太平洋海气CO2通量对气候事件的响应

应用一个嵌套了海洋生物地球化学循环的太平洋环流碳循环模式,分析了1960～2000年太平洋不同海区海气碳通量随时间的变化。模拟结果显示,赤道太平洋为大气CO₂的排放区,南、北太平洋(南、北纬15°至模式计算区域南、北边界)为吸收区。3个海区海气碳通量随时间均存在显著的波动,其中赤道太平洋海气碳通量年际波动最显著。3个海区海气碳通量年际波动对气候事件的响应并不一致,在El Niño年赤道太平洋冷舌的强度和总溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度以及输出生产力均会受到上升流减弱的影响而降低,La Niña年这些海气碳通量控制要素的分布情况则正好相反,但在南北太平洋副热带以及高纬度海区,El Niño和La Niña对这些要素带来的影响却并不一定相反,对输出生产力的影响甚至是一致的。以海表温度(SST)为例考察海气碳通量与物理场之间的关系表明,在赤道太平洋上升流对DIC的影响是控制海气碳通量变化的主要因素,而在其他海区,尤其是副热带海区,由于垂直运动的年际变化较小,且生物生产力水平较低,SST的波动对海气碳通量年际变化的影响更加重要。     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

Uptake and Storage of Anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean Estimated Using Two Modeling Approaches

A basin-wide ocean general circulation model(OGCM) of the Pacific Ocean is employed to estimate the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO 2 using two different simulation approaches.The simulation(named BIO) makes use of a carbon model with biological processes and full thermodynamic equations to calculate surface water partial pressure of CO 2,whereas the other simulation(named PTB) makes use of a perturbation approach to calculate surface water partial pressure of anthropogenic CO 2.The results from the two simulations agree well with the estimates based on observation data in most important aspects of the vertical distribution as well as the total inventory of anthropogenic carbon.The storage of anthropogenic carbon from BIO is closer to the observation-based estimate than that from PTB.The Revelle factor in 1994 obtained in BIO is generally larger than that obtained in PTB in the whole Pacific,except for the subtropical South Pacific.This,to large extent,leads to the difference in the surface anthropogenic CO 2 concentration between the two runs.The relative difference in the annual uptake between the two runs is almost constant during the integration processes after 1850.This is probably not caused by dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC),but rather by a factor independent of time.In both runs,the rate of change in anthropogenic CO 2 fluxes with time is consistent with the rate of change in the growth rate of atmospheric partial pressure of CO 2.     

江苏地区二氧化碳浓度时空分布特征分析

利用瓦里关和上甸子大气本底站观测的月平均CO₂浓度数据对GOSAT卫星反演的CO₂浓度数据进行验证,结果表明GOSAT产品与台站观测数据有较好的一致性.利用2009年6月—2011年5月GOSAT反演的CO₂浓度数据,分析了江苏地区CO₂浓度的时空变化特征,结果表明:1)975 hPa高度层CO₂浓度高于850 hPa高度层,CO₂浓度的水平变化要小于垂直变化;2)在季节变化上,CO₂浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,这可能与植被光合作用的强弱变化有关;比较前后两年的CO₂浓度数据,夏季和秋季的增速较快,冬季和春季的增速较慢;3)在日变化上,发现徐州和南京站02时CO₂浓度最高,14时CO₂浓度最低,这可能也与植被光合作用的强弱有关.     

锡林浩特草原CO2通量特征及其影响因素分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台开路涡度相关系统、辐射土壤观测系统,测得的长期连续通量观测数据,对锡林浩特草原2009—2011年期间的CO₂通量观测特征进行了分析。结果表明:CO₂通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征。3 a中NEE年际变率达到200 g·m^-2,季节变率最大达到460 g·m^-2,日变化幅度生长季最大达到0.25 mg·m^-2·s^-1。通过不同时间尺度碳通量与温度、水分、辐射等环境因子的分析,认为CO₂通量日变化主要受温度和光合有效辐射影响,而季节变化和年变化主要受降水和土壤含水量的影响。降水强度及时间分布是制约牧草CO₂吸收的关键因素,大于15%的土壤含水量有利于促进牧草生长。     

CO2浓度渐增对气温影响的敏感性试验

使用辐射对流模式,研究了中纬度冬季气温对于CO₂浓度变化的敏感性。结果表明:气温变幅随CO₂浓度渐增呈现先快后慢的非线性特征;气温变幅具有一定的稳定性。     

不同陆地生态系统碳通量对GEOS-Chem模型模拟全球CO2浓度的影响

大气中CO₂含量的增加速率已经超过了自然界所能吸收的速度,并逐步影响到全球气候变暖。利用模型模拟分析已经成为一个重要的工具用以深入对碳循环的理解。本文使用2008～2010年的生物模型SiB3（Simple Biosphere version 3）与优化后的CT2016（Carbon Tracker 2016）陆地生态系统碳通量驱动GEOS-Chem大气化学传输模型模拟全球CO₂浓度。通过分析模拟CO₂浓度的空间分布与季节变化,加深对全球碳源汇分布特点的理解,探究陆地生态系统碳通量不确定性对模拟结果的影响,进而认识陆地生态系统碳通量反演精度提升的重要性。SiB3与优化后的CT2016陆地生态系统碳通量都具有明显的季节变化,但在欧洲地区碳源汇的表现相反,其全球总量与空间分布也存在极大的不确定性。模拟CO₂浓度结果表明:在人为活动较少地区,陆地生态系统碳通量对近地面CO₂浓度空间分布起主导作用,尤其在南半球和欧洲地区模拟浓度有明显差异,且两种模拟结果的季节差异依赖于陆地生态系统碳通量的季节变化。将模拟结果与9个观测站点资料进行对比,以期选用合适的陆地生态系统碳通量来提升GEOS-Chem模拟CO₂浓度的精度。实验结果表明:两种模拟结果均能较好的模拟CO₂浓度的季节变化及其峰谷值,但CT2016模拟的CO₂浓度在多数站点处更接近观测资料,模拟准确性更高。     

山西省城市大气CO2本底筛分对比及特征分析

基于典型城市站太原站2018年3月—2019年2月的大气CO₂在线观测资料,利用筛分法(Meteorological filtering method, MET)和黑碳示踪法(Black Carbon tracer, BC)进行本底/非本底的筛分,得到了本底浓度的变化特征。结果表明,太原大气CO₂浓度季均值冬季最高,夏季最低;不同季节呈“单峰型”日变化特征,日振幅均在26.0×10^-6以上;4个季节CO₂浓度与地面风速存在显著负相关关系;CO₂浓度抬升区域主要受当地工业布局的影响,最大抬升幅度在秋季达17.4×10^-6;使用气象筛分法(MET)得到年均本底浓度为(431.4±19.9)×10^-6,人为排放等对其影响为23.5×10^-6,年振幅比同纬度其它本底站大,为34.5×10^-6;黑碳示踪法(BC)得到冬季季均本底浓度为(445.0±22.9)×10^-6,比MET筛...     

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光—光合作用响应曲线和CO₂—光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO₂浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析。单因子分析表明:晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而上升,当CO₂浓度由330×10^-6上升至660×10^-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7%;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0%,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7%;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9%。多因子综合数值分析表明:在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO₂变化响应更加敏感。本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础。     

Influence of leaf water potential on diurnal changes in CO2 and water vapour fluxes

Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO₂ and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys) of heat, water and CO₂ fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured CO₂ and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important. Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO₂ and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions.     

钢铁工业CO2的排放现状及主要的捕集方法

简要讨论了目前CO₂等温室气体的危害、钢铁工业CO₂的排放现状及来源,并针对我国钢铁行业的发展状况,分析了温室气体CO₂的捕集方法.     

基于WRF模式的京津冀地区地表大气CO2浓度的模拟研究

在“双碳”目标背景下,从国家层面到地方层面,区域、城市、行业企业都在制定和实施双碳目标行动计划。CO₂模拟因其客观性和高时空分辨率等优势,在城市碳排放研究中深受重视。本研究以京津冀地区为研究区域,采用Picarro仪器高精度观测的2019—2020年CO₂数据,利用WRF模式进行CO₂传输模拟,分析了CO₂浓度变化的季节特征,评估了模式在城区中心、城郊及背景3个观测站点的模拟效果,并对边界层高度及化石燃料碳排放等可能影响CO₂浓度的因素进行了研究。3个观测站点分别为北京中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象塔观测站(北京站)、河北香河观测站(香河站)和上甸子区域本底观测站(上甸子站)。模拟结果表明：上甸子站优于香河站,香河站优于北京站,在冬季尤其明显;CO₂浓度的高值区主要分布在城区、电厂和工业区,尤其是唐山、石家庄和邯郸地区,大量交通、工业排放导致CO₂浓度明显上升,且高值区的范围在冬季最大;就日平均变化和日变化而言,边界层高度与C...     

长江三角洲地区净生态系统二氧化碳通量及浓度的数值模拟

净生态系统碳通量(NEE)的计算对于准确模拟区域碳通量和大气CO₂浓度的时空变化至关重要。本文利用中尺度大气-温室气体耦合模式WRF-GHG(Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Greenhouse Gases Module),对2010年7月28日至2010年8月2日期间影响长江三角洲地区大气CO₂浓度及时空分布的各种过程进行了详尽模拟。结果表明,植被光合呼吸模型(VPRM)能模拟不同植被下垫面NEE的日变化;WRF-GHG模拟的大气CO₂浓度日变化与观测相吻合,但低估了大气CO₂浓度5~15 ppm(ppm表示10-6),这可能与人为排放源的低估、VPRM参数的不确定性以及气象场模拟的不准确性有关。太湖和植被覆盖较好的地区如浙江北部山区是该地区的主要碳汇,而城市为CO₂的主要排放源。太湖和陆地生态系统对区域内碳循环起到一定的调节作用,减缓区域大气CO₂浓度的升高。此外,局地气象条件如湖陆风对太湖周边地区大气CO₂浓度有显著影响。     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO₂ concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO₂ concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0.86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm:the average CO₂ concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO₂ fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon(1100 to 1300 BT(Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO₂ fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning(0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO₂ flux and the net radiation(R_n),available energy(H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and momentum flux(τ).     

厌氧条件下土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O、NO)和CO2排放——氦环境培养—气体同步直接测定法的应用初探

反硝化过程是维系闭合氮循环所必需的氮素形态转化环节。土壤反硝化过程速率及产物比的直接测定是研究氮循环过程机理的基础,但却是一个难题。为解决此难题,德国卡尔斯鲁厄技术研究所与中国科学院大气物理研究所最近合作新建了一套通过氦环境培养-气体同步直接测定土壤反硝化气体--氮气（N2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化碳（CO2）排放的系统和与之配套的三阶段培养方法。为检验该新建系统和配套方法测定土壤反硝化过程的准确性和可靠性,以华北地区广泛分布的盐碱地农田土壤（采自山西运城）为研究对象开展实验室培养试验,在初始可溶性有机碳（DOC）供应比较充足约300 mgC kg–1干土（d.s.）的条件下,测试了不同初始土壤硝态氮含量水平（10、100 mgN kg–1d.s.左右,分别表示为10N和100N）的反硝化气体和CO2排放过程。结果显示：100N的反硝化速率（定义为N2、N2O 和NO 排放速率之和）显著高于10N 处理（统计检验显著水平p＜0.01）;两个处理的反硝化产物均以N2为主（质量比分别占77%和75%）,产物的NO/N2O摩尔比分别为1.2和1.5,N2O/N2摩尔比均为0.19;土壤反硝化气体动态排放速率及相关指标的测定结果表明,培养土壤中消失的硝态氮被回收81%～87%,培养前后的氮平衡率达92%～95%。因此,该新建方法测定土壤反硝化速率和产物比的结果具有很好的可靠性,为定量研究土壤反硝化过程提供了有效的直接测定手段。研究中检测到的土壤反硝化产物NO/N2O摩尔比大于1,不同于以往用液体培养基纯培养反硝化细菌得出的NO/N2O摩尔比远小于1的结论。这意味着,不能用NO/N2O摩尔比小于1与否来推断土壤排放的N2O和NO是主要来源于反硝化作用还是硝化作用。     

OBSERVATION AND INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITIES OF BASELINE CO2 CONCENTRATION OVER WALIGUAN MOUNTAIN IN QINGHAI PROVINCE OF CHINA*

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO₂ was made at the top of the Waliguan Mountain(36°17'N,100°54'E,3816 m asl).where the air is not directly affected by the local anthropogenic and natural sources,by using a nondispersive infrared(NDIR)analyzer and following the procedures proposed by WMO.The CO₂ in the flask samples collected on the mountain was also analyzed in a laboratory.The measurements uncover the daily,monthly and seasonal variabilities and the baseline level of the CO₂ in the air over the "clean" area of Chinese hinterland.Results suggest that the CO₂ concentration over the East Asia continent has evident periodical variation,similar to that of global distribution.In 1992,an annual mean baseline CO₂ concentration of 356.4 ppm over the continent was obtained.The annual mean value was 357.2 ppm for 1993.Some relationships between the CO₂ concentration at Waliguan and the weather conditions,especially,wind speed and direction are found through the observation.     

乌鲁木齐市SO2浓度的分布及其可能原因

根据乌鲁木齐市1994～1997年SO₂浓度和气象监测资料,分析了SO₂浓度的时空分布特征及其可能原因,并对各监测点SO₂ 污染等级作出了评价。     

[Bmin][BF4]+AMP复合溶液捕集温室气体CO2

采用基于离子液体[Bmin][BF₄]+AMP作为捕集CO₂的复合溶液,在膜吸收-热再生循环装置上,研究了该复合溶液捕集CO₂的过程和传质性能;通过阻力层传质模型,比较了预测值与实验值.结果表明：在相同条件和较高负载下,复合溶液具有较高的传递推动力和更高的传质系数;模型预测值和实验值符合较好,平均误差为12.8%.实验证明复合溶液的传质性能优于单一溶液.     

Multi-Model Projection of July–August Climate Extreme Changes over China under CO_2 Doubling. Part II: Temperature

This is the second part of the authors’ analysis on the output of 24 coupled climate models from the Twentieth-Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) experiment and 1% per year CO 2 increase experiment (to doubling) (1pctto2x) of phase 3 of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP3). The study focuses on the potential changes of July–August temperature extremes over China. The pattern correlation coefficients of the simulated temperature with the observations are 0.6–0.9, which are higher than the results for precipitation. However, most models have cold bias compared to observation, with a larger cold bias over western China (>5°C) than over eastern China (<2°C). The multi-model ensemble (MME) exhibits a significant increase of temperature under the 1pctto2x scenario. The amplitude of the MME warming shows a northwest–southeast decreasing gradient. The warming spread among the models (～1°C– 2°C) is less than MME warming (～2°C–4°C), indicating a relatively robust temperature change under CO 2 doubling. Further analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1) simulations suggests that the warming pattern may be related to heat transport by summer monsoons. The contrast of cloud effects also has contributions. The different vertical structures of warming over northwestern China and southeastern China may be attributed to the different natures of vertical circulations. The deep, moist convection over southeastern China is an effective mechanism for "transporting" the warming upward, leading to more upper-level warming. In northwestern China, the warming is more surface-orientated, possibly due to the shallow, dry convection.     

膜基—气体吸收耦合分离混合气中CO2性能评价

在膜基—气体吸收耦合实验装置上,评价了疏水性PP(聚丙烯)微孔膜,活化MDEA(N-甲基二乙醇胺)溶液分离混合气中CO₂传质性能,研究了气液流速、吸收剂和混合气的浓度等因素对总传质系数的影响,采用阻力层关联方程模型预测总传质系数K_ov值。结果表明:活化MDEA溶液能提高总传质系数K_ov值,模型的计算值和实验值符合较好。