黄河口及邻近海域沉积物中铜的研究

利用1984年夏季的现场调查,作者研究了黄河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铜的地球化学形式。含量及其分布,分析了铜和有机质、铁、锰、锌及中值粒径之间关系,并指出总铜平均含量为20.4mg/kg.其中残渣部分占55％,有机结合铜为19.4％、Fe-Mn氧化物结合铜为12.1％、碳酸盐结合铜为13.1％,可交换铜的含量小于1％。此外讨论了沉积物中各种形式铜含量与铁、锰、有机质及中值粒径关系。     

黑海西北陆架晚白垩世-古新世沉积层和油气聚集远景区圈闭中碳氢化合物物相状态的预测

对克里米亚平原晚白垩世和古新世碳酸盐沉积的分散有机质、沥青和油田的多次研究和对黑海西北陆架的偶然调查表明同生有机碳的含量少(达0．1—0．5％)和具有后生沥青的多处显示。后者主要沿碳酸盐岩层中广泛发育的裂隙运移，其形成与比较老的早白垩世沉积有关。     

长江口柱状沉积物中氮的形态特征研究

研究分析了长江口柱状沉积物中氮的赋存形态,并结合沉积速率和有机碳含量分析了氮的迁移转化特征和有机质来源.研究结果表明,有机物与硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)是柱状样可转化形态氮中的主要赋存形态,碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)含量最低;位于长江口122°E附近测点的各形态氮的垂直分布与122.6°E附近测点的差异明显,受水动力...     

珠江口沉积物有机质特征、来源及其对碳存储的意义

河口沉积物作为承接陆海过程的重要载体, 是有机质赋存的主要形式之一。本文研究了珠江口沉积物总有机碳、总氮含量和沉积物可溶性有机物三维荧光特征, 以及其在口内区、混合区和口外区空间差异和影响因素, 并结合碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)估算了珠江口各区域沉积物中不同来源有机质的贡献。结果显示: (1)沉积物总有机碳和总氮含量空间变化相似, 口内区和混合区域沉积有机质含量显著高于口外区; 主成分分析发现, 口内区沉积有机质含量主要受径流输入的影响, 口外区主要受Fe³⁺的影响; (2)MixSIAR稳定同位素混合模型结果显示, 口内区和混合区沉积有机质以陆源为主, 口外区则以海源为主; (3)珠江口沉积物新生有机质较多, 可快速被利用, 总体上不利于有机碳存储; 而陆源输入导致口内区和混合区沉积有机质腐殖化程度较高, 有机碳可存储性相对较高, 口外受海源有机质和铁氧化物—有机质复合体的影响, 有机碳可存储性相对较低。本研究可为深入认知河口区沉积有机质的生物地球化学过程及有机碳存储提供参考。     

崇明东滩沉积物有机碳的分布及影响因素

对崇明东滩3个柱状沉积物中的有机碳含量、分布变化特征以及影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明崇明东滩沉积物中有机碳的含量较大,在0．3％～1．07％之间。在垂向分布上,表层／亚表层含量高且变化复杂,主要与该层沉积物颗粒较细并大量接受当地有机质输入有关;中层有机碳含量逐渐变小,下层有机碳含量较小且变化不大,但有几个峰值出现。3个柱样由于所处的位置不同,有机碳含量的分布变化特点也不相同,说明其受物源输入、沉积环境、生物化学作用、矿化程度及物理扰动的共同影响。     

渤海中南部沉积物中生源要素的分布特征

从化学结合形式出发,对渤海中南部海区沉积物中OC、N、P、BSi等生源要素的含量进行调查分析,讨论了各生源要素的分布及其影响因素。结果表明:受陆源输入的影响,表层沉积物中各形态氮、磷及有机碳均呈现"近岸高,远岸低"的分布趋势,生物硅的含量分布则与海区浮游硅藻的分布趋势相一致;可交换态氮是总氮中较活跃的部分,占总氮的比例约为3.7%;固定态铵是总氮的主要组成部分,约占总氮的38.4%,其主要与有机质含量及黏土矿物组成有关;渤海表层沉积物中OC/BSi、ON/BSi以及OP/BSi的比值分别为2.38、0.19、0.03,低于Redfield比值,说明有机质优先于生物硅分解;OC/ON平均值在6.0~14.0之间,判断渤海沉积物中有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响;其中,有机碳主要以陆源输入为主,而有机氮在沉积物表层主要以陆源输入为主,在沉积物下层则主要来源于海洋自生。     

西菲律宾海15万年以来碳酸盐含量变化及其控制因素

西菲律宾海本哈姆海台的MD06-3050柱状样岩心,上部15万年以来碳酸盐含量变化总体上显示为冰期低、间冰期高的"大西洋型"特征,碳酸盐含量的变化趋势与指示溶解作用强弱的粗组分含量以及有孔虫碎壳率指数总体上呈现相似性,碳酸盐含量虽然与有机碳含量变化趋势相似,但却与初级生产力变化存在较大的差异。该海区晚更新世的碳酸盐含量变化可能受到多个因素控制,其中,溶解作用对碳酸盐含量冰期-间冰期变化的影响最为明显;而溶解作用的发生可能与有机碳/碳酸钙雨率以及深部环流的流通有关。     

伊犁尼勒克剖面烧失量变化特征及影响因素

对新疆伊犁尼勒克黄土剖面513个样品进行了550℃和950℃高温烧失量分析以及X射线衍射矿物学分析,并将其烧失量与剖面中碳酸盐、有机质、4μm的黏粒含量进行了相关性分析。结果表明:对于位于西风区的伊犁尼勒克黄土,550℃高温烧失量变化可以反映土壤中有机质和束缚水的含量变化,而黏粒成分对550℃高温烧失量贡献较大;950℃高温烧失量变化可以用来反映伊犁地区黄土碳酸盐的变化趋势。根据碳酸盐含量变化所指示的气候环境意义推断出高的950℃高温烧失值反映冷干的气候环境,低的950℃高温烧失值反映比较湿润的气候环境,这对于研究伊犁地区黄土古土壤形成时期的古气候环境有重要的意义,同时证明了可以将烧失量这一简便、快捷的方法用于西风区黄土堆积序列的研究中。     

黄河与长江入海沉积物中碳酸盐含量和矿物颗粒形态特征及影响因素

利用X射线物相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了长江和黄河入海沉积物矿物颗粒形态特征及不同粒级的碳酸盐矿物百分含量分布。结果表明,长江和黄河入海沉积物的碳酸盐矿物含量均在9%左右,差异不大。长江碳酸盐矿物含量在粗粒级较高,随着粒度变细波动式降低,黄河碳酸盐矿物含量则随粒度变细而逐步增加;黄河方解石含量高而白云石低,长江的情况正好相反。长江和黄河入海沉积物中的白云石颗粒大多比较完整,侵蚀沿完全解理面发生,菱面体形态明显。长江白云石上可以见到大量的磨蚀和溶蚀形态。黄河白云石保存较好,侵蚀程度较低,磨蚀和碰撞形态明显,溶蚀形态很少,发现典型的马鞍状白云石颗粒。长江和黄河的方解石均遭受强烈侵蚀。长江方解石溶蚀特征特别明显,深入矿物颗粒内部。黄河方解石侵蚀深度相对浅表,侵蚀形态多为磨蚀、碰撞和溶蚀等物理和化学综合侵蚀特征。长江某些方解石表面布满细小鲕状方解石颗粒,似为局部自由空间的胶体-陈化成因特征。黄河方解石呈现多个次生微晶集合体,显示其黄土粘粒空隙胶结物成因形态。碳酸盐矿物的菱面体形态和菱面体完全解理所特有的60°和120°交角,是其电镜下的最佳识别特征。长江和黄河沉积物物源、流域风化强度以及矿物晶体结构本身的特...     

河口潮滩沉积物磷的季节性累积和生物有效性

对长江口潮滩表层沉积生磷的赋存形态和含量的研究表明,碎屑态磷为沉积物中磷的主要形态,约占总磷的62.52%;铁结合态磷和有机磷次之,分别占总磷的18.06%和14.69%;自生磷灰石加钙结合态磷和吸附态磷最少。综合研究区内的各种理化条件,指出弱吸附态磷、铁结合态磷和有机磷是长江口潮滩潜在生物可利用磷,约占总磷的33.16%,是导致水体富营养化的潜在因素。上覆水的盐度效应是影响沉积物铁结合态磷含量的关键性因子;而自生磷灰石加钙结合态磷的含量变化则与上覆水的温度、溶氧量及沉积物有机质的分解有关;有机磷在时间和空间尺度上都存在较大变化,主要与潮滩生物动态过程,即磷的再矿化有关。     

东海泥质区表层沉积物中锰、铁和铝的赋存形态及影响因素研究

2007年11月在东海泥质区采集了表层沉积物样品,用连续提取法对金属元素的赋存形态进行了分离,测定了各形态中锰、铁和铝的含量。结果表明,锰主要赋存于碳酸盐结合态,含量为0.04～0.19mg/g,平均0.13mg/g;铁主要赋存于易还原态(铁锰氧化物结合态),含量为1.1～2.3μg/g,平均1.5mg/g;大部分站点的铝主要赋存于易还原态,含量为0.4～1.1mg/g,平均0.7mg/g。沉积物主要成分对金属赋存形态产生影响,CARB态、ERO态Mn、Fe和Al分别随沉积物中碳酸钙、水合铁锰氧化物含量的升高而增加,且ERO态金属与水合铁锰氧化物的相关性显著;有机物的含量的对OSM态金属的影响则不明显。非残渣态Fe和Al的含量随水深增加而降低,主要是由于沉积物中ERO态Fe和Al受陆地径流输入和水体中清除作用的影响,导致近岸沉积物中有较多的活性Fe、Al;离岸距离增加则沉积物中活性Fe、Al含量减少。     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态研究

用连续提取法对选自西北冰洋的32个表层沉积物进行分析,测定了Cr、Cu、Pb在全样中及其在P1-2、P3、P4、P5中的含量.结果表明随着离岸距离增加,水深加深,Cr、Cu、Pb含量呈增高的趋势.研究区陆架沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量分别为60.66、14.77、16.65μg/g;深海沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量分别为80.40、41.70、25.62μg/g.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cr、Cu、Pb主要赋存在残渣态,残渣态中三元素的含量平均值分别为64.97、19.67、17.56μg/g,占元素总量的比例分别为93.58%、75.02%和83.76%.三元素在各赋存形态中的含量分布是:Cu为残渣态>有机质和硫化物态>铁锰氧化态>可交换及碳酸盐态;Pb和Cr则为残渣态>铁锰氧化物态>有机质硫化物态>可交换态及碳酸盐态.研究区重金属元素在不同赋存形态中的含量分布与北太平洋深海沉积物中类似.     

Heterogeneous nanoporosity of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin using the QEMSCAN,FIB-SEM,and nano-CT methods

Nanoporosity of a shale gas reservoir provides essential information on the gas accumulation space and controls the gas reserves. The characteristics of heterogeneous nanoporosity of four shale samples are analyzed by combining quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electronic microscopy (QEMSCAN), focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), and nano-CT. The representative elementary area (REA) is proposed by QEMSCAN to detect the imaging area that can represent the overall contents of minerals and organic matter. Combined with the statistics of pores in minerals and organic matter by FIB-SEM, the quantitative nanoporosity is obtained. The nano-CT is used to compare the total nanoporosity that was obtained by FIB-SEM. The results show that shale has distinct characteristics in nanoporosities due to the variation in organic matter and mineral content. The major pore sizes of the organic matter and clay minerals are smaller than 400 nanometers (nm), and the pore sizes of feldspar and pyrite are mainly 200–600 nm. The pore sizes for pores developed in quartz and carbonate minerals range from a few nanometers to 1000 nm. Furthermore, pores smaller than 400 nm mainly provide the total nanoporosity. The nanoporosities in the organic matter are approximately 17%–21%. Since the organic matter content (0.54%–6.98%) is low, the organic matter contributes approximately 5%–33% of the total nanoporosity in shale. Conversely, the nanoporosities in quartz and clay are generally lower than 3%. Since the mineral content (93.02%–99.46%) is obviously higher than the organic matter content, the minerals contribute approximately 67%–95% of the total nanoporosity in shale.     

Seasonal and annual variations of marine sinking particulate flux during 1993~1996 in the central South China Sea

A total of 67 samples from the upper and lower sediment traps in the central South China Sea were analyzed, which were collected during 1993~1996. It is indicated that the distribution of stable isotope values, surface primary productivity, fluxes of total particulate matter, carbonate, biogenic opal, organic carbon, planktonic foraminiferal species and their total amount exhibit obviously seasonal and annual fluctuations. High values of the fluxes occurred in the prevailing periods of the northeastern and southwestern monsoons, and the low values occurred during the periods between the two monsoons. The fluxes of some planktonic foraminiferal species (Globigerinoides sacculifer, G. ruber, Globigerinita glutinata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) and their percentages also exhibit two prominent peaks during the prevailing periods of the northeastern and southwestern monsoons respectively, while those of Globigerina bulloides, Globorotalia menardii and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata only exhibit one peak in the prevailing periods of the northeastern monsoon. In addition, fluxes and percentages of Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globorotalia menardii as well as the fluxes of carbonate and total amount of planktonic foraminifera decrease gradually from 1993 to 1996, and those of Globigerina bulloides, Globigerinita glutinata and biogenic opal increase gradually from 1993 to 1996. The fluxes of carbonate and organic carbon in the upper trap are higher than those in the lower one. The study indicates that the seasonal and annual variations of the sediment fluxes and planktonic foraminiferal species are mainly controlled by the changes of surface primary productivity and hydrological conditions related to the East Asian monsoon. The lower carbonate and organic carbon fluxes in the lower trap are related to the dissolution.     

Logatchev热液场附近表层沉积物中有机质的组成特征、来源及其影响因素

利用2005年"大洋一号"科学考察船电视抓斗采样器采集的表层沉积物样品,对大西洋洋中脊Logatchev热液场附近7个站位表层沉积物样品中的烷烃组分进行了定量分析,并结合总有机碳(TOC)及C稳定同位素(δ13C值)分析,探讨了表层沉积物中有机质的组成及可能的来源和影响因素.结果表明:表层沉积物中正构烷烃组分以低碳数化...     

Geochemical and textural properties of carbonate and terrigenous sediments along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba

The physicochemical properties of 21 marine sediment samples were investigated, collected from five different localities along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. According to the chemical parameters, sediments were categorized into three groups: carbonate (80% CaCO₃), composed mainly of materials of calcareous skeletal structures; terrigenous (<10% CaCO₃) depositional areas for land-derived materials from surrounding rocks and alluviums; and a admixture of the first two (19–37% CaCO₃). High significant linear correlations were found between organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN), indicating the occurrence of these components in a common phase (organic matter). Despite the co-occurrence of TP in organic matter, these two elements were negatively correlated, indicating anthropogenic sources of pollution such as phosphate exportation (hotel areas and clinker port sites) and industrial activities (industrial complex site). The study found that variations in texture properties and mud contents were due to differences in sediment sources, topography and their response during currents and waves. The finer, well-sorted sediments contain lower elemental concentrations of OC, calcium carbonate and TN (excluding TP) than coarser, poorly-sorted sediments.     

Natural abundances of 15N as a source indicator for near-shore marine sedimentary and dissolved nitrogen

Because organic matter originating in the euphotic zone of the ocean may have a distinctive nitrogen isotope composition (¹⁵N/¹⁴N), as compared to organic matter originating in terrestrial soils, it may be used to evaluate the relative nitrogen contribution to marine and estuarine sediment. The nitrogen isotope ratios of 42 sediment samples of total nitrogen and 38 dissolved pore-water ammonium samples from Santa Barbara Basin sediment cores were measured. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen was $\text{+2.89 – +9.4‰}$ with a mean of $\text{+6.8‰}$ and for pore water ammonium, $\text{+8.2 – +12.4‰}$ with a mean of 10.2‰.The results suggest that the dissolved ammonium in the pore water is produced from bacterial degradation of marine organic matter. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen in the sediment is interpreted as resulting from an admixture of nitrogen derived from marine ($\text{+10‰}$) and terrestrial (+2‰ marines. The marine component of this mixture, composed principally of calcium carbonate with smaller amounts of opal and organic matter, contains ～ 1.0% nitrogen. The terrestrial component, which comprises over 80% of the sediment, contains ～ 0.1% organically bound nitrogen and accounts for > 25% of the total nitrogen in Santa Barbara Basin sediment.     

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions and sedimentary organic matter characteristics in contaminated, coastal sediments from Pensacola Bay, Florida

In this study, we examined the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a contaminated coastal area and the characteristics of the natural organic matter in tandem. We present a detailed study of PAH concentration, distribution, and organic matter characteristics of three core samples from Pensacola Bay, Florida. Solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis GC-MS were applied to obtain structural details about the sedimentary organic matter. Elemental compositions (carbon and nitrogen) and estimates of black carbon contents are also reported. These coastal sediments were found to contain more PAHs in the upper 15 cm layers than in the bottom 15-25 cm samples. The samples that contained the most PAHs also contained the least amount of aromatic carbon and contained a significant amount of paraffinic carbon. Lignin-derived pyrolysis and TMAH thermochemolysis products were abundant and generally higher in all of the samples in comparison to those reported for modern coastal sediments, indicating a large flux of terrestrial carbon. The black carbon contents were found to range from 4.3% to 6.8%, which are significantly lower than other reports of black carbon in sediments, which represent as much as 65% of the total organic carbon content. The low black carbon content suggests that this type of refractory carbon may not be as responsible for regulating PAH distribution as indicated by other researchers.     

Phosphorus and metals bound to organic matter in coastal sediments - An investigation of complexes of P,Cu, Zn,Fe, Mn,Ni, Co and Ti by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry with sephadex gel chromatography

Phosphorus and metals bound to organic matter were separated from coastal sediments of Harima Sound in Seto Inland Sea, Japan by extraction with NaOH and fractionated by Sephadex G-25 chromatography. Phosphorus and metals were determined in the eluates by a multi-channel, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer. Phosphorus and Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co and Ti bound to organic matter with high molecular weights (OMHMW) (MW ? 5000) were found to be present in the sediments, but no Mo or V were found. The technique provides minimum estimates of the amounts of P and metals bound to organic matter. These organic complexes show surface enrichment in a sediment core (0–20 cm) and their contents decrease with depth. Also, the amounts of eighteen elements, namely: P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Si, Al, Ti, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Na, K, Ca and Mg, in H₂O, ammonium acetate at pH 7 and 5, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and hydrogen fluoric acid soluble fractions have been determined with a selective chemical leaching technique for the ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment core sample. Considerable amounts of P (6–19%) and Cu (5–21%) were associated with organic matter, in contrast to other metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Ti which were associated with sulfide and silicate.     

Phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river,China

The objective of this study was to investigate the phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, intensively affected by municipal effluent and agricultural activity for about 50 years. Surface sediment samples were taken at 35 sites in the estuarine area and phosphorus species and contents of total P, Al, Fe, and Ca in the sediments were measured. Results showed that the content of total P in the sediments ranged from 230 to 841 mg kg⁻¹, with an average of 549 mg kg⁻¹. Ca–bound P, residual P, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, Fe–bound P, and soluble and loosely bound P were averagely 44.5, 21.6, 13.6, 11.7, 8.9 and 0.2% of total P, respectively. With the gradual increase of total P content, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, and Fe–bound P generally increased, while the rest species of P did not. This might indicate that anthropogenic P is bound to Al and Fe oxides. Regression analysis showed that Al–bound P and sum of Fe–bound P and reductant–soluble P were correlated to the contents of total Al and Fe, respectively. On the other hand, Ca–bound P was not correlated to the content of total Ca in the sediment, probably suggesting that Ca–P was mainly from authigenic marine origin. Whereas the content of total P in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was within the range of total P content for Chinese and worldwide river estuaries as well as coastal sediments, non-calcium apatite phosphorus content in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was relatively higher, indicating higher release risk and bioavailability of P in the sediment. On the other hand, the molar ratio of total Fe to total P was 16–34 in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, suggesting that iron oxides/hydroxides in the sediments might be able to sequester more phosphorus. Therefore, the accumulation or release of P in/from the estuarine sediments might be dependent on the external loading of P and the estuarine eutrophication may be sustained by the internal bioavailable P pools following the decrease of the external P loading.