波浪作用对单柱式桥墩地震反应特性的影响

以ABAQUS有限元软件为计算平台,建立了考虑波浪作用影响的单柱式桥墩-桩-土体系非线性地震反应分析二维有限元模型,土体以四节点实体单元离散,采用土体粘塑性记忆型嵌套面本构模型描述土的动力特性;桥墩以及桩以两节点梁单元离散,采用动塑性损伤模型描述混凝土的动力特性;根据Stokes五阶波浪理论,将基于Morison公式计算所得的波浪力以分布力的形式施加于桥墩之上,比较了静水条件下和考虑波浪作用时不同地震动激励下单柱式桥墩结构的地震反应特性,结果表明:波浪作用的影响使桥墩墩身相对墩底的位移反应、桥墩墩底的剪力和弯矩反应有较明显的增大,但对桥墩墩身加速度反应的影响可忽略不计,波浪作用影响的大小与输入地震动特性有关.在单柱式桥墩的抗震设计中考虑波浪作用的影响是必要的。     

处于海洋环境的桩柱在瑞利波作用下的响应

本文以一海洋深水环境桩柱为例,考虑到海洋地基为两相饱和土介质,基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质理论,通过数值算例分析了饱和介质中瑞利波加速度、位移分布规律并与单相弹性介质地基条件下进行了对比,结果表明,瑞利波主要作用于地表附近且振动幅度随深度衰减很快,饱和地基下的瑞利波影响深度要大于单相弹性地基,在瑞利波地震作用下,考虑两相饱和介质下的桩柱位移响应大于单相弹性介质地基。并且由于桩柱处海洋深水环境,本文对环境水体对桩柱振动响应的影响进行了研究,结果表明,流固耦合效应可明显降低桩柱运动响应,在海洋深水环境地震响应分析时,有必要考虑饱和地基以及流固耦合效应对桩柱运动响应的影响。     

Effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic ground motions

This paper investigates the effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic waves. First, based on attenuation laws and the filtered Tajimi–Kanai spectrum, seismic motion at the base rock of a soil site is stochastically generated according to an assumed earthquake with a given magnitude and epicentral distance. Motions on the surface of this layered random soil site are calculated by nonlinear wave propagation methods, and by assuming the incoming seismic wave consisting of SH wave or combined P and SV waves. Soil properties, including shear modulus, damping ratio and mass density, as well as ground water level are considered as random in the numerical calculation. The Rosenblueth method is used to solve the random dynamic responses of the soil site. Parametric calculations are performed to investigate the effects of various parameters on site amplification of seismic waves. The mean and maximum ground motions on surface of the site are estimated. Numerical results indicate that the estimated surface motions differ substantially if the random variations of soil properties and soil saturation level are taken into consideration in the analysis.     

地震波对乌鲁木齐河谷地下管线的影响

根据乌鲁木齐河谷的1~3级阶地和地层岩性,分析了在地震波作用下地基土层剧烈复杂振动对地下管线的影响,表明场地内地质构造、地形条件的特殊性加重了地震灾害。通过乌鲁木齐河谷的天然气钢结构管道地震应力计算,讨论了地震波对地下管道的应力作用,其大小主要由表层土体产生的变形或应变决定。提出了建设乌鲁木齐市河滩路地下管线公用隧道工程建议,这是保护地下管线的有效方案。     

Dependence of borehole shear‐horizontal‐wave seismoelectric response on soil textures

The phenomenon of acoustic waves inducing electric fields in porous media is called the seismoelectric effect. Earlier investigators proposed the usage of seismoelectric effect for well logging. Soil texture has a strong influence on the coupled wave fields during shallow surface explorations. In this article, we study the borehole pure shear‐horizontal wave and the coupling transverse‐electric field (acoustic–electrical coupling wave fields) in the partially saturated soil. Combined with related theories, we expand the formation parameters to partially saturated forms and discuss the influence of soil texture conditions on the seismoelectric wave fields. The results show that the elastic and electrical properties of porous media are sensitive to water saturation. The compositions of the acoustic and electric fields for different soil textures do not change, but the waveforms differ. We also use the secant integral method to simulate the interface‐converted electromagnetic waves. The results show that interface response strength is greatly influenced by soil texture. In addition, considering the sensitivity of the inducing electric field to fluid salinity, we also simulate the time‐domain waveforms of electric field for different pore fluid salinity levels. The results show that as the salinity increases, the electric field amplitude decreases monotonically. The above conclusions have certain significance for the application of borehole shear wave and its coupled electric fields for resource exploration, saturation assessment and groundwater pollution monitoring.     

回填土不确定性对场地地震反应的影响

选取某核电场地控制性钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变回填土剪切波速,分析了回填土不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在回填土层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表的水平向峰值加速度随着回填土剪切波速的增大而减小,但水平向峰值加速度增幅逐渐减小;回填土剪切波速到达一定的波速就不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着回填土剪切波速的增加,整个反应谱的谱值都普遍减小。     

华北地区剪切波速与深度之间统计关系的通用模型特征研究

剪切波速是区别土动力学和静力学的重要参数,其影响因素包括土层埋深、颗粒形状、颗粒比重、压缩模量、孔隙比、含水率和密度等,其中土层埋深对剪切波速的变化影响较大。本文搜集整理了华北地区10个城市的928个钻孔共10703个测点的剪切波速与土层埋深之间的经验统计关系,探讨华北地区剪切波速随深度变化的特征,并从岩性条件、沉积环境等方面分析其原因。通过对比分析,给出了华北地区黏性土和砂类土剪切波速随深度变化的最佳拟合经验统计关系,并进行实例验证,所得结果可为缺乏数据的区域提供一定参考。     

Joint deconvolution of building and downhole seismic recordings: an application to three test cases

In this study, the joint deconvolution is applied to recordings of three test cases located in the cities of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Istanbul, Turkey, and Mexico City, Mexico. Each test case consists of a building equipped with sensors and a nearby borehole installation in order to investigate different cases of coupling (impedance contrasts) between the building and the soil by analyzing the wave propagation through the building-soil-layers, and hence resolving the soil–structure-interactions. The three installations considering different dynamic characteristics of buildings and soil, and thus, different building-soil couplings, are investigated. The seismic input (i.e., the part of the wave field containing only the up-going waves after removing all down-going waves) and the part of the wave field that is associated with the waves radiated back from the building are separated by using the constrained deconvolution. The energy being radiated back from the building to the soil has been estimated for the three test cases. The values obtained show that even at great depths (and therefore distances), the amount of wave field radiated back by the building to the soil is significant (e.g., for the Bishkek case, at 145 m depth, 10% of the estimated real input energy is expected to be emitted back from the building; for Istanbul at 50 m depth, the value is also 10–15% of the estimated real input energy while for Mexico City at 45 m depth, it is 25–65% of the estimated real input energy). Such results confirm the active role of buildings in shaping the wave field.     

地震动输入界面的选取对地震动参数的影响

地震反应分析中的输入界面是一种规定的假想基岩面,其选取具有很大的不确定性,对确定地震动参数的影响很大.本文以北京地区存在剪切波速较高的卵石硬夹层场地为研究对象,探讨实际工程场地中能否将硬夹层选作地震动输入界面的问题.利用一维等效线性化波动方法,对390个含有剪切波速高于500m/s的卵石层场地模型进行地震反应分析计算,讨论卵石层的上覆土层、下伏土层以及卵石层自身特性对地震反应分析结果的影响.计算结果显示,厚度5m左右、剪切波速小于600m/s的卵石层作为地震动输入界面是否合理,主要取决于上覆土层和下伏土层,而卵石层厚度和剪切波速的影响很小.对于一般性工程,当上覆土层厚度大于15m,下伏土层厚度在10m以内时,选取硬夹层顶面与选取钻探揭示的基岩或剪切波速不小于500m/s的土体顶面为输入界面,计算结果差别不大;当上覆土层厚度达到60m,下伏土层的变化对计算结果影响很小.研究表明,在钻探没有揭示出基岩或坚硬土体时,埋深大于60m的硬夹层可以选为地震动输入界面,这一结论对实际的地震安全性评价工作具有一定参考价值.     

基于反卷积干涉法的土层地震反应特性研究

美国阿拉斯加安克雷奇德兰尼公园的土层地震反应观测台阵建有6个井下观测点和1个地表观测点, 每个观测点设置一个三分量加速度传感器, 该台阵建成后记录了多次地震事件. 本文通过反卷积地震干涉法对这些地震记录进行土层反应分析, 根据该分析结果提取土层结构的等效剪切波速和阻尼比. 所有层位的地震记录对地表记录的反卷积波形均反映出在土层中传播的上、 下行波, 其上行与下行至每一层的时间差别明显. 根据每一层的到时差, 确定土层中的等效剪切波速和分层等效剪切波速, 该结果与现场土层等效剪切波速测试结果吻合较好; 根据等效剪切波速计算出的土层卓越频率, 其一致性亦较好; 根据上、 下行波的峰值分析确定该场地土层的等效阻尼比, 也与软土的阻尼比经验值相当. 这些参数为后续的土层反应模拟和土结相互作用研究奠定了良好的数据基础. 结果表明, 反卷积干涉法能够用于土层反应分析和土层地震反应特性的提取.      

Analysis of ground motion caused by propagating air pressure waves

The soil is assumed to be a horizontally layered viscoelastic medium over a rigid base. A semi-analytical method is used to calculate the Green functions for line loads in the frequency domain. The displacements in the soil are then obtained by spatial convolution and Fourier transforms from the frequency to the time domain. The influence of significant parameters is studied for a homogeneous layer. Maximum response is obtained when the air pressure wave velocity equals the Rayleigh wave velocity in the soil. The response spectra computed for an actual soil profile, which is subjected to an air pressure wave from a deflagration-type explosion, show predominant response at frequencies, which are significantly higher than those of earthquake motion.     

1D harmonic response of layered inhomogeneous soil: Analytical investigation

The seismic response of inhomogeneous soil deposits is explored analytically by means of one-dimensional viscoelastic wave propagation theory. The problem under investigation comprises of a continuously inhomogeneous stratum over a homogeneous layer of higher stiffness, with the excitation defined in terms of vertically propagating harmonic S waves imposed at the base of the system. A generalized parabolic function is employed to describe the variable shear wave propagation velocity in the inhomogeneous layer. The problem is treated analytically leading to an exact solution of the Bessel type for the natural frequencies, mode shapes and base-to-surface response transfer function. The model is validated using available theoretical solutions and finite-element analyses. Results are presented in the form of normalized graphs demonstrating the effect of salient model parameters such as layer thickness, impedance contrast between surface and base layer, rate of inhomogeneity and hysteretic damping ratio. Equivalent homogeneous soil approximations are examined. The effect of vanishing shear wave propagation velocity near soil surface on shear strains and displacements is explored by asymptotic analyses.     

Analysis of effects of active sources on observed phase velocity based on the thin layer method

In the wave field induced by active sources, the observed phase velocity of surface waves is influenced by both mode incompatibility (i.e. non-planar spread of surface waves is idealized as plane waves) and body waves. Effects of sources are usually investigated based on numerical simulations and physical models. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate the effects. In application, however, these methods may also have difficulties since the energy of the body waves depends on soil stratification and parameters. There are multiple modes of surface waves in layered media, among which the higher modes dominate the wave field for soils with the irregular shear velocity profiles. Considering the mode incompatibility and the higher modes, we derive analytical expressions for the effective phase velocity of the surface waves based on the thin layer stiffness method, and investigate the effects of the body waves on the observed phase velocity through the phase analysis of the vibrations of both the surface waves and the body waves. The results indicate that the effective phase velocity of the surface waves in layered media varies with the frequency and the spread distance, and is underestimated compared to that of the plane surface waves in the spread range less than about one wavelength. The oscillations that appeared in the observed phase velocity are due to the involvement of the body waves. The mode incompatibility can be ignored in the range beyond one wavelength, while the influence range of the body waves is far beyond one wavelength. The body waves have a significant influence on the observed phase velocity of the surface waves in soils with a soft layer trapped between the first and the second layers because of strong reflections.     

土层剪切波速测试中的不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响分析——以Ⅲ类场地为例

本文选取山东地区2个Ⅲ类场地的工程地质勘探及土层剪切波速等资料,将土层厚度按5个深度段,每个分段给出了4个土层剪切波速的改变量,通过改变不同深度段土层剪切波速,建立了19种土层地震反应分析模型,分析了不同深度段,不同概率水平下土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究表明,不同深度段土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响有差异。具体表现为,土层剪切波速的改变在1—10m、11—40m和地震输入界面处三个深度段对地震动加速度峰值影响较大;其中,41—70m和71—100m两个深度段剪切波速的改变对地震动加速度峰值影响小;在土层深度1—10m时,剪切波速降低,峰值变大,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈负相关;在其它深度段,剪切波速降低,峰值变小,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈正相关。剪切波速的改变在1—10m和11—40m两个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响较大;在41—70m、71—100m和地震输入界面三个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响很小。     

Numerical analysis of seismic wave amplification in Nice (France) and comparisons with experiments

The analysis of site effects is very important since the amplification of seismic motion in some specific areas can be very strong. In this paper, the site considered is located in the centre of Nice on the French Riviera. Site effects are investigated considering a numerical approach (Boundary Element Method) and are compared with experimental results. The experimental results are obtained thanks to real earthquakes (weak motion) and microtremor measurements. The investigation of seismic site effects through numerical approaches is interesting because it shows the dependency of the amplification level on such parameters as wave velocity in surface soil layers, velocity contrast with deep layers, seismic wave type, incidence and damping.In this specific area of Nice, experimental measurements obtained for weak motion lead to strong site effects. A one-dimensional (1D) analytical analysis of amplification does not give a satisfactory estimation of the maximum reached levels. A boundary element model is then proposed considering different wave types (SH, P, SV) as the seismic loading. The alluvial basin is successively assumed as an isotropic linear elastic medium and an isotropic linear viscoelastic solid with Zener type behaviour (standard solid). The influence of frequency and incidence is analysed. The thickness of the surface layer, its mechanical properties, its general shape as well as the seismic wave type involved have a great influence on the maximum amplification and the frequency for which it occurs. For real earthquakes, the numerical results are in very good agreement with experimental measurements for each motion component. The boundary element method leads to amplification values very close to the actual ones and much larger than those obtained in the 1D case. Two-dimensional basin effects are then very strong and are well reproduced numerically.     

饱和度对波在土层交界面的反射、透射系数的影响

把均匀流体概念引入Biot两相多孔介质动力理论中，用Biot的两相多孔介质模型模拟不完全饱和土层，给出SV波，P波从不完全饱和土层入射到弹性土层时，在土层交界面上反射，透射系数的表达式，结果表明与完全饱和相比，饱和度发生很小的变化就会对交界面上反射，透射系数产生很大的影响。今后应该重视饱和度变化对地震动力响应的影响。     

Signal reconstruction of surface waves on SASW measurement using Gaussian Derivative wavelet transform

Surface wave method consists of measurement and processing of the dispersive Rayleigh waves recorded from two or more vertical transducers. The dispersive phase data are inverted and the shear wave velocity versus depth is obtained. However, in case of residual soil, the reliable phase spectrum curve is difficult to be produced. Noises from nature and other human-made sources disturb the generated surface wave data. In this paper, a continuous wavelet transform based on mother wavelet of Gaussian Derivative was used to analyze seismic waves in different frequency and time. Time-frequency wavelet spectrum was employed to localize the interested seismic response spectrum of generated surface waves. It can also distinguish the fundamental mode of the surface wave from the higher modes of reflected body waves. The results presented in this paper showed that the wavelet analysis is able to determine reliable surface wave spectrum of sandy clayey residual soil.     

地基弹性参数对于长型大截面地下结构横向自由振动的影响

自由振动分析是地下结构地震动力响应分析的基础。本文利用笔者先前得到的长型地下结构的自由振动方程,研究了地基弹性参数对地下结构自由振动的影响。由分析可以看出,随着地基弹性参数值的增加,结构中波速值总的趋势是增加,但是温克尔地基参数对结构中波速的影响远大于第二地基参数的影响;地下结构振动频率总的趋势是随着温克尔地基参数k和第二地基参数gP值的增加而增加;与地基参数对地下结构中波的传播速度的影响不同,k和gP对地下结构振动频率的影响是同阶的,因此不能忽略gP对地下结构自由振动的影响。     

Experimental study on the relation between the water content of surface soil and theacoustic wave

Introduction Earthquake is not an isolated event. The focal region is not a closed system either. It is able to exchange energy or material with the medium outside this region. These kinds of exchange may cause various physical and chemical effects, so it is possible to get precursory signals by using space remote sensing technology. Many scholars (QIANG, et al, 1990; GENG, et al, 1992; XU, et al, 1995) have carried out some preliminary researches and experiments on the mechanism of therm…