果,分析了北半球与中国过去2000 年冷暖变化的阶段性,辨识了百年尺度暖期的起讫年代及其与20 世纪温暖程度的差别。结果表明:(1) 最近新建的多数北半球温度变化序列显示公元1-270 年温暖;271-840 年冷暖相间,但总体偏冷;841-1290年温暖;1291-1910 年寒冷;1911 年以后再次转为温暖;这些冷暖阶段虽分别与Lamb 指出的罗马暖期(约公元前1 世纪-4 世纪中期)、黑暗时代冷期(约4 世纪末-10 世纪前期)、中世纪暖期(约10 世纪中期-13 世纪末)、小冰期(约15-19 世纪) 以及20 世纪增暖大致对应,但各阶段的起讫时间与Lamb确定的时段存在一定差别。(2) 尽管过去2000 年冷暖变化过程及其变幅大小在中国境内各个区域间并不完全一致,但从全国平均看,中国与北半球百年尺度的冷暖波动阶段基本一致,仅起讫年代存在一定差异;其中公元1-200 年、551-760 年、941-1300 年及20世纪气候相对温暖,其他时段则相对寒冷。(3) 多数序列显示中世纪期间北半球的温暖程度至少与20 世纪相当。中国941-1300 年间的最暖百年和最暖30 年(暖峰) 的温度也略高于20 世纪,551-760 年间的最暖百年与20 世纪基本相当,但1-200 年间最暖百年的温暖程度则较20 世纪略低。 相似文献
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如何系统地把握水田排水期氮素输出特征,已成为控制三江平原区域内规模化水田氮素污染输出的关键。系统地分析在水田排水期内,水田-沟渠系统中氮素的浓度分布特征,并利用同位素示踪技术对沟渠内氮素的削减机制进行探讨。结果表明:泡田排水期是水田氮素输出的主要时期,主要受施肥活动控制,氮素输出负荷占全年输出负荷的40%以上。不同排水期水田沟渠内氮素削减程度及机制具有明显差异:泡田排水期,沟渠内铵态氮浓度下降了46.93%,主要受硝化过程控制;降雨排水期,硝态氮浓度下降了24.00%,而铵态氮浓度上升了26.04%,主要受降雨混合稀释及土壤有机质矿化的影响;晒田排水期,铵态氮浓度下降了52.07%,主要与植被吸收、蒸发等因素有关。 相似文献
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普陀山作为观音道场从五代时期兴起后,对江南民间产生了极为重要的影响。明清时期,观音香汛成为江南香汛的主流。不同尺度的香汛空间形成了明显的互补结构。其中,层级最高的朝香圣地是普陀山和杭州的天竺山,香汛范围可覆盖整个江南,影响广及全国。其次,是一些区域性的名山,如苏州支硎山、扬州功德山,其影响可及于数府。再次就是各地的一些小范围的观音道场。这些不同空间尺度的佛教圣地,形成了一个立体的层级结构。普陀山的香汛空间主要受区位、交通制约。天竺香汛受到、却不完全受空间距离影响,宁、绍的天竺香汛远不如嘉、湖,甚至不及苏、松,其中有着基于历史文化传统的地缘观念的影响。 相似文献
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Wavelet analysis of quasi-3-year temperature oscillations in China in last 50 years, and predicted changes in the next 20 years 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The wavelet analysis method is used to analyze the annual and winter temperature data of 98 observation stations in China in eight climate zones during the last 50 years (1961-2009). The periodicities of temperature changes are investigated, and the possible temperature change trends in China in the next 20 years (2012-2029) are also predicted. Our results show that in the inter-annual temperature variability there are pervasive quasi-3- to quasi-4-year cycles, and these cycle changes are relatively steady. The periodic characteristics of the annual temperature changes are clearly different between northern and southern China, and our period superimposition extrapolation shows that both annual and winter temperatures in China will continue to increase in the next 20 years, more so in northern China and in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) than in the southern region, except in the southwest. If temperatures follow historic increasing linear trends, the overall temper- ature is expected to increase by 1℃ between 2010 and 2029. 相似文献
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本文利用1906-2015年武汉月平均最高与最低气温资料,重建了过去110年武汉市年平均气温距平序列,分析了其年代际尺度的变化特征。主要结论为:①过去110年武汉市经历了“暖—冷—暖”3个多年代际波动,其中1906-1946年与1994-2015年气候相对温暖,1947-1993年则气候相对寒冷;②在多年代尺度上,武汉市存在多次显著增温和降温过程,其中增温速率最快的30年和50年分别出现在1980-2009年和1960-2009年;最快降温速率则出现在1928-1957年和1925-1974年;③过去110年武汉市年均温发生了3次跃变,其中由冷转暖的跃变出现在20世纪20年代初和90年代中后期,而由暖转冷的跃变则出现在40年代;④武汉市年均温变化与全球/北半球和中国的变化趋势基本一致,但变幅偏大。此外,全球增暖停滞现象在武汉市最近十几年也有所体现。 相似文献
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转型期省际城镇土地利用绩效格局演变与机理 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以中国省域单元为例,在界定城镇土地利用绩效内涵基础之上,从结构、效益、效率及管理四维度构建城镇土地利用绩效评价体系,利用改进熵值法测度省际城镇土地利用绩效;并运用空间统计模型、R/S分析法及PCA模型,对2000-2012年中国省际城镇土地利用绩效格局时空演变及机理进行了初步的探讨。研究表明:① 2000年以来省际城镇土地利用绩效水平不断提升,区域差异较显著;绩效演变呈现出东西方向递增,南北方向倒“U”型分布格局。② 省际城镇土地利用绩效全局空间上表现出显著的正自相关,呈现绩效高(低)—高(低)集聚模式;局部Ⅰ绩效热点区主要集聚在东部沿海的京津及江浙沪,且不断向珠三角演化,Ⅱ绩效次热区主要集中在中原城市群、华北、华中及华南地区,Ⅲ绩效次冷区主要分布在西南地区及东北地区,而Ⅳ绩效冷点区主要集中在西部的藏疆蒙甘青地区,形成稳定“L”型塌陷形态;省际城镇土地利用绩效具有明显的分形特征,未来绩效值将呈现出继续增长的演化态势,且增长显著区分布在京津及长三角地区。③ 城镇化、产业升级、科技发展及市场化综合驱动转型期省际城镇土地利用绩效格局演变。 相似文献
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明清时期南阳盆地城(集)镇职能组合结构探析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
明清时期,南阳盆地由于人口的增长、农业经济和交通的发展,城(集)镇经济也逐步发展和繁荣起来,不同类型的城(集)镇职能组合结构开始形成。在原有的以政治、军事职能为主的城(集)镇基础上,出现了一批手工业集镇、商业集镇和交通集镇。其城(集)镇功能的消长表现在:以政治、军事职能为主的城(集)镇发展相对缓慢,以经济、商业职能为主的集镇得到迅速发展,商业集镇数量增加、人口增长、规模扩大、开市日期增多、集市广设店铺,出现了繁盛的局面。 相似文献
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SiQiong Luo BoLi Chen ShiHua Lyu XueWei Fang JingYuan Wang XianHong Meng LunYu Shang ShaoYing Wang Di Ma 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(1):80-94
The simulation of soil temperature on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a dominant role in the performance of both global climate and numerical weather forecast models. To improve the simulation of soil temperature on the TP, the Johansen soil thermal conductivity parameterization scheme was introduced into Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) and Regional Climatic Model 4 (RegCM4). The improved CLM3.5 and RegCM4-CLM were utilized to conduct offline and regional simulation experiments on the TP. Comparison of the new and old schemes revealed that CLM3.5 provides high thermal conductivity parameters of mineral soil solid on the TP. The Johansen scheme is more practical for the TP than the soil thermal conductivity parameterization in CLM3.5. The simulation of soil temperature and liquid water content was improved in offline experiment. The improved parameterization scheme can also reduce the simulation error of soil temperature in winter throughout the entire TP. 相似文献
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城市化偏差是中国地面气温观测记录中最大的系统性偏差,订正该偏差可为大尺度气候变化监测和研究提供准确的基础资料。论文介绍了用于单站地面月平均气温序列城市化偏差订正的一个方法,并利用该方法订正了685个国家基本/基准站1961—2015年地面年及月平均气温序列中的城市化偏差。采取自东往西迭代订正的方法,即从东往西逐经度订正,订正完的目标站也可作为参考站。首先,规定目标站的参考站在300 km范围内,并利用2站的去线性趋势年均气温的相关系数作为标准,规定相关系数最大且通过信度水平为0.005显著性检验的4个候选参考站作为该目标站的参考站;然后,对各个参考站年均气温与其对应目标站年均气温求相关,并以其平方为权重计算各参考站月和年均气温的平均值序列,即为各目标站年和月平均地面气温参考序列;其次,利用目标站气温序列趋势及其参考序列趋势之差作为总的订正值,订正目标站气温序列中包含的城市化偏差。较大的城市化偏差出现在华北地区、华中部分地区、东北北部、西南及西部部分地区,介于0.1~0.3 ℃/10 a;在中国西北部分地区、西藏西部及南部、东北南部、华南沿海、华东及华中个别站存在负偏差;对整个中国而言,相对城市化偏差为19.6%。以北京、武汉、银川、深圳作为华北、华中、西北和华南地区的大城市代表站,发现其在过去55 a的相对城市化偏差分别为67.0%、75.4%、32.7%和50.3%,与前人针对单站评估城市化影响的结果基本一致,说明论文的订正方法较为合理。论文介绍的城市化偏差订正方法,可用于订正中国等快速城市化地区地面气温观测资料的系统偏差,订正后的气温数据在很大程度上消除了城市化因素引起的不确定性。 相似文献
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中国夏季高温日数时空变化及其环流背景 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
本研究利用1955~2005年全国193个气象站点夏季(5~9月)逐日最高气温资料,分析了我国东部地区夏季高温日数变化的空间分布特征和时间变化规律。经验正交函数分析结果显示高温日数的变化有明显的区域特征,第一模态表现为区域整体一致的异常,中心区位于长江中下游地区,第二模态表现为江淮流域与华南反向变化的特点,第三模态表现为东南部地区与西南、华北的反向变化。这些模态与高层大气环流的变化有关。分析表明ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)、赤道印度洋和西太平洋暖池海温,可以通过影响西太平洋和东亚地区大气环流而影响我国夏季高温日数频次,其中ENSO和西太平洋暖池区海温对高温日数变化第一模态的相关比较明显;而热带印度洋海温对第二模态有显著影响。与前期海温的关系分析可知,第一模态与前期夏季的西太平洋暖池和前期冬季赤道东太平洋海温相关关系最好,第二模态则受热带印度洋前期冬季海温影响最大,这对高温预测具有指示意义。 相似文献