Shaking table tests on slope reinforced by anchored piles under random earthquake ground motions

Acta Geotechnica - Many studies have reported that the seismic responses of slopes and retaining structures are notably different under the effect of multiple seismic waves. Previous experimental...     

强降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场

降雨持时较长且雨强较大时,雨水的入渗不仅会增大孔隙水压力,且易使张裂缝充水形成静水压力,对边坡稳定不利。结合降雨条件下饱和-非饱和渗流分析,考虑降雨过程中的瞬态孔隙水压力场与瞬态强度场,并同时考虑张裂缝充水时的静水压力,对边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,且对其进行了验证。将该方法用于一个典型均质黏土边坡算例,结果表明,（1）文中方法可考虑张裂缝具体位置、深度及其充水状态下对边坡稳定性的影响,并能搜索出任意形状危险滑面,计算结果合理可靠;（2）降雨条件下张裂缝中静水压力对边坡稳定性及滑面形状有较大影响;（3）降雨条件下张裂缝位置对边坡稳定有较大影响,距坡肩越近,张裂缝对边坡稳定性影响越大;（4）张裂缝处在最不利位置且充水时存在一个最不利深度。     

随机地震作用下滑坡稳定性可靠度分析

应用边坡可靠性分析中常用的蒙特卡罗法,并结合稳定性计算的剩余推力法和Sarma法,研究随机地震作用下边坡的可靠性。以三峡库区黄土坡滑坡为例,分析了地震效应对边坡稳定性的影响。计算结果表明：地震加速度对滑坡稳定性影响显著;竖向地震加速度小于水平地震加速度2/3时,对滑坡稳定性影响较小,大于水平加速度时,对滑坡稳定性影响明显。因此在一般工程设计中,可以只考虑水平向的地震作用,而对于设计烈度较大的大型工程,则应同时考虑水平向和垂直向的地震作用。     

非饱和-非稳定渗流条件下的边坡临界滑动场

受季节性降雨或水库运行的影响,岸坡外水位及坡内孔隙水压力场的变化较大,不利于岸坡的稳定性。在水位变化过程中,利用非饱和-非稳定渗流有限元计算得到孔隙水压力场,基于非饱和土的渗流和抗剪强度理论,对水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出可考虑水位变化与岸坡非饱和-非稳定渗流过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法。将改进后的水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法分别应用于黏土、粉土岸坡在水位升降过程中的稳定性分析,研究了水位升降速率及基质吸力对岸坡稳定性的影响,并揭示了边坡在水位变化过程中的稳定性变化历程。研究表明,该方法计算结果合理、可靠,更适用于涉水边坡的稳定性计算,且岸坡稳定性变化历程受水位升降速率、基质吸力等多种因素共同影响,只有在考虑非稳定渗流的基础上同时考虑基质吸力的作用才能正确得出水位变化过程中岸坡稳定性变化规律和实质。     

圆弧滑动有限元土坡稳定分析

提出一种基于有限元应力变形计算的边坡稳定分析方法,仍假定滑动面形状为圆弧形,有限元网格由一组同心圆作为纬线,一组竖向线为经线构成。对两相邻圆弧线所夹的弧形带分析滑动力和抗滑力,建立平衡方程,确定安全系数,其中小值安全系数对应的弧形带为可能的滑动带。变化圆心位置用优选方法寻找最小安全系数对应的圆心,从而得出真正的滑动面。算例分析表明,该方法计算所得安全系数与Bishop法接近,是合理的,其突出优点是由有限元计算直接得出滑面上的应力,而不须作近似的插值处理,因而应力更准确。该方法可以考虑土的非线性变形特性,也更符合土的实际情况。此外,用有限元计算得出位移,亦可将稳定分析和变形联系起来,为现场通过位移监测来估计边坡的稳定性提供了可能性,同时也为膨胀土边坡的稳定分析中考虑膨胀性的影响提供了可能性。     

强震作用下多层土质边坡破坏规律与变形特征

通过对汶川地震受灾区北川县陈家坝地区的地质灾害调查,根据现场松散土质边坡破坏情况,由工程地质类比法选择了计算模型和地震波,采用岩土弹塑性理论和FLAC3D软件分析了多层土质边坡在动荷载作用下边坡单元的剪切拉伸破坏和剪切应变动力响应规律。研究表明,在水平和竖直地震波联合作用下,地震边坡单元首先在坡体内产生剪切破坏。随着震动时间的增加,剪切破坏单元向坡脚和坡肩处延伸,而在坡肩处主要产生拉破坏,一旦剪切破坏面和拉破坏面贯通,将导致边坡失稳。强震过后边坡坡脚鼓出,坡肩下凹,整个坡体呈弧形破坏。     

Evidence of a hidden landslide slip surface beneath a mountain hamlet

Earthquake-triggered landslides are some of the most destructive natural disasters. Although remote detection of landslides is economic and efficient, it may miss the more subtle signs of hidden landslides. The Kizawa Tunnel and facilities in its vicinity were severely damaged in the 2004 mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake. After investigation of the most prominent cracks, the damage was attributed to the slip along a hidden weakness plane. Evidence supporting this argument is summarized in this paper. However, the extent of the shear plane is not limited to the interior of the northern part of the tunnel. The dislocation observed in the two wells to the south of the Kizawa Tunnel together with other findings from previous studies indicates that Kizawa hamlet lies on the southern extension of the same shear plane. Taking account of the presence of flat sedimentary structures, the shear plane may extend in all directions. The authors also surveyed other signs of damage along the perimeter where the shear plane intersects the ground surface. The geological and geomorphological features of the hidden landslide are discussed. Reactivation of interlayer sliding is a threat to the local residents, and thus more attention should be paid to monitoring the movement of the slope to avoid devastating damages.     

Analysis on mechanism of landslides under ground shaking: a typical landslide in the Wenchuan earthquake

A high steep rock hill with two-side slopes near National Road 213 is used as a prototype in this paper. The full process from initial deformation to sliding of the slope during ground shaking is simulated by a new discrete element method—continuum-based discrete element method. Then, the seismic responses of a high steep rock hill with two-side slopes are researched from the base of time, frequency and joint time–frequency domain using Hilbert–Huang transform and Fourier Transform. The findings are: first, the stress concentration phenomenon occurs at the top of the sliding mass, and then some tension and shear failure points appear, which expand from the top toward the toe of the sliding mass along the structural plane. At the same time, the number of tension failure points gradually increases. Then the toe of the sliding mass fails, and shears out from its toe which results in the landslide. If the material parameters are under the same conditions, the landslide in the middle of the slope occurs before that at the foot of slope, and the starting time of landslide and the arrival time of the peak ground acceleration are synchronous or the former slightly lags behind the latter. The difference of distribution and dissipation of earthquake energy in the sliding body and sliding bed is the major influence factor to induce the landslide. When the accelerations are small, the instantaneous frequency of accelerations between sliding bed and sliding body is generally consistent, the energy transmittance coefficients of the sliding structural plane and the controlled frequency band of the energy all range in a limitation; with the increase of the seismic intensity, the instantaneous frequency and the energy transmittance coefficients gradually decrease, and then they are steady within the lower limitation. At the same time, the controlled frequency band also shifts gradually from high frequency band to the lower one. Based on the input seismic wave, the peak acceleration amplifies as the increase of elevation, regardless of the monitoring points on the steep slope, gentle slope side or inside of the slope. Generally speaking, amplification of the vertical peak acceleration is stronger than that of the horizontal peak acceleration, and amplification of the peak acceleration on a steep slope is stronger than that on a gentle slope, and that of inside of the slope is the weakest amplification.     

土坡地震稳定性影响因素分析

针对目前土质边坡地震稳定性评价还没有成熟可靠的标准,采用FLAC3D对土坡进行地震稳定性分析,得出：在土体强度参数中,摩擦角对土坡的稳定性影响最大。地震波传播方向平行于坡面时,比地震波传播方向与坡面相交时对土坡的危害要小得多。提出对土坡采用分级处理,多设置平台,更利于抗震。     

Development of limiting soil slope profile under seismic condition using slip line theory

This study embraces the formation of the limiting geometry of finite slopes under the static and seismic conditions within the slip line theory framework coupled with the modified pseudo-dynamic approach. The proposed methodology is expected to achieve a global factor of safety of 1.0 for the obtained slope profile. While analysing the stability of slopes using the limit analysis or the limit equilibrium method, the cognition of the slope geometry and the nature of the slip surface need to be known in advance. Such limitations are ruled out in the present analysis with the aid of the slip line method. Further, by employing the modified pseudo-dynamic approach, the dynamic properties of soil, such as damping ratio and frequency effect, are effectively considered in this stability analysis. The consideration of the slip line theory permits to achieve an adaptive failure mechanism in the analysis. The impact of a set of parameters characterizing the input motion and the dynamic soil properties on the behaviour of a slope explains the relevance of the present modified pseudo-dynamic approach compared to the conventional pseudo-static and the original pseudo-dynamic approaches. The proposed solution serves as a measure of the seismic slope stability in accordance with the geomorphological process generally encountered in nature. Compared with the available literature, the present results propose safe, economical, and efficient design guidelines for finite slopes and intimate the need for preventive measures to enhance the stability of existing slopes.

     

倾斜基底高填方次生滑坡及其防治

本文在野外工程地质调查与岩土工程勘察的基础上,采用定性、定量分析方法,分析了堆放于陡坡上的高填方边坡产生滑坡的机理、类型及特征,研究表明该滑坡的类型属土质、中厚层、推移式次生滑坡。滑坡整体处于基本稳定状态,但稳定安全储备不高;在连续降雨或暴雨条件下该滑坡整体超过临界状态而处于不稳定状态,此时,滑坡可能产生失稳滑动破坏,对临近边坡处的人员及建筑物产生危害。建议采取抗滑桩、排水等综合治理方案,并对滑坡体进行监测。     

降雨作用下砾石土斜坡坡面形态及临界特性

砾石土因其级配宽、不均匀系数大、透水性强等特点在工程防渗中得到广泛的应用,其强度和力学性质受粗细粒含量和粒间咬合程度、黏接状态等影响。通过人工降雨原型试验、模型试验、室内试验及理论分析,研究松散砾石土斜坡在降雨作用下坡面土体的形态特征和土体性状的变化以及斜坡稳定性和该过程中可能出现的临界状态,探索坡面松散砾石土触变液化的过程和机理。试验结果表明,砾石土斜坡在降雨过程中,坡面土体形态、坡面径流泥沙含量具有阶段性特性;各典型现象土体含水量分布具有区段性;土体强度和斜坡稳定性随着土体含水量的增加均存在明显的临界特征。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

季冻区土质边坡滑动界面临界深度的试验研究

为研究季节冰冻区土质边坡春融期常发生的浅层滑坡灾害,考虑盐水冰点低于水的冰点这一物理特性,设计了模拟土坡内部冻融界面的试验方法。比较了在不同含水率时,经冻融循环后土质边坡滑动面的临界深度,验证了在冻融界面上土质边坡的破坏形态,根据试验结果拟合了符合本文土样条件的土质边坡滑动面临界深度的损伤模型。分析表明,冻融循环后,随含水率和冻融循环次数的增加,边坡滑动破坏的临界深度值逐渐减小,经对试验数据拟合提出的临界深度随冻融循环损伤模型,可为季节冰冻区的边坡设计提供参考。     

小坡度海底土层地震液化诱发滑移分析方法

地震可使海底砂质、粉质土层液化并导致上部土层的滑移。基于有效应力有限元动力分析方法和Newmark刚性滑块理论,提出了一种计算海底小坡度（≤5o）土层地震液化引起侧向滑移的简化方法。该方法将波浪荷载简化为海底恒定的上覆压力和初始孔压,忽略了海水粘性对海底土层地震反应的影响,利用改进的Seed孔压模型进行动力分析和液化判别,用Newmark滑块理论计算了土层侧向滑移。通过算例和对比分析,研究了海水深度和土层坡度对侧向滑移的影响,表明该方法的有效性,可为近海工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

大岩淌滑坡滑带土蠕变性质研究

通过对大岩淌滑坡滑带土在固结压力为300,500,625,800,1 000 kPa下进行蠕变试验,得到了各级压力和剪切力的蠕变曲线。采用Burger模型来模拟流变过程,介绍了该模型参数的求取方法,并得到了模型的所有参数。通过等时曲线簇确定该滑带土的长期强度。在上述结果基础上,对该滑带土的流变特性进行了分析,讨论了Burger参数同剪切力与固结压力关系,并得出长期强度约为慢剪结果的0.76～0.77倍的结论。     

土钉支护边坡动力模型的建立及地震响应分析

参照上部结构抗震设计的方法,对土钉支护边坡的抗震设计提出了3个水准的抗震设防要求和两阶段设计法。综合考虑输入地震波的特性、边坡土体特性、坡高因素,以及土体边坡在水平地震激励下,其位移响应主要为剪切型变形,建立了土钉支护边坡地震动力简化模型。该模型将同一水平层不稳定土体、稳定土体在水平地震作用下运动趋势假想为同步,两者之间相互作用很小,因此,取不稳定土体和面板为研究对象。由于面板很柔,其运动随着土体的运动而变化,其刚度只考虑剪切刚度,将土钉处理成弹性支座,建立了土钉支护边坡振动方程,求解了在简谐地震作用下土钉支护边坡动力响应的解析解,通过该模型可以得到滑移面附近土钉轴力动力响应和土钉支护边坡的弹性动位移响应。最后,结合案例进行了分析,比较了按此分析方法与用ADINA按弹性有限元方法计算的结果,两者吻合较好。故这种方法可用于土钉支护边坡的第1阶段的抗震分析与设计。     

多点、多向地震作用下非圆弧滑面边坡稳定分析通用条分法

在地震边坡稳定性分析当中,往往采用单点地震动输入,但实际地震动是随着时间和空间变化的。为了研究边坡在多点、多向地震作用下的稳定性,地震动输入采用考虑地震动的空间时间变化特性的人工合成多点、多向地震动,并将之转化为作用于边坡上的多点、多向地震荷载,在陈祖煜院士所提出的通用条分法的基础之上,推导了适用于任意形状滑面、即满足力的平衡又满足力矩平衡的多点、多向地震作用下边坡稳定通用条分法的极限平衡微分方程,并给出了求解动力安全系数的方法,通过两个算例验证了方法的可行性。     

基于滑面正应力分布的爆炸震动荷载作用下边坡稳定性分析

假定滑面正应力分布为2个待定参数的拉格朗日函数,推导出爆炸震动作用下滑体的水平力、垂直力和力矩平衡方程。通过算例分析证实计算方法的可行性,说明爆炸振动拟静力系数与边坡安全系数的关系。研究结果表明,垂直向下、水平指向坡外的爆破振动荷载以及两者的联合爆破荷载对边坡稳定性安全系数有很大的影响;爆破荷载拟静力系数从0增加到0.3 ,每步增加 0.05,爆破振动水平指向坡外时,边坡安全系数减少6.65%～23.54%,爆破振动垂直向下时,边坡安全系数减少1.18%～2.52%, 联合爆破荷载的方向对边坡稳定性也有影响。     

水位变化过程中边坡临界滑动场

库水位升降过程中,会引起边坡体内孔隙水压力分布的变化,对边坡的稳定性产生影响。对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出了可以考虑水位变化过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数在水位变化过程中的变化历程。通过对一个典型边坡在水位上升和下降过程中的稳定性分析,并和其他方法进行比较分析,结果表明,临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状的最危险滑面,计算的安全系数是合理的。