上海65 m口径射电望远镜方位轨道力学分析

对上海65 m口径射电望远镜方位轨道进行了静态力学分析。用温克尔弹性地基梁模型对轨道承载弯矩及地基受力作了估算,用赫兹接触理论对滚轮与轨道接触面的接触应力作了分析计算,为合理选择轨道材料和制定轨道焊接工艺方案提供了设计理论依据。     

任务轨道设计

本文首先说明太空任务与轨道设计的关系，接着介绍轨道的基本性质。从地球重力势的观点看各种常用的绕地轨道，包括地球和太阳同步轨道及Molniya轨道。从扰动的观点看常用的星际轨道，包括LISA，ASTROD，SOHO轨道。最后对星际轨道设计，说明二点边界值问题的数值解法，飞掠星体的应用，最佳化的考虑，并用以设计2015年发射的ASTROD初步任务轨道。     

月球卫星轨道力学综述

月球探测器的运动通常可分为3个阶段，这3个阶段分别对应3种不同类型的轨道：近地停泊轨道、向月飞行的过渡轨道与环月飞行的月球卫星轨道。近地停泊轨道实为一种地球卫星轨道；过渡轨道则涉及不同的过渡方式(大推力或小推力等)；环月飞行的月球卫星轨道则与地球卫星轨道有很多不同之处，它决不是地球卫星轨道的简单克隆。针对这一点，全面阐述月球卫星的轨道力学问题，特别是环月飞行中的一些热点问题，如轨道摄动解的构造、近月点高度的下降及其涉及的卫星轨道寿命、各种特殊卫星(如太阳同步卫星和冻结轨道卫星等)的轨道特征、月球卫星定轨等。     

从地面发射月球探测器的窗口选择

典型的月球探测器飞行轨道包括地球停泊轨道段、地月转移轨道段、月球卫星轨道段和着月轨道段。首先介绍了设计从地面发射月球探测器轨道典型的约束条件;然后,借助于二体假设,建立解析表达式,分析各种约束对窗口选择的影响,给出了各轨道段概略的飞行时间和粗窗口;最后,利用精确的探测器轨道动力学模型,计算精窗口,并给出了一则算例,所得结论可为月球探测器轨道发射、轨道设计提供依据。     

地球磁场对带电人造卫星轨道根数的摄动影响

研究了地球磁场对带电的非赤道卫星的轨道根数的摄动影响，理论结果表明，地球磁场对带电卫星的轨道半长轴没有摄动影响，既无周期摄动，也无长期摄动，但对轨道偏心率、轨道倾角、升交点赤经、近地点经度和历元平近点角均有周期摄动，且对升交点和近地点经度还有长期摄动效应，通过算例表明，当卫星带有大量电菏时，地球磁场对卫星轨道的摄动影响必须加以考虑。     

LAGEOS卫星轨道改进的一种简易方法

分析表明，卫星轨道偏差对预报的影响主要表现在M和Ω这两个轨道根数上。本给出了M、Ω的修正公式，并结合LAGEOS测距数据，对卫星的短期预报进行修正，取得了满意的结果。     

太阳同步卫星的控制现状及发展趋势

在介绍太阳同步轨道相关知识的基础上,着重分析了该轨道的高度因素,给出了当前在轨太阳同步卫星轨道高度的上下限,介绍了几种典型的低轨道太阳同步卫星,同时给出了太阳同步卫星轨道控制方法的发展状况及趋势,最后综述了当前国内外太阳同步轨道的轨控模式与维持策略。     

关于月球低轨卫星运动的两个问题

对月球低轨卫星的轨道寿命特征和冻结轨道晶状态作了详尽的理论分析,给出它们与轨道倾角之间的关系以及它们相互之间的某种联系,并考虑低轨卫星的主要摄动源,在完整力模型下作了相应的模拟计算,不仅证实了理论分析的正确性,而且为环月运行探测器的轨道设计提供了极有参考价值的数值结果．     

利用IGS星历预报GPS卫星轨道

在动力学轨道拟合以及轨道积分的基础上,提出了基于IGS精密星历的GPS卫星轨道预报方法。该方法首先利用已知的IGS精密星历作为虚拟观测值,采用动力学方法拟合出GPS卫星的初始轨道和动力学参数,然后再通过积分来预报GPS卫星的轨道。主要讨论了基于不同弧段的IGS星历时,该方法对GPS卫星轨道的拟合和预报情况。研究结果显示:对于6 d弧段以内的IGS精密星历,其拟合轨道与IGS精密星历差值的三维RMS值均优于4 cm,随着拟合弧段的增加,拟合残差变大;当利用2～6 d弧段的IGS星历来预报GPS轨道时,大部分卫星第1天、第7天和第30天的三维预报精度可优于0.1 m、3 m和100 m。其中,2d弧段的IGS星历对GPS卫星第1天和第7天的预报结果最好,5 d弧段的IGS星历对GPS卫星第30天的预报结果最好。     

双星多方模型的形状及其对同步子星轨道要素的摄动影响

研究了双星多方模型的形状对同步子星轨道要素的摄动影响，假定两子星在同一轨道面上运动，推出了主星对伴星的轨道要素的摄动量，理论结果表明，双星多方模型对轨道半长轴和偏心率只有周期项摄动，无长期摄动，但对近星点和历元平近点角除有周期摄动外还有长期摄动效应。文中将理论结果应用于同步双星βＰｅｒ（大陵五双星）的计算上，除计算了两个子星的形状（椭率）外对同步子星的轨道要素变化的周期项振幅和长期项的效应做了数值     

海尔－波普彗星的位置与我们的观测策略

根据星历表，本文绘出运行轨道图，分析了百武彗星与海尔－波普彗星的不同，讨论了对后者观测应当考虑的一些问题。     

Orbital linkages of Comet 6P/d'Arrest based on its asymmetric light curve

We present an investigation of different models of the nongravitational acceleration on Comet 6P/d'Arrest, as used in orbital linkages spanning 150 years from the discovery of the comet in 1851 until the recent observations made in 2001. Some of our models use the time-shifted g-like function to represent the variation of outgassing rate, but the main thrust is on models using instead a production curve that is fitted to recent light curve observations—mainly those in 1976. We pay special attention to the proper scaling of such a production curve, when applied to other apparitions with a different perihelion distance q, and we find a best fit with a q^−1.6 power-law. Generally, the best fit is found with models, in which the acceleration components are expressed in terms of the angular parameters of the rotating nucleus. We thus find the orientation of the spin axis, and using the orbital evolution we are able to predict a variable time shift of the outgassing curve. The very best results are found when applying this time shift to the light-curve based, angular models. The totality of the 1851-2001 observations can then be linked with a mean residual of less than 4″. This may be brought down to ∼^2″ by solving for individual ‘activity parameters’ of all apparitions, which are multiplicative factors applied to the acceleration amplitudes. These turn out to be within 10% of unity for the best fit. We have also performed a linkage to the observations of Comet 1678 (La Hire) using our models. We find an indication of a secular increase of the amount of asymmetry of the outgassing with respect to perihelion, part of which is due to the variable time shift caused by the orbital evolution.     

J77大气模型的修订和应用

Ｊａｃｃｈｉａ １９７７大气模型（简称Ｊ７７）发表后，Ｊａｃｃｈｉａ本人对模型进行了重大修订，这两个修订都是关于地磁活动引起的大气密度变化，为了比较分析修订后模型的改进情况，本文作者更新了Ｊ７７模型的软件，对每一步修订进行了详细的数值试验，并将其应用于高度为８００公里ＥＲＳ－１卫星的轨道计算，结果表明：修订后的Ｊ７７模型比其它大气模型在测轨精度上有明显改善。     

由Titan,Rhea和Iapetus轨道数值改进求解土星质量和形状参数

对Ｔｉｔａｎ、Ｒｈｅａ和Ｉａｐｅｔｕｓ由数值改进产生轨道，并拟合１９６７－１９８８年的４５１４个星对的照相观测以求改进自由参数。土星系的质量Ｍｓａ和形状参数Ｊ２，以及卫星的质量ｍＩａ，ｍＲｈ作为自由参数参加求解。归算得：Ｍｓａ＝１／３４９８．０±０．１４Ｍｓｕｎ（太阳质量）（２．８５８７８０×１０－４±０．０００１０），Ｊ２＝０．０１６４７３±０．０００１１０，ｍＩａ＝３．３５×１０－６Ｍｓａ，ｍＲｈ＝４．４４×１０－６Ｍｓａ。归算表明，由于选择了由Ｔｉｔａｎ、Ｒｈｅａ、Ｉａｐｅｔｕｓ组成的较合理的动力学系统进行数值积分和采用了不同星对（Ｉａｐｅｔｕｓ－Ｔｉｔａｎ，Ｒｈｅａ－Ｔｉｔａｎ）观测资料作拟合改进求解，其结果显然要好。由地面观测资料归算的结果也进一步证实了空间测量结果的可靠性。     

关于J77大气模型用于Ajisai卫星定轨的讨论(英文)

当对近地卫星进行定轨时,将不可避免地遇到选取大气模型的问题,这些模型包括指数模型（ＥＸＰＴ）、ＤＴＭ、ＣＩＲＡ８６和Ｊ７７等模型。而Ｊ７７是较后形成的模型,它在大气阻力的研究中往往备受关注。这里,作者将涉及如何解决在ＶＡＸ３８００计算机上用Ｊ７７大气模型来处理Ａｊｉｓａｉ卫星资料时所遇到的计算发散问题,分析计算结果后,发现定轨软件ＳＨＯＲＤＥ中参数的选取不当是造成计算发散的根本原因,同时,我们给出了该参数的建议值为１０－１２。最后,将Ｊ７７的结果与其它模型的结果相比较,表明参数的调整是有效的。     

Main belt binary asteroidal systems with eccentric mutual orbits

Using 8-10-m class telescopes and their Adaptive Optics (AO) systems, we conducted a long-term adaptive optics campaign initiated in 2003 focusing on four binary asteroid systems: (130) Elektra, (283) Emma, (379) Huenna, and (3749) Balam. The analysis of these data confirms the presence of their asteroidal satellite. We did not detect any additional satellite around these systems even though we have the capability of detecting a loosely-bound fragment (located at 1/4×RHill) ∼40 times smaller in diameter than the primary. The orbits derived for their satellites display significant eccentricity, ranging from 0.1 to 0.9, suggesting a different origin. Based on AO size estimate, we show that (130) Elektra and (283) Emma, G-type and P-type asteroids, respectively, have a significant porosity (30-60% considering CI-CO meteorites as analogs) and their satellite's eccentricities (e∼0.1) are possibly due to excitation by tidal effects. (379) Huenna and (3749) Balam, two loosely bound binary systems, are most likely formed by mutual capture. (3749) Balam's possible high bulk density is similar to (433) Eros, another S-type asteroid, and should be poorly fractured as well. (379) Huenna seems to display both characteristics: the moonlet orbits far away from the primary in term of stability (20%×RHill), but the primary's porosity is significant (30-60%).     

An exact solution to determination of an open orbit

We present an exact solution of the equations for orbit determination of a two body system in a hyperbolic or parabolic motion. In solving this problem, we extend the method employed by Asada, Akasaka and Kasai (AAK) for a binary system in an elliptic orbit. The solutions applicable to each of elliptic, hyperbolic and parabolic orbits are obtained by the new approach, and they are all expressed in an explicit form, remarkably, only in terms of elementary functions. We show also that the solutions for an open orbit are recovered by making a suitable transformation of the AAK solution for an elliptic case.     

Yarkovsky detection opportunities. I. Solitary asteroids

We show that, over the next two decades, the current radar and optical astrometric technology is adequate to allow detection of the Yarkovsky effect acting on at least two dozen NEAs from a variety of orbital regimes and with effective diameters ranging from about ten meters up to several kilometers. The Yarkovsky effect will likely be detected for objects of rarer spectral types X, C, and E, as well as the more common S and Q. The next predicted detection of the Yarkovsky effect is for 4179 Toutatis in October 2004, which would be also the first multi-kilometer case. The Asteroid 25143 Itokawa, with a likely detection at the end of 2005, could offer an important test due to the independent “ground-truth” measurements of the asteroid mass and surface thermal inertia expected from the Hayabusa spacecraft. Earth co-orbital asteroids (e.g., 2000 PH5 or 2003 YN107) are the best placed for rapid determination of the Yarkovsky effect, and the timespan between discovery of the object and detection of the Yarkovsky effect may be as short as 3 years. By 2012, the motion of potential Earth impactor (29075) 1950 DA will likely reveal the magnitude of the Yarkovsky effect, which in turn will identify which of two possible pole orientations is correct. Vis-a-vis the 2880 impact, this new information will allow a substantial improvement in the quality of long term predictions.     

Yarkovsky detection opportunities: II. Binary systems

We consider the possibility of detecting the Yarkovsky orbital perturbation acting on binary systems among the near-Earth asteroids. This task is significantly more difficult than for solitary asteroids because the Yarkovsky force affects both the heliocentric orbit of the system's center of mass and the relative orbit of the two components. Nevertheless, we argue these are sufficiently well decoupled so that the major Yarkovsky perturbation is in the simpler heliocentric motion and is observable with the current means of radar astrometry. Over the long term, the Yarkovsky perturbation in the relative motion of the two components is also detectable for the best observed systems. However, here we consider a simplified version of the problem by ignoring mutual non-spherical gravitational perturbations between the two asteroids. With the orbital plane constant in space and the components' rotation poles fixed (and assumed perpendicular to the orbital plane), we do not examine the coupling between Yarkovsky and gravitational effects. While radar observations remain an essential element of Yarkovsky detections, lightcurve observations, with their ability to track occultation and eclipse phenomena, are also very important in the case of binaries. The nearest possible future detection of the Yarkovsky effect for a binary system occurs for (66063) 1998 RO₁ in September 2006. Farther out, even more statistically significant detections are possible for several other systems including 2000 DP₁₀₇, (66391) 1999 KW₄ and 1996 FG₃.     

Main belt binary asteroidal systems with circular mutual orbits

In 2003, we initiated a long-term Adaptive Optics campaign to study the orbit of various main-belt asteroidal systems. Here we present a consistent solution for the mutual orbits of four binary systems: 22 Kalliope, 45 Eugenia, 107 Camilla and 762 Pulcova. With the exception of 45 Eugenia, we did not detect any additional satellites around these systems although we have the capability of detecting a loosely-bound fragment (located at 1/4×RHill) that is ∼40 times smaller in diameter than the primary. The common characteristic of these mutual orbits is that they are roughly circular. Three of these binary systems belong to a C-“group” taxonomic class. Our estimates of their bulk densities are consistently lower (∼1 g/cm³) than their associated meteorite analogs, suggesting an interior porosity of 30-50% (taking CI-CO meteorites as analogs). 22 Kalliope, a W-type asteroid, has a significantly higher bulk density of ∼3 g/cm³, derived based on IRAS radiometric size measurement. We compare the characteristics of these orbits in the light of tidal-effect evolution.