Evaluating SAR polarization modes at L-band for forest classification purposes in Eastern Amazon,Brazil

Single, interferometric dual, and quad-polarization mode data were evaluated for the characterization and classification of seven land use classes in an area with shifting cultivation practices located in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil). The Advanced Land-Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data were acquired during a six month interval. A clear-sky Landsat-5/TM image acquired at the same period was used as additional ground reference and as ancillary input data in the classification scheme. We evaluated backscattering intensity, polarimetric features, interferometric coherence and texture parameters for classification purposes using support vector machines (SVM) and feature selection. Results showed that the forest classes were characterized by low temporal backscattering intensity variability, low coherence and high entropy. Quad polarization mode performed better than dual and single polarizations but overall accuracies remain low and were affected by precipitation events on the date and prior SAR date acquisition. Misclassifications were reduced by integrating Landsat data and an overall accuracy of 85% was attained. The integration of Landsat to both quad and dual polarization modes showed similarity at the 5% significance level. SVM was not affected by SAR dimensionality and feature selection technique reveals that co-polarized channels as well as SAR derived parameters such as Alpha-Entropy decomposition were important ranked features after Landsat’ near-infrared and green bands. We show that in absence of Landsat data, polarimetric features extracted from quad-polarization L-band increase classification accuracies when compared to single and dual polarization alone. We argue that the joint analysis of SAR and their derived parameters with optical data performs even better and thus encourage the further development of joint techniques under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) mechanism.     

使用ERS-1/2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM

干涉合成孔径雷达（ＩＮＳＡＲ）数据已被证明能生产精确的数据高程模型（ＤＥＭ），我们已开发了从单视ＳＡＲ复影像数据自动生成数字高程模型的新软件，基于ＳＡＲ多视强度影像的最小二乘曩像匹配被用于复影像对的配准，达到很高的配准精度（０．０１～０．０５像元精度）。一种新的计算目标点３维坐标（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚ）的方程还被提出，卫星轨道，姿态和基线参数以及相位常数被纳入在方程中并被表示了时间的线性函数，利用至少６个地面控制点能够同时估算这些参数，本文还给出了意大利埃特地区ＥＲＳ－１／２ＳＡＲ数据处理结果。     

干涉SAR相位解缠中的枝切策略分析

二维相位解缠是合成孔径雷达干涉测量数据处理中的关键步骤和难点,通过对现有相位枝切解缠算法的枝切连接策略进行分析,并结合最小生成树的原理,提出了一种最优最小生成树相位解缠的方法,很大程度地减少了以往方法中造成地枝切线过多、过长、闭合等弊病的发生,阻止了由于枝切线设置错误所引起的误差传播,既保持了枝切法速度快的特点,又优化了算法。通过几种方案的对比实验,说明该方法能提高相位解缠精度。     

多频率InSAR提取沼泽湿地DEM精度对比分析

选取3种波长的干涉SAR数据对提取沼泽湿地区域的DEM,并随机从1：10 000地形图中选取111个点数据进行精度验证,最后对比分析了沼泽湿地植被对于不同SAR波长的干涉相干性差异。结果表明：L-band ALOS-1 PALSAR精细模式的HH单视复数数据与1：10 000地形图数据吻合度较好,76.58%的高程值差异在3 m以内,其相干系数比C-band Sentinel-1A IW模式的VV单视复数数据和X-band TerraSAR HH单视复数数据要高;更适合利用雷达干涉测量技术提取沼泽湿地的DEM;不同湿地植被类型的相干系数有较大差异,岛状林和灌草结合的湿地植被分布区相干系数值较大,而浅水沼泽植被区和深水沼泽植被区相对较低。     

Topography-dependent motion compensation for repeat-pass interferometric SAR systems

This letter presents a new motion compensation algorithm to process airborne interferometric repeat-pass synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. It accommodates topography variations during SAR data processing, using an external digital elevation model. The proposed approach avoids phase artifacts, azimuth coregistration errors, and impulse response degradation, which usually appear due to the assumption of a constant reference height during motion compensation. It accurately modifies phase history of all targets before azimuth compression, resulting in an enhanced image quality. Airborne L-band repeat-pass interferometric data of the German Aerospace Center experimental airborne SAR (E-SAR) is used to validate the algorithm.     

Topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images using InSAR-derived DEM

Topographic corrections of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over hilly regions are vital for retrieval of correct backscatter values associated with natural targets. The coarse resolution external digital elevation models (DEM) available for topographic corrections of high resolution SAR images often result into degradation of spatial resolution or improper estimation of backscatter values in SAR images. Also, many a times the external DEMs do not spatially co-register well with the SAR data. The present study showcases the methodology and results of topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR image using high resolution DEM generated from the same data. High resolution DEMs of Jaipur region, India were generated using multiple pair SAR images acquired from ALOS-PALSAR using interferometric (InSAR) techniques. The DEMs were validated using differential global positioning system measured elevation values as ground control points and were compared with photogrammetric DEM (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer – ASTER) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. It was observed that ALOS-PALSAR images with optimum baseline parameters produced high resolution DEM with better height accuracy. Finally, the validated DEM was used for topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images of the same region and were found to produce better result as compared with ASTER and SRTM-DEM.     

Optimum Data Vector Approach to Multibaseline SAR Interferometry Phase Unwrapping

Phase unwrapping is a key problem not only in all quantitative applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry but also in other fields. In this letter, a new phase unwrapping approach is investigated. Our study is based on the model of the optimum data vector. In order to autocoregister the SAR images, the proposed method takes advantage of the multibaseline optimal weighted joint data vector by extracting all the coherence information available in the neighboring pixels. Moreover, the method employs the projection of the joint signal subspace onto the corresponding noise subspace to estimate the unwrapped interferometric phases (or the terrain heights). The proposed method can accurately determine the dimensions of the noise subspace and provide the robust unwrapped interferometric phases even in the presence of the large image coregistration errors. Moreover, the multibaseline processing idea is a combination of data optimization, image coregistration, interferogram filtering, and phase unwrapping.     

Delta-K interferometric SAR technique for snow water equivalent (SWE) retrieval

This letter describes the concept of using delta-K technique on interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data for deriving the snow water equivalent (SWE) of dry snow-covered ground by utilizing the presence of scatterers in both datasets. The main scattering contribution from a dry snow cover is from the snow-ground interface. Thus, the interferometric phase of two SAR images, one with no snow and one with dry snow cover, contains information on the SWE. By performing a delta-K processing of the two SAR scenes followed by averaging, an estimation of the SWE can be achieved. The first step in the delta-K InSAR processing is to split the band into two nonoverlapping subfrequency band images. The resulting two subband images then contain two new carrier frequencies with a small delta frequency or delta-K separation. The next step is to multiply the two subband images together to obtain the delta-K image, one for summer and one for winter. Finally, the delta-K interferometric SAR image is generated by multiplying the two delta-K images from summer and winter together. In this letter, experimental results using European Remote sensing Satellite 1 (ERS-1) data from a summer and winter situation show that the delta-K phase can be estimated to a few degrees accuracy for an area of 10/spl times/10 km/sup 2/ corresponding to an SWE accuracy of approximately 100 mm.     

基线抖动对干涉SAR 相位的影响

提出并分析了基线抖动造成的干涉SAR 相位误差模型。基于干涉SAR 基线抖动模型, 分为水平抖动和 垂直抖动, 推导了存在基线抖动情况下辅天线复图像信号模型及基线抖动带来的干涉相位误差公式, 分析了基线 抖动对成像质量和干涉相位的影响, 针对SRTM 系统进行了计算机仿真。通过基于基线抖动的干涉SAR 原始回波 数据计算, 仿真了点目标和面目标场景的回波信号, 并进行成像得到了复图像和干涉条纹, 仿真结果验证了理论分 析的正确性。     

基于酉ESPRIT算法的极化干涉相位估计

目前SAR极化干涉测量地形参数已经成为一种新兴的前沿技术。在现有提取极化干涉相位的技术中,由空间谱估计理论发展而来的,利用MUSIC、TLS-ESPRIT算法获取干涉相位信息的方法正逐步完善起来。但由于SAR信号存在散射点的观测数据少的问题,利用上述方法往往不能得到更高精度的干涉相位。作者提出的基于酉ESPRIT算法估算干涉相位的方法,充分利用了复观测数据以及共轭数据中的信息,使得观测数据等效增加了一倍,从而提高了植被高度参数的估计精度。本文详细阐述了该方法的原理和实施步骤,并通过对SIR-C/X-SAR的L波段实际数据进行验证处理,表明酉ESPRIT算法十分有效。     

InSAR影像干涉相关性的遥感应用研究

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)是雷达微波遥感技术的一个新研究领域.以往InSAR遥感应用研究主要集中在通过利用雷达回波信号所携带的相位信息来获取地表高程信息方面.随着InSAR研究的不断深入,干涉相位相关性中所包含的丰富信息越来越受到人们的重视,其应用领域也在不断扩大.本文所提出的基于合成孔径雷达影像干涉相位相关性信息的SAR彩色图像合成方法就是在这一新兴领域上的一个研究尝试.它能将不同类型的地物以不同的颜色直观地显示在图像上,弥补了SAR图像在遥感应用上的不足.该方法非常适合林业资源监测等方面的遥感应用研究.     

Building characterization using L-band polarimetric interferometric SAR data

This letter proposes a building characterization technique for L-band polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. This characterization consists of building identification and height estimation. Initially, a polarimetric interferometric segmentation is performed to isolate buildings from their surroundings. This classification identifies three basic categories: single bounce, double bounce, and volume diffusion. In order to compensate for the misclassifications among the volume and the double-bounce classes, interferometric phases given by the high-resolution Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) method are analyzed. Once buildings are localized, a phase-to-height procedure is applied to retrieve building height information. The method is validated using E-SAR, German Aerospace Center (DLR) fully polarimetric SAR data, at L-band, repeat-pass mode, over the Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, test site, with a spatial resolution of 1.5 m in range and azimuth. More than 80% of buildings are retrieved with acceptably accurate height estimates.     

利用参数独立分解的星载SAR干涉测量检校方法

在星载干涉合成孔径雷达中,干涉参数的准确性对高程精度起着至关重要的作用。传统干涉测量检校方法往往将影响量级不同的干涉参数组合在一起解算,无法精确获得每项干涉参数的修正量。针对此问题,本文提出一种利用参数独立分解的干涉测量检校方法。首先,根据三维重建模型,确定与干涉SAR测高有关的参数;随后,在确保几何参数精度的前提下,对干涉参数的敏感度进行定量分析;最后,采用独立检校算法解算每一项干涉参数误差,完成干涉测量检校模型的建立。本文选择陕西渭南区域4对TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X数据进行了试验分析。结果表明,对于该试验数据,采用本文提出的参数独立分解方法,干涉测量检校后干涉结果的高程精度优于2.54 m,平原地区获取DEM的绝对高程精度优于1.21 m,山地地区获取DEM的绝对高程精度优于3.11 m,验证了本文方法的有效性和正确性,为我国平原及山区1∶25 000比例尺的干涉SAR地形图测绘提供了技术基础。     

PS-DInSAR公共主影像的优化选取

在充分顾及DInSAR时空基线跨度及多普勒质心频率差异3个因素对干涉相关性影响的基础上,提出一种PS—DInSAR公共主影像的优化选取算法,采用综合相关测度作为总体干涉相关性的衡量指标,给出具体的综合相关函数模型及其求解方法。借助欧洲空间局（ESA）ERS-1／2卫星从1992—2002年间飞越上海地区所获取的25幅C波段SAR影像作为源数据,开展了PS—DInSAR公共主影像的优化选取实验。计算结果与分析表明,综合相关系数模型用于PS公共主影像的优化选取是有效的和可靠的。     

Evaluation of image fusion methods using PALSAR,RADARSAT-1 and SPOT images for land use/ land cover classification

This research aimed to explore the fusion of multispectral optical SPOT data with microwave L-band ALOS PALSAR and C-band RADARSAT-1 data for a detailed land use/cover mapping to find out the individual contributions of different wavelengths. Many fusion approaches have been implemented and analyzed for various applications using different remote sensing images. However, the fusion methods have conflict in the context of land use/cover (LULC) mapping using optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images together. In this research two SAR images ALOS PALSAR and RADARSAT-1 were fused with SPOT data. Although, both SAR data were gathered in same polarization, and had same ground resolution, they differ in wavelengths. As different data fusion methods, intensity hue saturation (IHS), principal component analysis, discrete wavelet transformation, high pass frequency (HPF), and Ehlers, were performed and compared. For the quality analyses, visual interpretation was applied as a qualitative analysis, and spectral quality metrics of the fused images, such as correlation coefficient (CC) and universal image quality index (UIQI) were applied as a quantitative analysis. Furthermore, multispectral SPOT image and SAR fused images were classified with Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) method for the evaluation of their efficiencies. Ehlers gave the best score in the quality analysis and for the accuracy of LULC on LULC mapping of PALSAR and RADARSAT images. The results showed that the HPF method is in the second place with an increased thematic mapping accuracy. IHS had the worse results in all analyses. Overall, it is indicated that Ehlers method is a powerful technique to improve the LULC classification.     

车载双天线干涉SAR DEM提取方法

相对于星载和机载SAR而言,使用车载SAR数据提取DEM可有效缩短DEM数据更新周期,降低成本。由于车载SAR平台结构可变,干涉定标需要重复进行,本文提出了基于单控制点的车载双天线干涉SAR的DEM提取方法。该方法基于单个控制点的精确坐标信息进行相位、斜距和高程改正,并实现高程的迭代求解,无需布设大量控制点进行干涉定标,有效简化外业工作。仿真试验证明：当基线长度估计达到毫米级精度,基线倾角估计也达到较高的精度时,可保证该方法较高的DEM提取精度。利用2018年在湖北武汉地区获取的车载双天线干涉SAR数据使用该方法和基于干涉定标的多控制点方法进行DEM提取对比试验,结果表明该方法在检查点的高程中误差为0.301 8 m,多控制点方法为0.258 4 m,在高相干区域,两种方法的DEM结果具有高度的统一性。     

用InSAR技术进行形变监测的研究

卫星合成孔径雷达干涉技术((InSAR)通过对地面同一地区两次或多次平行观测成像得到的复图象对进行处理可获得数字地面模型,用以监测地表面变化。本文简单叙述了(InSAR)基本原理、处理流程及方法,并通过天津SAR数据的处理,详细介绍了SAR数据处理整个过程,之后给出了基于ERS-2天津地区原始数据的实验结果形成的干涉图及数字高程图。     

基于影像模拟的SAR几何校正准自动方法

合成孔径雷达影像的几何校正是许多微波遥感应用中必须解决的问题，当无法获得准确的轨道数据时，这个问题变得非常困难。本文提出了利用合成孔径雷达模拟影像进行准确的几何校正的原理及方法，并以RADARSAT SAR影像进行了实验。该方法利用不准确的轨道数据及数字高程模型生成模拟的SAR影像，用影像匹配的方法自动获取模拟影像与真实影像之间同名点的坐标差值，而这个差值信息正好提供了对不准确轨道数据的控制。本方法无须地面控制点，并基本上可以自动进行，是解决目前SAR几何校正问题的有效方法。     

相向飞行全极化SAR图像对建筑物的立体重构

用多方向飞行的全极化SAR图像可能提取特定三维目标的高度与位置信息,进而实现目标物的几何立体重构。全极化SAR图像数据与单极化SAR相比,可以选择多种极化组合数据,提供对于特定目标几何特征敏感的数据类型,通过多方向飞行SAR图像反演该目标或目标群的高度与位置信息。本文用两幅相向飞行的PI-SAR(日本机载极化与干涉SAR,X波段、1.5m分辨率)图像,提取日本仙台电视塔高度、日本东北大学建筑物群的立体重构。     

面向对象高可信SAR数据精确处理

针对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture rdar,SAR）数据在地形地物、森林植被等方面的处理与解译难题,介绍了近年来利用多角度、多波段、多极化、极化干涉等多模态航空航天SAR数据,建立基于散射机理的地物特性知识库,构建地形辐射校正模型、极化干涉处理模型、立体测量模型、基于知识的解译模型等,开发出高分辨率机载极化干涉SAR数据获取系统和SAR影像高性能解译软件系统,实现了精度高、可靠性强、识别类型丰富的SAR影像高可信处理与解译的原理、技术与方法,同时对成果在测绘、林业等行业的应用情况进行了介绍,对研究中存在的问题和解决思路进行了探讨。