FAST工程地质条件分析

国家天文台500 m口径球面射电望远镜工程(即望远镜工程,FAST),是利用大窝凼(即望远镜工程台址)的喀斯特洼地为基底,建造一口径为500 m的球冠面。本文对大窝凼的地貌结构、演化历史、岩溶发育、水动力进行分析,为选址大窝凼的可行性评价和工程实际提供据参考。     

Analysis of the Sky Scanning Efficiency in the Lyra-B Space Experiment

The Lyra-B space experiment (SE) is a high-precision multicolor multiple all-sky photometric survey of stars and star-like objects. The experiment will be conducted from the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS). For this purpose, a 0.5-m telescope will be installed onboard (or, more precisely, outboard) the ISS, which will observe stars in a scanning mode. The Lyra-B SE was included in the program of scientific experiments at the ISS fairly long ago. At the beginning of the SE design it was thought that the ISS would exist “eternally” and the time needed for the full-fledged implementation of the experiment would be allocated. Today, however, the situation has changed. In 2025 the ISS will possibly cease to exist either as the space station as a whole or in the form in which it exists now. Hence there arises the problem to perform the entire volume of observations in a maximally short time, i.e., to find an optimal sky scanning strategy that would ensure a maximum duration of observations. In addition, we consider two related questions: with what density will the observations be distributed over the sky and how many times will a point in the sky fallen within the field of view of the Lyra-B telescope be observed in successive orbital revolutions? This question is important for investigating variable stars, determining the orbits and axial rotation periods of asteroids, and ensuring a specified photometric accuracy over the entire sky.     

BVIc photometry of classical cepheids from the ASAS-3 catalog

In 2008–2010, we obtained 6095 CCD frames in the BV I _c photometric systemfor 49 classical Cepheids discovered in the ASAS-3 project. The observations were obtained on the 76-cm telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO, RSA) and the 40-cm telescope of the Cerro Armazones Observatory of the Catholic University of the North (OCA, Chile), with a SBIGCCD ST-10XME camera. We present tabulated observations, light curves, and revised elements for the brightness variations.     

Results of tracking a spacecraft in the vicinity of the L2 libration point of the Sun–Earth system

The launch of the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) international orbiting astrophysical observatory is planned for the near future. It is planned tomaneuver SRGinto the vicinity of the L2 libration point of the Sun–Earth system, where it will be kept in a quasi-stable orbit. The spacecraft orbit must be maintained in order to carry out the scientific program of the project, which requires obtaining information about the current parameters of its motion. With the aim of developing methods for making optical measurements and estimating the required volume of measurement data and their accuracy, observations of the Gaia spacecraft, which is located in the vicinity of L2, were made at the Sayan Observatory in 2014–2015. The results of observations of the Gaia spacecraft on the 1.6-m infrared telescope of the Sayan Observatory are presented. The measured brightness of the spacecraft was 20.7–22^m, which is close to the limiting magnitude of the telescope. The accuracy of these astrometric measurements was about one arcsecond. Possibilities for obtaining accurate astrometric data for the SRG spacecraft in orbit in the vicinity of L2 are discussed, as well as the required observing conditions and the volume of measurement data required for adequate prediction of the spacecraft motion.     

Quasi-simultaneous VLBI and RATAN-600 observations of active galactic nuclei

VLBI observations of several quasars and BL Lacertae objects were carried out at 1.66 GHz in November–December 1999 using six antennas (Medvezh'i Ozera, Svetloe, Pushchino, Noto, HartRAO, and Shanghai). Maps of six sources (0420+022, 0420-014, 1308+326, 1345+125, 1803+784, and DA 193) obtained with milliarcsecond resolution are presented and discussed, together with their broad-band (1–22 GHz) spectra obtained on the RATAN-600 radio telescope at epochs close to those of the VLBI observations. Comparison of the VLBI maps with maps of these sources obtained on standard VLBI networks and with the RATAN-600 quasisimultaneous total-flux measurements indicates the reliability of the results obtained on this Low Frequency VLBI Network and the good efficiency of this network.     

A general catalog of class I methanol masers

A catalog of class I methanol masers discovered so far in the Southern and Northern hemispheres is presented. The catalog contains 160 sources. A statistical analysis shows that, within 2’ of the telescope pointing (which corresponds approximately to the field of view of single antennas used in search surveys), 50% of class I methanol masers are associated with objects characteristic of active starforming regions: IRAS sources, ultracompact HII regions, and dense gas—dust clouds, as well as OH and H₂O interstellar masers. At the same time, bipolar outflows (which could play an active part in pumping the methanol masers) are associated with fewer than 25% of class I methanol masers. In 72% of cases, class I methanol masers are associated with class II methanol maser sources. These results suggest that methanol maser condensations are more appropriately classified by the transition type (that is, the pumping mechanism) than their association with other astronomical objects.     

Less is more: Spectres of scarcity and the politics of resource access in the upstream oil sector

Our objective in this paper is to understand the significance of the peak oil claim for the large, publicly-traded oil companies to whom the tasks of finding oil, extracting it and delivering it to market have been allocated. On the face of it, peak oil would appear to offer the ultimate solution to a problem that has plagued the international oil industry for the last one hundred years: how to organise scarcity in the face of prodigious abundance. We examine how publicly-traded oil firms (‘Big Oil’) are engaging with the discourse and science of peak oil, and find that peak oil positions firms like Exxon, BP and Shell in a number of different and quite complex ways: as a beneficiary (of a higher price regime), but also as a victim (of shrinking reserves) and a suspect (for under-investing in exploration or exploiting reserves too rapidly). We find a surprising lack of consensus among Big Oil about the significance of peak oil’s core claim for an imminent, permanent decline in the production of conventional grades of crude, and we conclude that peak oil is not regarded as strategic priority for oil producers (the contrast here with climate change is instructive). To understand why this is the case we turn from the physical science-based account of peak oil to political economy, and examine the contradictory character of Big Oil’s current position. We show how the strong financial returns to Big Oil in the last few years mask a precarious structural position when it comes to reserves access and reserves replacement. Critically the origins of this squeeze originate primarily above-ground: in the ownership of reserves, the politics of resource access and the changing structure of the international oil industry, and not below-ground in geological limits. Accordingly, we reject the simple assumption that increasing geological scarcity explains/justifies high returns, and argue that the relative marginalisation of peak oil within Big Oil’s strategic concerns reflects the way it misdiagnoses the cause of oil companies’ woes when it comes to finding and replacing reserves. We conclude that peak oil’s claim of physically-induced scarcity obfuscates rather than illuminates when it comes to understanding the opportunities for - and constraints on - accumulation in the upstream oil sector.     

Spectra of Standard Radio Sources at the Current Epoch

The results of observations aimed at determining the spectra of standard radio sources in an “artificial-Moon” absolute flux scale at epoch 2015.5 at wavelengths of 3.5–18 cm are presented. The sample includes sources with small angular sizes, used as flux-density standards for the calibration of various types of antennas, including large synthesized apertures, over a wide range of frequencies. The artificial-Moon flux scale is constructed in a way that makes it the most accurate of existing scales, and the only scale for which source spectra are not deformed. The methods used to construct the articial-Moon flux scale are briefly described. Repeat measurements of the spectra of standard sources, required to preserve the accuracy of the flux scale, were carried out in 2014–2017 (at a mean epoch of 2015.5) on the 32-m telescope of the Svetloe Observatory of the Institute of Applied Astronomy at four wavelengths: 18, 13, 6.2, and 3.5 cm. The characteristic properties of the measurement methods are discussed, and the data obtained are compared with data from earlier epochs.     

大数据开创地学研究新途径：全数据挖掘提高研究精度——《地质科学》2018“纪念孙枢先生地质大数据专题”代序

随着计算机、互联网和计算技术的迅猛发展,人类已经进入大数据时代,大数据也将改变人们对自然的理解和认知方式,改变科学研究的思想和方法,成为科学研究的新引擎。大数据体量之大并非其必要条件,通过对大量数据的挖掘,研究问题并做出正确决策才是大数据的精髓所在。大数据可以在社会各个领域广泛使用,大数据是通过对大量数据的分析研究问题、做出决策,这样一个概念、一种思想同时也是一种研究方法。大数据带给我们3 个颠覆性的观念改变：大数据研究的对象是全部数据（全样本,全变量）取代传统统计学的随机抽样;大数据研究的方法、手段是查明数据间相关关系取代传统的追求因果关系的研究方法;大数据研究的特点是取向高概率做出决策取代追求精确无误。因此,大数据的研究结果更加真实、有效、精确。     

关于工程勘察项目成本管理的探讨

工程勘察项目的成本管理,直接关系到工程勘察企业的经济效益和生死存亡。本文分析了当前工程勘察项目管理中存在的常见问题,并针对所存在的问题探讨了如何科学、有效地进行勘察项目成本管理。为工程勘察企业完善项目成本管理,适应勘察市场,获取良好经济效益,做大做强企业提供一点借鉴。     

大数据环境下地质资料的存储策略与文本化导入技术

在分析地质资料文档内容与形式特征的基础上,提出Hadoop大数据环境下的地质资料一体化耦合数据模型与存储策略,分析确定HDFS下地质资料文本化目标格式,并对地质资料原始格式、转换后的文本格式及地质信息的存储方式与模式进行设计;研究常见地质资料格式的文本化实现方式,并构建文本转换技术流程。为大数据环境下地质资料的文本导入提供技术路径,以及大数据环境下文本化地质资料的信息抽取、融合等智能化处理提供统一数据基础,对地质资料大数据分析具有实际意义。     

Observability of Single Neutron Stars at SRG/eROSITA

Astronomy Reports - A four-year sky survey with the use of the eROSITA telescope on board the Spektr-RG observatory with focusing optics will provide the best coverage in the soft (0.5–2 keV)...     

国内外岩浆岩数据库现状与应用前景

超过三分之二的地壳岩石是由来自深部的岩浆作用形成,岩浆岩记录的信息是深时数字地球(Deep-time Digital Earth,DDE)特别是深部过程研究的重要载体。岩浆岩分布范围广,样品众多,分析、定年相对方便和精确,易于数据累积。在过去的十多年,全球科学家建立了EarthChem、GEOROC、DataView等多个优秀的岩浆岩数据库。随着大数据时代的到来,地球科学也在经历向地球系统科学的重大转变。如何进一步整合分散在研究机构和个人手中的越来越多的数据,建立能服务大数据和人工智能方法的数据平台,推动地球科学研究由理论驱动的传统因果推理方法向数据驱动的大数据方法转变,是新的很有希望的突破点。文章系统介绍了目前国内外已有的岩浆岩相关数据库及其运行情况,为未来DDE计划整合全球海量岩浆岩数据,建设开放、共享、统一的大数据平台提供经验和基础。同时,也列举了以岩浆岩大数据驱动的科学研究的典型实例,并结合DDE相关任务,对利用岩浆岩大数据和人工智能进一步解决四维地球深部圈层物质构成、交换与动力学这一关键科学问题提出新的展望。     

工程勘察设计企业项目管理研究

项目管理是国际上通行的科学的管理模式之一。但由于各种原因,项目管理并没有被我国勘察设计行业的多数企业采用。作者从分析我国工程勘察设计企业项目管理的现状入手,重点分析了项目管理的基本内涵,并结合项目管理的内涵和勘察设计企业的特点,指出项目管理必然成为科技型企业以及勘察设计企业管理的主导模式。还就项目管理与企业组织结构的选择以及勘察设计企业如何开展项目管理进行了具体分析和研究,提出了具有实际可操作性的对策建议。     

Thinking inside the neoliberal box: The micro-politics of agro-food philanthropy

This paper examines a philanthropy-led initiative which has as its objective to jump start the transition to a more sustainable and just food system in California. The first major project funded was a “vivid picture” of California’s food system twenty-five years in the future. The outcome of the project is a report that is glossed with the tropes of neoliberalism in all of its key organizing frameworks, analytics, cognitive maps, and idioms and argues for “opportunities-based approaches” as the engine of change. Yet, as described in the paper, this outcome was initially under-determined, and, in fact, the funders had originally intended to leverage their resources for large scale transformation. By examining four moments in the development of the Vivid Picture project, the grantee selection, the modeling exercise, the stakeholder meetings, and the qualitative interviews, this paper will show how existing techniques of neoliberal governance such as modeling, audit, best-practices, and stakeholder participation, as well as current norms of philanthropy, shaped what is thinkable and hence actable. It will also show how “stakeholders” played a constitutive role in producing the outcomes of the project, in part because their input reflected already-developed notions of the possible within the current climate of neoliberalism. In the end it will argue that the failure of the Vivid Picture to look beyond the neoliberal present is itself evidence of the proliferation of neoliberal governmentalities. Still, the entire process galvanized many of the movement actors who were left out of the funding process and, in that way, produced political openings.     

科学超深井硬岩取心关键技术

科学超深井是人类观测深部地球的“望远镜”。获取典型区块的原状岩心,建立高分辨率的地层剖面及其物、化性剖面,是科学钻探的最主要的目的之一。在深部钻探中,钻头驱动方式和岩心提取方法,是影响工程能源消耗、施工周期和工程经费的关键因素,从多方面阐述了科学超深井取心钻进多项关键技术和难点,并提出了针对性的解决方案和研究方向。     

六四式军用梁在侧向架梁中的应用

六四式军用梁应用于遂川江特大桥40mT梁侧向架梁中,笔者详细地介绍了架梁设备的主要结构,以及架梁施工技术与操作方法,并对军用梁架梁设备进行系统验算,架梁设备达到安全要求。并进行了经济技术分析,应用该架梁方案,大大降低了施工成本。     

Coupling Earth System Model and Integrated Assessment Model

According to the guideline of National Key Research and Development Project, this project aims at developing a world-class Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) in China, which will be used to assess the impacts of climate change on economy system. The objects of this project are to ① Improve the spatial resolution of Earth System Model (ESM); ② Modify the Integrated Assessment Model; ③ Couple the ESM and IAM; ④ Evaluate the impacts of climate change on society and economy. This project will solve two key scientific questions: how to identify the impacts of climate change in the IAM; How much the impacts of climate change on economy in China. Meanwhile, two techniques will be developed to complete the mission of this project: Simulate of small-scale human activities in the EAM and spatial and temporal resolution match of ESM and IAM.     

Neoliberalism and the making of food politics in California

This paper examines a philanthropy-led initiative which has as its objective to jump start the transition to a more sustainable and just food system in California. The first major project funded was a “vivid picture” of California’s food system twenty-five years in the future. The outcome of the project is a report that is glossed with the tropes of neoliberalism in all of its key organizing frameworks, analytics, cognitive maps, and idioms and argues for “opportunities-based approaches” as the engine of change. Yet, as described in the paper, this outcome was initially under-determined, and, in fact, the funders had originally intended to leverage their resources for large scale transformation. By examining four moments in the development of the Vivid Picture project, the grantee selection, the modeling exercise, the stakeholder meetings, and the qualitative interviews, this paper will show how existing techniques of neoliberal governance such as modeling, audit, best-practices, and stakeholder participation, as well as current norms of philanthropy, shaped what is thinkable and hence actable. It will also show how “stakeholders” played a constitutive role in producing the outcomes of the project, in part because their input reflected already-developed notions of the possible within the current climate of neoliberalism. In the end it will argue that the failure of the Vivid Picture to look beyond the neoliberal present is itself evidence of the proliferation of neoliberal governmentalities. Still, the entire process galvanized many of the movement actors who were left out of the funding process and, in that way, produced political openings.     

地质大数据的特点及其在成矿规律、成矿系列研究中的应用

进入21世纪以来,面对这一信息大爆炸的时代(即"大数据"时代),人们的生活、工作与思维都面临着大变革。文章基于"大数据"思维,探讨了成矿规律及成矿系列研究中的一些问题,以期地质大数据能够在成矿规律及成矿系列的研究中得到更好地应用。首先,从"大数据"的特点及其研究现状入手,结合地质矿产研究中的现实问题,阐述了地质大数据的概念及其外延。然后,综合"大数据"与成矿规律、成矿系列研究相关各地质专业的特点,浅析了矿产资源领域地质大数据的10个特点;其中,除了从地质矿产的视角解释了"大数据"的大量性、高速性、多样性、价值性4大特点外,还基于地质矿产专业提出了地质大数据的6大新特点:"物质性与非物质性""空间性与非空间性""时间性与非时间性""因果性与非因果性""主体性与非主体性"及"客体性与非客体性",并在"大数据"的背景下作了新的诠释。最后,总结了地质大数据在成矿规律、成矿系列、成矿体系研究中的应用情况及注意事项,期望地质大数据能为成矿理论和成矿预测工作提供新思路。