Sideswiping Tropical Cyclones and Their Associated Precipitation over China

Tropical cyclone(TC) precipitation(TCP) has attracted considerable attention in recent decades because of its adverse socioeconomic impacts. In particular, considerable effort has been devoted to quantifying TCP and investigating the precipitation of TCs that make landfall. However, precipitation over land induced by TCs that do not make landfall(i.e.,offshore), the so-called "sideswiping" TCs(STCs), is an important component of TCP but has attracted little attention from the research community ...     

三个路径相似降雨特征不同的热带气旋分析

比照路径相似台风的降雨制作台风降雨预报是台风业务预报的常规方法之一。但台风飞燕、桃芝及一次热带低庄路径虽极为相似，它们的降雨强度和降雨分布则差异很大。通过对台风飞燕、桃芝及一次热带低压的大气环流形势特征、物理量场诊断结果和卫星云图的对比分析，发现热带气旋影响地的前期环境场、热带气旋影响期间西风带低槽和副热带高压的强弱及其相互配置以及它们与热带气旋的相互作用是造成路径相似的三个热带气旋出现降雨差异的主要原因。该分析结果对台风降雨的业务预报有实际意义。     

“碧利斯”和“格美”登陆后暴雨强度不同的天气学对比分析

热带气旋碧利斯和格美,在起源地、路径和结构上有一定的相似,但登陆后降水强度却有明显差异。通过对两个热带气旋登陆后环境场和物理量场的对比分析,得出一些结论。热带气旋登陆后暴雨强度与高空盛行东北气流和南海西南季风加强有关。高低空不同的环流形势导致了这两个热带气旋登陆后华南沿海低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽及不稳定度等物理量场的不同,从而造成暴雨强度的不同。     

“碧利斯”和“格美”登陆后暴雨强度不同的天气学对比分析

热带气旋碧利斯和格美,在起源地、路径和结构上有一定的相似,但登陆后降水强度却有明显差异.通过对两个热带气旋登陆后环境场和物理量场的对比分析,得出一些结论.热带气旋登陆后暴雨强度与高空盛行东北气流和南海西南季风加强有关.高低空不同的环流形势导致了这两个热带气旋登陆后华南沿海低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽及不稳定度等物理量场的不同,从而造成暴雨强度的不同.     

The Effect of Asymmetric Wind Structures of Tropical Cyclones on Their Tracks

1. IntroductionStudies on the tracks of tropical cyclones (TCs)have been one of the core problems in TC dynamics.In earlier researches, TCs are often viewed aspoint vortices, Rankine vortices. For example, Yeh(1950) and Kuo (1969), adopting dynamical methods,studied the motions of TCs and the effects of environ-ments. Their findings indicated that the motion tracksof TCs are characterized by cyclonic trochoidal oscil-lations.Syono (1955), by solving the barotropic vorticityequation, obta…     

Statistical Features of Tropical Cyclones Affecting China and Its Key Economic Zones

Recent trends and variability in tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and intensity are examined for TCs that affected China, with particular focus on those TCs that affected China’s key economic zones (e.g., the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin area). The results show that the frequency of TCs affecting China weakly declined during the 1980s and 2000s, followed by a slight increase. The time series of TC frequency shows insignificant variations at periods of 2–6 yr during the past 60 years; these variations are significantly correlated with ENSO activity. The frequency of TCs affecting the Pearl River Delta area is strongly correlated with the ENSO cycle while the frequency of TCs affecting the Yangtze River Delta is not. The TC frequency varies differently for TCs of different intensities. Tropical storms (TSs) affecting China were small in total number, but have clearly increased in frequency. The frequencies of severe tropical storm (STS), typhoon (TY), severe typhoon (STY), and super typhoon (super TY) affecting China declined significantly during the 1970s and 1980s, but the numbers of STY and super TY have increased over the 2000s. The typical intensity of TCs affecting China declined over the 60-yr timeframe, but increased over the most recent 10 years (2000–2010). This increase in the intensity of TCs has particularly impacted the Yangtze River Delta area, which has experienced increased numbers of STYs and super TYs. These tendencies are observed in changes of the maximum intensity of TCs affecting both China in general and the Yangtze River Delta in particular during both the full 60-yr analysis period and the latest 10-yr period; however, these tendencies are not observed in changes of the average intensity of TCs. By contrast, both the extreme intensity and the average intensity of TCs affecting the Pearl River Delta have decreased throughout the analysis period, including the most recent decade.     

2001年热带风暴概况

对2001年西北太平洋和南海热带风暴活动情况特别是影响和登陆我国的热带风暴进行了分析总结，表明：2001年热带风暴总数少于常年，而台风个数却较多年平均偏多；登陆我国的热带风暴有9个，明显多于多年平均数。同时对与之相关的西北太平洋副热带高压、亚洲西风带环流、赤道辐合带等的活动特征进行了气候背景分析。     

影响我国的热带气旋年频数预测

利用中国气象局《热带气旋年鉴》的热带气旋大风和降水资料集,确定了明显影响我国及华东和华南地区的热带气旋个例,并研制热带气旋年频数的预测方案,使得频数预测对防灾减灾更为实用。预测因子采用相关普查的方法,从1961—2000年前期的海表温度、海平面气压及200,500 hPa和850 hPa位势高度和风场中选出,所用的资料为NOAA ER SST和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料。在相关分析的基础上,构建因子时兼顾了因子的系统性的空间结构和时间的变化,并用主成分分析方法去除因子的多重共线性;在最优子集回归建模的基础上进一步对模型进行检验和优化。模型检验和2001—2008年回报试验说明各模型均对各自热带气旋频数 (TCF) 具有较好的预测能力。     

热带气旋登陆维持和迅速消亡的诊断研究

采用动态合成方法, 对登陆后长久维持热带气旋(LTC)和迅速衰亡热带气旋(STC)的涡度、动能、热量和水汽的收支平衡进行计算和对比分析.结果表明: (1)LTC在陆上长久维持过程中, 其低层正涡度衰减缓慢并保持一定强度.STC登陆后正涡度减弱较快.(2)热带气旋登陆后涡度的收支主要取决于水平散度项、平流项和剩余项.散度项使LTC低层正涡度增加, 高层减少, 平流项和剩余项则使其低层涡度减弱, 高层涡度增加.总体而言, LTC自高层获得正涡度的补充, STC则没有获得环境正涡度.(3)低层, 摩擦耗散使LTC动能减少, 但动能通量辐合可补充部分动能而减缓衰减.中高层, LTC登陆后36～60 h动能收大于支, 动能的增加一部分来自于斜压动能制造, 一部分来自于次网格尺度.STC有类似的动能耗散, 却无动能补充.(4)LTC登陆后保持一定强度, 并从外界获得热量和水汽补充来支持积云对流发展, 而积云对流对LTC的维持具有正反馈作用.STC登陆后没有这一过程.     

2013年影响广西热带气旋频数偏多的成因分析

使用1951—2013年NOAA OLR、NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料、中国气象局热带气旋资料,分析2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因。结果表明：2013年6—9月西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,脊线略偏北,同时副热带高压南侧对流活跃,降水过程潜热释放有助于副热带高压位置偏北,这种形势非常有利于热带气旋向广西移动。索马里越赤道气流强劲,在南海及菲律宾与北太平洋反气旋西南侧的东南气流相遇,形成季风槽,非常有利于热带气旋生成频数偏多。热带低频强对流带在印度洋和西太平洋活动频繁,并分别向东向西移动;赤道东太平洋海温偏低;哈得来和沃克环流较常年偏强,沃克环流上升支位置偏西,这些也可能是2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因之一。     

热带气旋影响广西造成大范围暴雨的天气类型及预报

利用EC数值预报资料,对影响广西热带气旋进行了分析,归纳整理出影响大范围暴雨的天气类型,并寻找其相关的气象要素和预报因子,通过建立各型的预报规则并进行预报应用,效果较为理想,为防台工作有一定的参考价值。     

黄渤海热带气旋检索系统

系统汇集了１８８４年以来国内所能收集到的比较完整的热带气旋历史资料，对一百多年来影响黄渤海的热带气旋进行诊断分析，建立了“黄渤海热带气旋检索系统”，为黄、渤海的热带气旋预报和研究、海上安全生产、运营调度、决策指挥及防灾服务。     

An Overview of Research and Forecasting on Rainfall Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones

The ability to forecast heavy rainfall associated with landfalling tropicalcyclones (LTCs) can be improved with a better understanding of the mechanismof rainfall rates and distributions of LTCs. Research in the area of LTCshas shown that associated heavy rainfall is related closely to mechanismssuch as moisture transport, extratropical transition (ET), interaction withmonsoon surge, land surface processes or topographic effects, mesoscaleconvective system activities within the LTC, and boundary layer energytransfer etc.. LTCs interacting with environmental weather systems, especiallythe westerly trough and mei-yu front, could change the rainfall rate anddistribution associated with these mid-latitude weather systems.Recently improved technologies have contributed to advancements within theareas of quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) and quantitativeprecipitation forecasting (QPF). More specifically, progress has been dueprimarily to remote sensing observations and mesoscale numerical modelswhich incorporate advanced assimilation techniques. Such progress mayprovide the tools necessary to improve rainfall forecasting techniquesassociated with LTCs in the future.     

热带气旋影响广西造成大范围暴雨的天气类型及预报

利用EC数值预报资料,对影响广西热带气旋进行了分析,归纳整理出影响大范围暴雨的天气类型,并寻找其相关的气象要素和预报因子,通过建立各型的预报规则并进行预报应用,效果较为理想,为防台工作有一定的参考价值。     

广西热带气旋特征变化与灾损变化态势

运用线性倾向估计法,分析1951～2012年影响广西热带气旋频数和强度变化及1984～2012年热带气旋灾害失情况.结果显示：8、9月的热带气旋频数呈明显减少趋势;热带气旋年频数呈减少趋势;热带气旋频数年代际变化表现为近10年最少.热带气旋最大强度呈不显著减弱趋势,平均强度呈不显著增强趋势.29年间,热带气旋造成的受灾人口明显增多,死亡人数明显减少;农作物受灾率和绝收率、房屋倒塌数量以及直接经济损失总体变化趋势均不明显.     

两次西行热带气旋影响云南的诊断分析

运用中央气象台台风实时业务定位数据、云南省124个国家气象站降水实况和NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率逐6 h),对比分析了1213号台风启德和1309号强热带风暴飞燕影响云南的路径、环流场、云图、水汽条件、动力条件等特征。结果表明：“启德”影响云南期间青藏高压位置偏西,副热带高压呈带状,热带气旋（TC）位于副热带高压西南侧的东南风到偏东风中,引导气流有利于台风取偏西路径影响云南。而“飞燕”影响时青藏高压位置偏东,副热带高压呈块状,TC位于副热带高压西侧的偏南风中,引导气流有利于热带低压取西北路径影响云南,从而使得“飞燕”影响时云南中部处于气旋性风场中,西南气流和副热带高压外围偏南气流两支气流汇集在此,在云南中部也产生了较强降水。两个TC影响云南时对流层中低层保持了较大的水汽输送。水汽主要来自于其本身、南海洋面和孟加拉湾。水汽辐合中心处于低压倒槽的槽前,随着系统自东向西影响云南的中部及以南地区。强降水区低层辐合、高层辐散,强上升运动为降水提供了有利的动力机制,释放了不稳定能量。因此,做好青藏高压和副热带高压的形态、位置的预报有利于把握登陆后热带低压的移动路径,从而准确预报降水强度和落区。     

登陆广东热带气旋中尺度降水分布变化特征

利用每小时地面观测资料和卫星遥感资料 ,以 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年在珠江三角洲地区登陆的热带气旋为研究对象 ,从合成分析和个例分析两方面揭示了登陆广东热带气旋降水的中尺度特征及其分布变化。结果表明 ,热带气旋登陆前后中尺度强降水分布发生明显变化 ,登陆后降水不对称性加大 ;热带气旋登陆后中尺度强降水分布随时间变化 ,登陆后第 1 0个小时之前 ,中尺度强降水基本上分布于热带气旋中心附近 ;而热带气旋登陆第 1 0个小时之后 ,中尺度强降水具有明显的“离心”或“偏心”特征。     

Impact of the Monsoonal Surge on Extreme Rainfall of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones

A comparative analysis and quantitative diagnosis has been conducted of extreme rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones(ERLTC) and non-extreme rainfall(NERLTC) using the dynamic composite analysis method.Reanalysis data and the tropical cyclone precipitation dataset derived from the objective synoptic analysis technique were used.Results show that the vertically integrated water vapor transport(Q_(vt)) during the ERLTC is significantly higher than that during the NERLTC.The Q_(vt) reaches a peak 1-2 days before the occurrence of the ERLTC and then decreases rapidly.There is a stronger convergence for both the Q_(vt) and the horizontal wind field during the ERLTC.The Qvt convergence and the wind field convergence are mainly confined to the lower troposphere.The water vapor budget on the four boundaries of the tropical cyclone indicates that water vapor is input through all four boundaries before the occurrence of the ERLTC,whereas water vapor is output continuously from the northern boundary before the occurrence of the NERLTC.The water vapor inflow on both the western and southern boundaries of the ERLTC exceeds that during the NERLTC,mainly as a result of the different intensities of the southwest monsoonal surge in the surrounding environmental field.Within the background of the East Asian summer monsoon,the low-level jet accompanying the southwest monsoonal surge can increase the inflow of water vapor at both the western and southern boundaries during the ERLTC and therefore could enhance the convergence of the horizontal wind field and the water vapor flux,thereby resulting in the ERLTC.On the other hand,the southwest monsoonal surge decreases the zonal mean steering flow,which leads to a slower translation speed for the tropical cyclone associated with the ERLTC.Furthermore,a dynamic monsoon surge index(DMSI) defined here can be simply linked with the ERLTC and could be used as a new predictor for future operational forecasting of ERLTC.     

登陆热带气旋引发云南强降水的环境场特征

应用《西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴检索系统》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及云南降水资料,对1959-2007年热带气旋(以下简称TC)西行登陆引发的云南强降水过程进行了分类统计,得到4类TC强降水环流模型,分别是TC低压环流型、TC低压外围或倒槽型、TC低压与低槽冷空气相互作用型和TC与两高辐合相互作用型.环境场特征显示,100 hPa南亚高压中心位置在90°E以西,高空东风急流提供了强大的辐散场,低空西南季风气流与TC环流相连接,高低层涡度差呈负值区分布,使TC低压环流在陆上维持或强度减弱缓慢;西南季风气流中的低空急流、副热带高压外围及TC低压东部的偏南急流共同作用,向云南输送充沛的水汽和能量,是登陆TC强降水产生的重要天气系统配置形势;强降水分布在低空急流左侧,TC低压或倒槽西北侧的正涡度中心附近;冷空气南下进入云南,增加了大气斜压不稳定,使TC外围降水增强.     

青藏高原东部积雪与影响福建的热带气旋频数

应用青藏高原东部１７个测站１９５７～１９８８年秋冬季（１１～２月）平均积雪深度及积雪日数资料,分析了积雪深度及积雪日数异常年夏季５００ｈＰａ高度场的不同分布形态,同时对照登陆及影响福建的热带气旋偏多年及偏少年５００ｈＰａ高度场的分布特征,得出青藏高原秋冬季积雪深度偏小（大）年夏季热气旋频数偏多（少）,而积雪日数偏多年,夏季热带气旋频数偏少。