The homogenization temperature in the fluid inclusions of Ordovician halite and paleoclimatic implication

正1 Introduction The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions reflects the temperatures of the brines from which halite crystals grew.Therefore,it is a powerful mean to reveal the paleoclimate.Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin is located in the central and eastern of Ordos Basin.We have detail petrographical research and the homogenization     

Experimental frictional heating of coal gouge at seismic slip rates: Evidence for devolatilization and thermal pressurization of gouge fluids

High velocity (1 m/s) friction experiments on bituminous coal gouge display several earthquake-related phenomena, including devolatilization by frictional heating, gas pressurization, and slip weakening. Stage I is characterized by sample shortening and reduction in the coefficient of friction (μ) from  1 to 0.6. Stage II is characterized by high frequency ( 5 Hz) oscillations in stress and strain records and by gas emissions. Stage III is marked by rapid weakening (μ  0.1 to 0.35) and sample shortening, together with continued gas emissions. Stage IV produces stable stress records and continued weakness (μ  0.2), but without gas emission. Stage I shortening is due to compaction of the gouge and the weakening is attributed to mechanical or thermal effects. Stage II behavior is interpreted as due to coal gasification and fluctuations in fluid pressure, resulting in high frequency stick-slip type behavior. Dramatic reduction in shear stress in stage III is attributed to gas pressurization by pore collapse and corresponds to a frictional instability, analogous to nucleation of an earthquake. Microstructural observations indicate the deformation was brittle during stages I and II but ductile during stages III and IV. Time dependent finite element frictional heat models indicate the center of the samples became hot ( 900 °C) during stage II, whereas the edge of samples remained relatively cold (< 300 °C). Vitrinite reflectance of coal samples shows an increase in reflectance from  0.5 to  0.8% over the displacement interval 20–40 m (20–40 s), indicating that the reflectance responds to frictional heating on a short time scale. The energy expended per unit area in these low stress, large displacement experiments is similar to that of higher stress ( 50 MPa), short displacement ( 1 m) earthquakes ( 10⁷ J/m²).     

The role of extensional tectonics at different crustal levels on granite ascent and emplacement: an example from Tuscany (Italy)

The role of regional extension on the rise and emplacement of granites in the crust is still debated. Pluton ascent and emplacement widely occurred in Tuscany (Italy) since late Miocene during the post-orogenic collapse of the inner Apennines, and are presently occurring in the geothermal areas of Amiata and Larderello. Tuscany offers a preferred test site to study the role of regional extension on pluton ascent and emplacement at different crustal levels. Ductile extension enhanced the segregation and ascent of granitic melts in the lower crust, controlling pluton emplacement in correspondence with the brittle–ductile transition. In the brittle crust, magma ascent occurred through subvertical faults and fractures compatible with the regional extension direction; pluton emplacement mainly occurred by means of roof lifting. The case of Tuscany suggests that the extensional structures enhance melt segregation and ascent in the ductile crust, but are not efficient alone to provide a pathway for the ascent of granitic magmas in the brittle-extending crust. The estimated magmatic strain rates due to pluton emplacement in the geothermal areas are much larger than the regional tectonic strain rates. This suggests that regional tectonics did not control magma emplacement in the brittle crust and explains why nontectonic processes (roof lifting) accommodated the space required for pluton emplacement.     

Reactions and textures in grossular–wollastonite–scapolite calc–silicate granulites from Maligawila, Sri Lanka: evidence for high-temperature isobaric cooling in the meta-sediments of the Highland Complex

Grossular–wollastonite–scapolite calc–silicate granulites from Maligawila in the Buttala klippe, which form part of the overthrusted rocks of the Highland Complex of Sri Lanka, preserve a number of spectacular coronas and replacement textures that could be effectively used to infer their P–T–fluid history. These textures include coronas of garnet, garnet–quartz, and garnet–quartz–calcite at the grain boundaries of wollastonite, scapolite, and calcite as well as calcite–plagioclase and calcite–quartz symplectites or finer grains after scapolite and wollastonite respectively. Other textures include a double rind of coronal scapolite and coronal garnet between matrix garnet and calcite. The reactions that produced these coronas and replacement textures, except those involving clinopyroxene, are modelled in the CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–CO₂ system using the reduced activities. Calculated examples of T–X_CO2 and P–X_CO2 projections indicate that the peak metamorphic temperature of about 900–875 °C at a pressure of 9 kbar and the peak metamorphic fluid composition is constrained to be low in X_CO2 (0.1<X_CO2<0.30). Interpretation of the textural features on the basis of the partial grids revealed that the calc–silicate granulites underwent high-temperature isobaric cooling, from about 900–875 °C to a temperature below 675 °C, following the peak metamorphism. The late-stage cooling was accompanied by an influx of hydrous fluids. The calc–silicate granulites provide evidence for high-temperature isobaric cooling in the meta-sediments of the Highland Complex, earlier considered by some workers to be confined exclusively to the meta-igneous rocks. The coronal scapolite may have formed under open-system metasomatism.     

岩浆熔融体性质及演化在成矿过程中的作用——以西藏玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿床为例

玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿床是亚洲最大的斑岩型铜矿床,包含多种矿化类型,成矿作用复杂。作为典型的斑岩型矿床,岩浆熔融体的性质在玉龙铜矿床的形成过程中起到了至关重要的作用。本文将分别从岩浆熔融体的物理和化学性质出发,解释玉龙矿床为何能成为玉龙成矿带中唯一一个超大型矿床的原因。在熔体演化方面,笔者主要通过对熔体密度、粘度的计算获得有关数据,以了解熔体运移、含矿流体分离的过程,以解释玉龙铜矿床为何能形成如此规模的矿床。     

The Liquid Line of Descent of Anhydrous, Mantle-Derived, Tholeiitic Liquids by Fractional and Equilibrium Crystallization--an Experimental Study at 1{middle dot}0 GPa

Two series of anhydrous experiments have been performed in anend-loaded piston cylinder apparatus on a primitive, mantle-derivedtholeiitic basalt at 1·0 GPa pressure and temperaturesin the range 1060–1330°C. The experimental data provideconstraints on phase equilibria, and solid and liquid compositionsalong the liquid line of descent of primary basaltic magmasdifferentiating in storage reservoirs located at the base ofthe continental crust. The first series are equilibrium crystallizationexperiments on a single basaltic bulk composition; the secondseries are fractionation experiments where near-perfect fractionalcrystallization was approached in a stepwise manner using 30°Ctemperature steps and starting compositions corresponding tothe liquid composition of the previous, higher-temperature glasscomposition. Liquids in the fractional crystallization experimentsevolve with progressive SiO₂ increase from basalts to dacites,whereas the liquids in the equilibrium crystallization experimentsremain basaltic and display only a moderate SiO₂ increase accompaniedby more pronounced Al₂O₃ enrichment. The principal phase equilibriacontrols responsible for these contrasting trends are suppressionof the peritectic olivine + liquid = opx reaction and earlierplagioclase saturation in the fractionation experiments comparedwith the equilibrium experiments. Both crystallization processeslead to the formation of large volumes of ultramafic cumulatesrelated to the suppression of plagioclase crystallization relativeto pyroxenes at high pressures. This is in contrast to low-pressurefractionation of tholeiitic liquids, where early plagioclasesaturation leads to the production of troctolites followed by(olivine-) gabbros at an early stage of differentiation. KEY WORDS: liquid line of descent; tholeiitic magmas; equilibrium crystallization; fractional crystallization     

大兴安岭北段晚中生代碱性侵入岩岩石地球化学特征及其意义

大兴安岭北段晚中生代碱性侵入岩处于兴蒙海西造山带大地构造单元,有十分独特的地质意义.本文通过呼中区六个碱性岩体的主量、稀土和微量元素成分分析和综合研究,首次系统讨论了碱性侵入岩的岩石地球化学特征及其时空分布规律,并在此基础上较全面地探讨了碱性岩形成的大地构造环境、岩浆物质来源、性质和深度等地质问题.研究表明,不同时期的碱性岩岩石地球化学特征差异不明显:均属于过碱性的中酸性岩类,以相对贫Sr、Ba,高Rb,富集高场强元素为特征,稀土配分曲线呈特征的V字型,显示由弱变强的轻、重稀土元素分馏作用和逐渐变小的铕负异常.由此推断兴蒙造山带内岩浆来源较浅,而源区逐渐加深.碱性岩均形成于拉张环境;可能属于A型花岗岩,形成于非造山板内裂谷或热点地幔柱环境.     

太行山-大兴安岭东麓晚中生代碱性侵入岩岩石地球化学特征及其意义

太行山—大兴安岭东麓晚中生代碱性侵入岩带由20余个碱性岩体组成,南北纵跨华北克拉通和兴蒙海西造山带两个大地构造单元,具有十分独特的地质意义。本文通过分布于不同大地构造单元的7个典型碱性岩体中各类碱性岩的主量、稀土和微量元素成分分析和综合研究,首次系统地讨论了该碱性岩带岩石地球化学特征及其时空分布规律,并在此基础上对该带碱性岩形成的大地构造环境、岩浆物质来源性质和深度的变化规律等重大地质问题开展了较全面的新探讨。分布于不同的大地构造单元的碱性岩岩石地球化学特征具有非常明显的差别,但呈现一定的空间变化规律:均属于铝过饱和的酸性岩类,以富碱高钾,贫钙、铁、镁为特征。空间上由南至北,岩石酸度呈增高的趋势,碱度随酸度增高而增高,而Al、Ca、Fe和Mg含量则呈降低的变化趋势。华北克拉通区碱性岩轻、重稀土分馏作用明显,但太行山南段岩石基本上无铕异常,而北段则以明显的铕负异常为特征,高Sr、Ba,贫Rb,普遍亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf;而兴蒙海西造山带内岩石稀土配分曲线呈特征的V字型,显示出较弱的轻、重稀土分馏作用和显著铕负异常;以贫Sr、Ba,高Rb,富集高场强元素为特征。由此推断,华北克拉通碱性岩浆来源可能与富集地幔物质关系密切,源区较深,而兴蒙造山带内岩浆来源则与富集地幔物质关系不大,源区相对较浅,该带碱性岩岩浆源区深度由南至北逐渐由深而浅。此外,认为该带碱性岩均形成于拉张环境。可能属于A1型花岗岩,形成于非造山板内裂谷或热点地幔柱环境。     

中国天山乌鲁木齐河源冰芯pH和电导记录的现代环境过程研究

Analyses of pH and conductivity in precipitation sampled during June 1995 to June 1996, in snow pits sampled during the winter of 1995-1996 and during the summer of 1996, and in shallow ice core retrieved in May 1996 from the headwaters of the rmqi River are presented in this paper. Though a certain degree of shift appears for pH and conductivity in the post-deposition and firnification processes, a relationship between pH and conductivity is still preserved in the ice core records, which validates the application of the ice core pH and conductivity records from the areas with strong melting for paleoclimate reconstruction.     

中国地质学会百年庆典活动标识及使用要求

2022年,中国地质学会迎来了百年华诞,为进一步扩大百年庆典活动的影响力,于2021年6月向社会公开征集活动标识。经遴选,拟启用下图作为中国地质学会百年华诞庆典活动唯一指定标识。     

华北克拉通南缘张士英岩体大陆动力学背景:来自地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素的证据

张士英岩体位于华北克拉通南缘,岩体主要由石英正长岩组成。石英正长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为122.8±1.5Ma。其Si O2含量为66.04%~67.80%,Na2O+K2O=9.03%~10.97%,K2O=4.40%~6.37%,K2O/Na2O1属于钾质长英质岩石。A/CNK=1.26~1.58,A/NK=1.63~1.79属于过铝质岩石系列。石英正长岩的Mg#变化范围在12.9~39.4。富集LREE亏损HREE,轻重稀土分异明显,(La/Yb)N=15.48~21.12,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.54~0.99)。富集Rb、K、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素。张士英石英正长岩岩浆锆石εHf(t)集中在-17.6~-13.9,Hf两阶段模式年龄tDM2集中在1.7~1.9Ga。石英正长岩的岩浆Zr饱和温度高(936~998℃)。地球化学及同位素显示张士英石英正长岩源区主要为古老的壳源物质,并有少量年轻组分加入,这种年轻组分是幔源物质。岩体形成于拉张性构造环境下,拉张性的环境导致了幔源物质的上涌,底侵下地壳使其发生部分熔融。形成时代正好位于华北克拉通破坏峰期,张士英石英正长岩正是这一地质事件的响应。