Mechanism and mechanical model of karst collapse in an over-pumping area

Through geological investigation of karst collapses at Zaozhuang City, China, it was found that the mechanism of karst collapse in areas of excess water extraction is characterized by a seepage effect and that the seepage-pressure effect is the initial factor that induces karst collapse. The causation mechanisms for karst collapse can be divided into two phases: the inter-collapse phase and the surface-collapse phase. Therefore, based on the limit-equilibrium theory, this paper has established mechanical models for the surface-collapse phase and determined values for the stability of the arch formed by the soil hole in an inter-collapse phase. In addition, an evaluation of a karst collapses at Zaozhuang City, China, was completed using mechanical models. The results show that the mechanical models agree with the theory of karst collapse at Zaozhuang City. Thus, it is proved that the karst collapse models can be used for the evaluation of karst collapse in areas that are over-pumped.     

The effects of karst collapse on the environments in north China

In this paper, a systematic study was completed on the distribution features and origins of karst collapses in north China. There are 65 modern karst collapse areas with 1,416 karst collapse pits and 38 paleo–karst collapse areas with 3,654 paleo-collapse pillars. Modern karst collapses are mainly distributed in the plain region of the east Taihang and Yanshan Mountains and are concentrated in three zones from the west to the east in this region. The regional distribution features of karst collapses in north China are controlled by the boundary of the geological tectonics, condition of soluble rock and the extent of human activities. From the results, three-grade indices have been adopted to establish a classification scheme for karst collapse in north China. The effects of karst collapses on the environments in north China are summarized using a karst collapse classification scheme.     

枣庄岩溶塌陷形成条件及主要影响因素

近年来枣庄市岩溶塌陷频繁发生。通过野外地质调查、现场采样和室内试验相结合的综合手段,对该区的岩溶塌陷覆盖层进行系统地取样并进行深入细致的实验及分析,论述了覆盖层特征对该区岩溶塌陷的影响;运用宏观调查、细观测量和微观分析相结合的研究方法详细论述了地质构造对岩溶塌陷的影响;结合历年水文动态资料、地下水开采量等论述了地下水活动对岩溶塌陷影响。综合认为,地层岩性、覆盖层性质、构造因素是枣庄岩溶塌陷频繁发生的内因,而超量开采地下水则是外部诱发因素。     

湖南宁乡大成桥地区岩溶地面塌陷分布特征及影响因素分析

湖南宁乡大成桥地区至2012年产生岩溶地面塌陷484处。文章通过对地质环境条件及岩溶地面塌陷时空分布特征的分析,总结出本区岩溶地面塌陷的分布特征和影响因素:（1）岩溶发育区发生塌陷428处,占总数的88.5%;冲沟地形中发生岩溶地面塌陷339处,占70%;覆盖层厚度小于10 m区发生塌陷335处,占总数的69.2%;双层结构区发生塌陷266处,占总数的55%,分布密度为7.82处/km2;冲洪积成因土体产生塌陷404处,残积土中产生塌陷80处;(2)岩溶地面塌陷在雨季的4-7月发生281处,占总数的58%;2001-2006年平均每年产生塌陷20处,2007-2012年平均每年产生塌陷54处,逐年增加趋势明显;（3）484处岩溶地面塌陷全部分布在煤炭坝疏干排水形成的降落漏斗范围之内;（4）本区地质环境极为脆弱:岩溶发育,覆盖层厚度较薄、力学性质差且双层结构土广泛分布于冲沟及冲积平原,是产生塌陷的内在因素;矿区疏干排水是主要诱发因素,降雨分布不均、地表水渗漏及河道整治对塌陷产生起促进作用。      

The karst collapses induced by environmental changes of the groundwater and their distribution rules in North China

China, whose distribution area of karst region reaches about 3.63 million km², is one of the countries that have the widest karst collapse development. In modern-karst collapses, the karst collapse induced by water environment is an important type in karst collapses of North China. This paper completed a systematic study on the relations between groundwater environmental transformation and karst collapses and their distribution rules in northern China and found out that the karst collapses in northern China are closely related to the change of groundwater environment, which increased along with the declining groundwater levels and increasing hydraulic gradient. Meanwhile, it was also found that in all cases of collapse caused by underground-environmental change of northern China, pumping collapses in urban areas appeared to be the commonest and strongest among modern-karst collapses with 20 regions and 796 mining pits in total, which account for 30.7 and 58% of artificial collapses, respectively, followed by collapses that were induced by mining draining and inrushing water with 33 regions and 282 mining pits, accounting for 20.4%. In addition to the conditions listed above, there were also a few water caving collapse and leakage collapse.     

安徽省沿江地区典型岩溶塌陷区盖层－岩溶组合特征

安徽省沿江地区（铜陵、池州、安庆）岩溶塌陷地质灾害较发育,无论是开展岩溶塌陷地质灾害防治,还是监测预警,都必须研究岩溶塌陷发育的地质环境条件,掌握岩溶塌陷区盖层工程地质特征、下伏碳酸盐岩岩溶发育特征以及盖层－岩溶组合关系。文章以安徽省沿江地区岩溶塌陷为研究对象,在全面收集和总结区内大量岩溶塌陷调查、勘查及监测资料,野外调查典型岩溶塌陷区的基础上,分析了典型岩溶塌陷区盖层工程地质特征、下伏碳酸盐岩岩溶发育特征,并进行概化处理,建立了岩溶塌陷的盖层－岩溶组合地质模型。研究表明:区内典型岩溶塌陷区的组合主要有7种类型,最易产生岩溶塌陷的组合为“第四系盖层为粉质黏土－砂砾卵石双层结构,下伏基岩岩溶发育中等以上”;岩溶塌陷致塌机理主要为潜蚀致塌,其次为真空吸蚀致塌、振动致塌。      

山东省泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷发育特征及形成机理

泰莱盆地位于山东省中部,截止2013年底,盆地内共发生有记录岩溶塌陷97处,161点次,严重威胁人民生命财产安全。文章在总结前人研究基础上,结合最新调查、监测成果,研究了泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷的分布特征、地质结构模式及其形成机理。结果表明:盆地内岩溶塌陷点多集中分布于岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内;塌陷点分布受构造控制明显;塌陷区第四系厚度一般小于30 m,下伏基岩主要为奥陶纪灰岩;80%以上的塌陷集中发生于汛期。根据岩溶塌陷点土层结构、地下水动力条件的不同,建立了3种岩溶塌陷的基本地质模式:单层、双层和多层结构土层岩溶塌陷,其中单层结构土层岩溶塌陷的形成历经“真空吸蚀-崩解剥落-塌陷”3个阶段;双层土层结构岩溶塌陷形成演化过程可概括为“渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”或“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-塌陷”3个阶段;多层结构土层岩溶塌陷历经“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”4个阶段。      

南宁市坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群成因机制分析

岩溶塌陷是岩溶区较为常见的地质灾害,对其成因机制的研究有助于针对性的进行综合防治。为了弄清2012年6月在广西南宁市坛洛镇连续发生的岩溶塌陷的成因及发育机制,在塌陷群发生地区开展了现场调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、地下水动态长期监测、岩土样测试等多项工作。结果表明,坛洛岩溶塌陷群是各种不良因素共同作用的产物。其致塌因素主要包括特殊的“水-土-岩”组合及人为活动。研究区地下水位埋深较浅,土体结构以粘性土为主,渗透系数较低且易崩解,地下岩溶极为发育。高强度的人工地下水开采活动是坛洛岩溶塌陷的诱因。深入分析其发育机理,认为塌陷群是渗流潜蚀效应、增荷失托效应和水位波动产生的气压差效应等3个力学效应综合作用下发生的,其致塌模式是重力致塌、潜蚀致塌、真空吸蚀致塌和冲爆致塌等4种模式的相互结合。根据岩溶塌陷的发生顺序推断坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群的发育过程可分为缓慢发育—塌陷诱发—塌陷集中爆发3个阶段,各阶段的主要地质营力有所不同。      

武汉市工程施工引发岩溶塌陷机理分析

文章对武汉市岩溶塌陷进行了全面梳理,主要对由工程施工引发的岩溶塌陷进行了归纳总结,按施工类型将其分为4大类,对其在不同地质条件下引发岩溶塌陷的成因机理、致塌模型进行举例分析,得出结论:钻探施工诱发的岩溶塌陷以岩层顶板破坏—垂直渗压致塌模式及崩解—土洞顶部破坏—加载致塌模式为主;桩基础施工以岩层顶板破坏—渗流液化致塌模式为主;抽排地下水诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀-吸蚀致塌模式,荷载振动诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀—振动—加载致塌模式。武汉市岩溶塌陷以钻探、桩基施工诱发为主,因其容易破坏岩土体结构、水动力条件,具有猛烈而快速的特点;抽取地下水影响范围较广,隐蔽、不易察觉;振动荷载只能作用于土洞形成后。      

昆明市岩溶塌陷发育特征和防治措施

昆明市是岩溶塌陷危害较重的城市之一.岩溶塌陷主要集中分布在翠湖一圆通山、金马寺等8个地段,已形成塌陷坑405个,发生时间主要在6-9月,该时段形成的塌陷占全年发生数的73%.岩溶塌陷多发育于地下岩溶发育、松散盖层厚度小于15m、地下水位埋深小于20m的地段.碳酸盐岩岩溶发育、松散盖层厚度较小和水动力条件(降水、地表水和地下水)是昆明市岩溶塌陷产生的必要条件,其中地下水的作用对岩溶塌陷的形成至关重要.昆明市岩溶塌陷机理主要有地下水位升降致塌、地表水下渗致塌和动荷载致塌3种类型.防治方法主要包括避让、合理开采地下水的预防措施和防渗封闭、结构物跨越及地下加固处理的工程措施.      

贵阳永温中学岩溶塌陷发育临界条件研究

通过现场调查,永温中学校区内及周围存在7处塌陷点,1处塌陷隐患点,严重地威胁着该校师生生命财产安全。研究区基岩可溶性成分多,覆盖粘土层较薄,且地下水溶蚀性强,属于岩溶塌陷的高危险区。为了预防岩溶塌陷灾害,文章总结分析了研究区岩溶塌陷发育的裂隙-渗流-崩解模式,并通过室内模拟试验验证。模拟试验结果表明,土体含水量是崩解作用形成塌陷的关键参数。进一步开展8组不同含水量原状样的崩解试验,结果表明,研究区岩溶塌陷发育的土体含临界水量为26.8%,发育条件为0~26.8%。      

广东佛山市高明区李家村岩溶塌陷群成因机理分析

以自然诱发的李家村岩溶塌陷群为研究对象,在系统收集区域地质、构造、工程、水文、环境、气象、历史灾害等资料的基础上,结合钻探揭露结果,查明了李家村岩溶塌陷群所在区域地质环境条件和岩溶发育特征,分析了形成过程,并探讨了成因机理。结果表明:（1）李家村岩溶塌陷群所在区域覆盖层为带“天窗”的“隔?透”交替型地质结构、基岩可溶岩砾状灰岩中方解石含量高易溶蚀,为土洞和溶洞形成和发展起到决定性作用;北东向和北西向断裂交叉叠加作用、紧靠西江和存在古河道,为地下水潜蚀强径流和频繁交换提供通道,对岩溶发育起到主导作用;地表水和地下水连通性好有助于降雨诱发岩溶塌陷;（2）李家村岩溶塌陷群的发生过程经过三个阶段:前期水渗气压阶段→中期软化塌陷阶段→后期振动群塌阶段,致塌模式属渗压?重力?软化型。（3）李家村岩溶塌陷群是在特殊的“岩?土?水?气”组合地质环境条件下,由强降雨作用诱发并导致土洞垮塌而引起一连串自然塌陷所形成的。     

重庆中梁山岩溶地面塌陷特征及形成机理

通过详细调查重庆中梁山地区的岩溶地面塌陷灾害情况,分析出该区地面塌陷特征及形成机理。结果表明:岩溶地面塌陷主要分布在嘉陵江组中的地势低洼处、断层和溶槽处,多发生在降雨量大和地下水水位陡降时期,是自然因素和人类活动共同作用下的结果,数量较多,以土洞型为主;其致塌的力学机制以真空吸蚀作用和潜蚀作用为主,多种作用为辅;在具备岩溶塌陷发生的地质条件下,隧道建设过程中的强排水、降雨和村级公路修建与运营过程中会诱发岩溶地面塌陷的发生。根据岩溶地面塌陷的致塌力学机制和诱发因素,提出预防降雨形成的地表水过度聚集,隧道建设避免地下水陡降,村级公路和隧道选址避开岩溶发育区域等措施,以防止岩溶地面塌陷发生。      

Environmental and engineering problems of karst Geology in China

Karst terrane is generally regarded as a fragile and vulnerable environment. Its underground drainage system can aggrevate both drought and flood problems; the lack of filtration in an underground conduit makes waste disposal more difficult; and the lack of soil cover in bare karstland can enhance deforestation. Moreover, karst terranes are quite often haunted by a series of engineering problems, such as water gushing into mines or transportation tunnels; leakage from reservoirs; and failure of building foundations. In China, there are more than 200 cases of karst collapse, which include many thousands of individual collapse points. Some of these are paleo and natural collapses, but most of them are modern collapses induced by human activities and they have caused serious damage. Many factors such as geologic structure, overburden thickness and character, lithologic features of karstified rock, and intensity of karstification are related to development and distribution of modern collapses. However, China's karst is mainly developed in pre-Triassic, old phase, hard, compact, carbonate rock. Consequently most modern collapses have occurred only in the overlying soil. So it is understandable that the fluctuation of the water table in the underlying karstified strata plays an important role in the process of collapse. Nevertheless, there are different explanations as to how the groundwater activities can induce collapse.     

我国岩溶地面塌陷研究进展与展望

为了解我国岩溶地面塌陷理论和实践的状况,在讨论了岩溶地面塌陷概念的内涵和外延后,全面总结了岩溶地面塌陷在塌陷机理、预测、监测、防治等方面的研究现状,分析了目前存在的问题,概述了近年来研究的新进展,提出了岩溶地面塌陷研究的发展方向。      

覆盖型岩溶塌陷的塌陷机制分析

以覆盖型岩溶塌陷为研究对象,首先分析了覆盖型岩溶塌陷的演化机制,然后考虑土体自重、真空负压、降雨和爆破等因素的共同作用,并基于极限平衡理论建立了覆盖型岩溶塌陷土体稳定系数及塌陷范围的计算方法,以重庆市南岸区涂山湖二外桥梁左侧塌陷为例,发现计算出的塌陷范围与现场塌陷范围基本一致,并分析出该处土体在爆破、真空负压、自重和渗透等因素作用下的稳定系数和塌陷范围变化规律为:稳定系数在土层厚度增加时可增大46%,而当水深从0.1 m增加到1 m和真空负压由0 kPa增大到50 kPa时,可降低30%～35%。最后考虑爆破的时效性,探讨了土柱稳定系数随着爆破振动的变化规律,在考虑爆破荷载作用后,土柱稳定系数将降低4%,爆破对土柱的作用时间约为6 s。      

Comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model and evaluation of the karst collapse susceptibility in Zaozhuang Region, China

Karst collapses in Zaozhuang area are the typical karst collapses induced by groundwater over-pumping in north China, which lead to severe economic loss and negative societal influence. Based on the comprehensive analysis of all natural influencing factors and human influencing factors associated with karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model by means of fuzzy mathematic method, in which the Quantitative theory method was firstly applied in determination of the factor weights. The karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model with 14 evaluation indicators can be effectively used for quantitative evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility. So, an analysis and evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed by means of karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model. The karst collapse area of Zaozhuang region is divided into very high susceptibility area, high susceptibility area, medium susceptibility area and low susceptibility area, which account for about 6.3, 5.2, 10.4 and 78.1 % of the total karst area and the karst collapse susceptibility evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. The results above will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

淮南舜耕山岩溶塌陷发育特征及形成机理研究

淮南市舜耕山地区位于华北板块南缘,岩溶地貌发育且岩溶塌陷地质灾害时有发生,给区内人民生命财产安全带来极大隐患。本文通过对区内碳酸盐岩裸露区和覆盖区岩溶野外地质勘查、岩溶塌陷特征统计、构造及水文地质条件分析,总结本区岩溶塌陷发育机理。结果表明:裸露型碳酸盐岩区岩溶塌陷发育主要受本区多期构造运动以及岩性组合的影响,岩溶塌陷发育构造形迹呈NW向居多,并多发育在可溶岩与非可溶岩界面处,以构造破坏-潜蚀为主;覆盖型碳酸盐岩区岩溶塌陷发育多为地面构筑物增加导致静荷载增加以及矿区强排水诱发的塌陷,以有效应力破坏-真空吸蚀为主。      

枣庄市十里泉岩溶塌陷机理分析

枣庄市十里泉地区为全国岩溶塌陷地质灾害的主要发生地区.已有文献资料表明,该地区岩溶塌陷是地下水潜蚀、真空吸蚀、重力及荷载等多方面综合作用的结果.本文在此基础上,通过野外地质调查、现场采样和室内试验等手段进行研究,结果表明：枣庄十里泉地区岩溶塌陷发生的机理主要是真空吸蚀,潜蚀作用、重力和荷载因素是次要原因.     

重庆市中梁山地区隐伏塌陷特征及物探勘测的思路

为查明隐伏塌陷区域,分析重庆市中梁山地区岩溶塌陷的特征,发现塌陷主要发生在以岩溶裂隙发育为主的松散粉质黏土区域;地震映像法能方便、快速地查清土层的松散状态,而高密度电阻率法通过正演模拟发现只能探测出2～3倍电极距的异常范围,但能反映出岩溶裂隙发育的漏斗形态,即只要能找出岩溶裂隙的大致位置和浅表松散土层的范围就能圈定隐伏塌陷的区域。对中梁山地区某居民点进行野外勘测,综合以上两种方法圈定隐伏塌陷区域,其推断结果与钻探资料十分吻合,说明这种隐伏岩溶探测思路是可行的。