基于平均导数优化方法的VTI介质频率空间域正演

本文提出了一种新的基于平均导数优化方法(average-derivative optimal method,简称ADM)的二维VTI介质qP波波动方程频率空间域二阶9点格式,这种新算法将二维VTI介质qP波波动方程中中心空间导数项的差分近似表示为正交方向上3个网格点的加权平均形式.通过最小二乘优化方法求取空间导数项和加速度项的加权优化系数从而使数值频散达到极小化,每个波长所需要的网格点数在1%的误差范围内仅为3.57个网格点数,而VTI介质常规9点差分格式在相同的误差范围内则需要约12个网格点数,新方法的计算精度明显提高.复杂BP2007 2D VTI海洋标准模型数值模拟结果也验证了本文VTI介质9点ADM算法的有效性和准确性.     

一种优化的频率域三维声波有限差分模拟方法

为提高频率域有限差分（FD,finite-difference）正演模拟技术的计算精度和效率,基于旋转坐标系统的优化差分格式被广泛应用,但是只应用于正方形网格的情况.基于平均导数法（ADM）的优化差分格式,应用于正方形和长方形网格模拟.这些频率域有限差分算子,各自具有不同的差分格式和对应的优化系数求解表达式.本文基于三维声波方程发展了一种新的优化方法,只要给定FD模板形式,可直接构造频散方程,求取FD模板上各节点的优化系数.此方法的优点在于频率域FD算子的优化系数对应各个节点,可扩展优化其他格式.运用此优化方法,计算得到了不同空间采样间距比情况下27点和7点格式的优化系数.数值实验表明,优化27点格式与ADM 27点格式具有相同的精度,优化7点格式比经典的7点格式具有更小的数值频散.     

基于多重网格预条件求解平均导数法离散的Helmholtz方程

有限差分法求解Helmholtz方程,依赖于两点:1差分格式的构造;2高效的求解算法.本文采用平均导数法离散Helmholtz方程.该差分格式有三点好处:1能适用于横纵不等间距采样;2在完全匹配层区域(PML),差分方程与微分方程逐点相容;3能将一个波长内的采样点数减少至少于4.求解离散的Helmholtz方程的算法一般分为直接法和迭代算法.直接法由于内存需求太大而无法适用于大规模问题;基于Krylov子空间的迭代方法结合多重网格预条件算法是一种快速高效求解方法,然而对于横纵不等间距采样(在多重网格中称为各向异性问题),经典的多重网格方法失效.本文分析了经典多重网格的三个重要组成部分:完全加权限制算子,点松弛技术以及双线性延拓算子,进而采用了半粗化技术代替全粗化技术,线松弛技术代替点松弛技术以及依赖差分算子的延拓算子代替双线性延拓算子,使得各向异性问题变得收敛;而且对于非均匀介质中-低频率的迭代问题,我们获得了较为满意的收敛速度.     

Optimal implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference schemes based on the sampling approximation method for seismic modelling

We propose new implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference schemes with optimal coefficients based on the sampling approximation method to improve the numerical solution accuracy for seismic modelling. We first derive the optimized implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference coefficients of arbitrary even‐order accuracy for the first‐order spatial derivatives using the plane‐wave theory and the direct sampling approximation method. Then, the implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference coefficients based on sampling approximation, which can widen the range of wavenumber with great accuracy, are used to solve the first‐order spatial derivatives. By comparing the numerical dispersion of the implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference schemes based on sampling approximation, Taylor series expansion, and least squares, we find that the optimal implicit staggered‐grid finite‐difference scheme based on sampling approximation achieves greater precision than that based on Taylor series expansion over a wider range of wavenumbers, although it has similar accuracy to that based on least squares. Finally, we apply the implicit staggered‐grid finite difference based on sampling approximation to numerical modelling. The modelling results demonstrate that the new optimal method can efficiently suppress numerical dispersion and lead to greater accuracy compared with the implicit staggered‐grid finite difference based on Taylor series expansion. In addition, the results also indicate the computational cost of the implicit staggered‐grid finite difference based on sampling approximation is almost the same as the implicit staggered‐grid finite difference based on Taylor series expansion.     

最优化辛格式广义离散奇异核褶积微分算子地震波场模拟

将波动方程变换至Hamilton体系,构造了一种新的保结构算法,即最优化辛格式广义褶积微分算子(OSGCD). 在时间离散上,首先引入了Lie算子设计二级二阶辛格式,基于最小误差原理得到了优化的辛格式. 在空间离散上,引入广义离散奇异核褶积微分算子计算空间微分,提出了一种有效方法优化GCD并得到了稳定的算子系数. 针对本文发展的新方法,给出了OSGCD稳定性条件. 在数值实验中,将OSGCD与多种方法比较,从精度和计算效率两方面分析了OSGCD的计算优势,计算结果也表明OSGCD长时程以及非均匀介质中地震波模拟亦具有较强能力.     

One‐ and two‐dimensional modelling of overland flow in semiarid shrubland,Jornada basin,New Mexico

Two distributed parameter models, a one‐dimensional (1D) model and a two‐dimensional (2D) model, are developed to simulate overland flow in two small semiarid shrubland watersheds in the Jornada basin, southern New Mexico. The models are event‐based and represent each watershed by an array of 1‐m² cells, in which the cell size is approximately equal to the average area of the shrubs. Each model uses only six parameters, for which values are obtained from field surveys and rainfall simulation experiments. In the 1D model, flow volumes through a fixed network are computed by a simple finite‐difference solution to the 1D kinematic wave equation. In the 2D model, flow directions and volumes are computed by a second‐order predictor–corrector finite‐difference solution to the 2D kinematic wave equation, in which flow routing is implicit and may vary in response to flow conditions. The models are compared in terms of the runoff hydrograph and the spatial distribution of runoff. The simulation results suggest that both the 1D and the 2D models have much to offer as tools for the large‐scale study of overland flow. Because it is based on a fixed flow network, the 1D model is better suited to the study of runoff due to individual rainfall events, whereas the 2D model may, with further development, be used to study both runoff and erosion during multiple rainfall events in which the dynamic nature of the terrain becomes an important consideration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration

The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections.     

Lebedev scheme for the numerical simulation of wave propagation in 3D anisotropic elasticity‡

This paper presents a Lebedev finite difference scheme on staggered grids for the numerical simulation of wave propagation in an arbitrary 3D anisotropic elastic media. The main concept of the scheme is the definition of all the components of each tensor (vector) appearing in the elastic wave equation at the corresponding grid points, i.e., all of the stresses are stored in one set of nodes while all of the velocity components are stored in another. Meanwhile, the derivatives with respect to the spatial directions are approximated to the second order on two‐point stencils. The second‐order scheme is presented for the sake of simplicity and it is easy to expand to a higher order. Another approach, widely‐known as the rotated staggered grid scheme, is based on the same concept; therefore, this paper contains a detailed comparative analysis of the two schemes. It is shown that the dispersion condition of the Lebedev scheme is less restrictive than that of the rotated staggered grid scheme, while the stability criteria lead to approximately equal time stepping for the two approaches. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is its reduced computational memory requirements. Due to a less restrictive dispersion condition and the way the media parameters are stored, the Lebedev scheme requires only one‐third to two‐thirds of the computer memory required by the rotated staggered grid scheme. At the same time, the number of floating point operations performed by the Lebedev scheme is higher than that for the rotated staggered grid scheme.     

Correlation‐based reflection waveform inversion by one‐way wave equations

Reflection full waveform inversion can update subsurface velocity structure of the deeper part, but tends to get stuck in the local minima associated with the waveform misfit function. These local minima cause cycle skipping if the initial background velocity model is far from the true model. Since conventional reflection full waveform inversion using two‐way wave equation in time domain is computationally expensive and consumes a large amount of memory, we implement a correlation‐based reflection waveform inversion using one‐way wave equations to retrieve the background velocity. In this method, one‐way wave equations are used for the seismic wave forward modelling, migration/de‐migration and the gradient computation of objective function in frequency domain. Compared with the method using two‐way wave equation, the proposed method benefits from the lower computational cost of one‐way wave equations without significant accuracy reduction in the cases without steep dips. It also largely reduces the memory requirement by an order of magnitude than implementation using two‐way wave equation both for two‐ and three‐dimensional situations. Through numerical analysis, we also find that one‐way wave equations can better construct the low wavenumber reflection wavepath without producing high‐amplitude short‐wavelength components near the image points in the reflection full waveform inversion gradient. Synthetic test and real data application show that the proposed method efficiently updates the background velocity model.     

求解声波方程的辛RKN格式

将声波方程变换至Hamiltion体系,构造了适用于高效声波模拟的二阶显式辛Runge-Kutta-Nyström（RKN）格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组. 针对两个自由度的辛条件方程组,根据三次项截断误差最小原理得到一种误差最小辛格式;通过分析声波的时间演进方程的稳定性,选择不同的辛系数使演进方程更稳定,并得到了另一种更为稳定辛格式;在频散关系分析中,选择使数值频散最小的辛系数,得到第三种最小频散辛格式. 在理论分析中,这组辛RKN格式相比常见格式在精度控制、数值频散压制以及稳定性提升等方面均具有明显优势;在数值实验中,通过具体算例验证了理论分析的正确性.     

Image‐domain wavefield tomography with extended common‐image‐point gathers

Waveform inversion is a velocity‐model‐building technique based on full waveforms as the input and seismic wavefields as the information carrier. Conventional waveform inversion is implemented in the data domain. However, similar techniques referred to as image‐domain wavefield tomography can be formulated in the image domain and use a seismic image as the input and seismic wavefields as the information carrier. The objective function for the image‐domain approach is designed to optimize the coherency of reflections in extended common‐image gathers. The function applies a penalty operator to the gathers, thus highlighting image inaccuracies arising from the velocity model error. Minimizing the objective function optimizes the model and improves the image quality. The gradient of the objective function is computed using the adjoint state method in a way similar to that in the analogous data‐domain implementation. We propose an image‐domain velocity‐model building method using extended common‐image‐point space‐ and time‐lag gathers constructed sparsely at reflections in the image. The gathers are effective in reconstructing the velocity model in complex geologic environments and can be used as an economical replacement for conventional common‐image gathers in wave‐equation tomography. A test on the Marmousi model illustrates successful updating of the velocity model using common‐image‐point gathers and resulting improved image quality.     

Image‐ray Tomography

Seismic tomography is a well‐established approach to invert smooth macro‐velocity models from kinematic parameters, such as traveltimes and their derivatives, which can be directly estimated from data. Tomographic methods differ more with respect to data domains than in the specifications of inverse‐problem solving schemes. Typical examples are stereotomography, which is applied to prestack data and Normal‐Incidence‐Point‐wave tomography, which is applied to common midpoint stacked data. One of the main challenges within the tomographic approach is the reliable estimation of the kinematic attributes from the data that are used in the inversion process. Estimations in the prestack domain (weak and noisy signals), as well as in the post‐stack domain (occurrence of triplications and diffractions leading to numerous conflicting dip situations) may lead to parameter inaccuracies that will adversely impact the resulting velocity models. To overcome the above limitations, a new tomographic procedure applied in the time‐migrated domain is proposed. We call this method Image‐Incident‐Point‐wave tomography. The new scheme can be seen as an alternative to Normal‐Incidence‐Point‐wave tomography. The latter method is based on traveltime attributes associated with normal rays, whereas the Image‐Incidence‐Point‐wave technique is based on the corresponding quantities for the image rays. Compared to Normal‐Incidence‐Point‐wave tomography the proposed method eases the selection of the tomography attributes, which is shown by synthetic and field data examples. Moreover, the method provides a direct way to convert time‐migration velocities into depth‐migration velocities without the need of any Dix‐style inversion.     

Visco‐acoustic prestack reverse‐time migration based on the time‐space domain adaptive high‐order finite‐difference method

It is important to include the viscous effect in seismic numerical modelling and seismic migration due to the ubiquitous viscosity in an actual subsurface medium. Prestack reverse‐time migration (RTM) is currently one of the most accurate methods for seismic imaging. One of the key steps of RTM is wavefield forward and backward extrapolation and how to solve the wave equation fast and accurately is the essence of this process. In this paper, we apply the time‐space domain dispersion‐relation‐based finite‐difference (FD) method for visco‐acoustic wave numerical modelling. Dispersion analysis and numerical modelling results demonstrate that the time‐space domain FD method has great accuracy and can effectively suppress numerical dispersion. Also, we use the time‐space domain FD method to solve the visco‐acoustic wave equation in wavefield extrapolation of RTM and apply the source‐normalized cross‐correlation imaging condition in migration. Improved imaging has been obtained in both synthetic and real data tests. The migration result of the visco‐acoustic wave RTM is clearer and more accurate than that of acoustic wave RTM. In addition, in the process of wavefield forward and backward extrapolation, we adopt adaptive variable‐length spatial operators to compute spatial derivatives to significantly decrease computing costs without reducing the accuracy of the numerical solution.     

Elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic media

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Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet migration

We present a Gaussian packet migration method based on Gabor frame decomposition and asymptotic propagation of Gaussian packets. A Gaussian packet has both Gaussian‐shaped time–frequency localization and space–direction localization. Its evolution can be obtained by ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing. In this paper, we first briefly review the concept of Gaussian packets. After discussing how initial parameters affect the shape of a Gaussian packet, we then propose two Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet decomposition methods that can sparsely and accurately represent seismic data. One method is the dreamlet–Gaussian packet method. Dreamlets are physical wavelets defined on an observation plane and can represent seismic data efficiently in the local time–frequency space–wavenumber domain. After decomposition, dreamlet coefficients can be easily converted to the corresponding Gaussian packet coefficients. The other method is the Gabor‐frame Gaussian beam method. In this method, a local slant stack, which is widely used in Gaussian beam migration, is combined with the Gabor frame decomposition to obtain uniform sampled horizontal slowness for each local frequency. Based on these decomposition methods, we derive a poststack depth migration method through the summation of the backpropagated Gaussian packets and the application of the imaging condition. To demonstrate the Gaussian packet evolution and migration/imaging in complex models, we show several numerical examples. We first use the evolution of a single Gaussian packet in media with different complexities to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet propagation. Then we test the point source responses in smoothed varying velocity models to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet summation. Finally, using poststack synthetic data sets of a four‐layer model and the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE model, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the migration method. Compared with the more accurate but more time‐consuming one‐way wave‐equation‐based migration, such as beamlet migration, the Gaussian packet method proposed in this paper can correctly image the major structures of the complex model, especially in subsalt areas, with much higher efficiency. This shows the application potential of Gaussian packet migration in complicated areas.     

基于Remez迭代算法求解差分系数的双相介质自适应有限差分正演模拟

利用传统有限差分方法对基于Biot理论的双相介质波动方程进行数值求解时,由于慢纵波的存在,数值频散效应较为明显,影响模拟精度.相对于声学近似方程及普通弹性波方程,Biot双相介质波动方程在同等数值求解算法和精度要求条件下,其地震波场正演模拟需要更多的计算时间.本文针对Biot一阶速度-应力方程组发展了一种变阶数优化有限差分数值模拟方法,旨在同时提高其正演模拟的精度和效率.首先结合交错网格差分格式推导Biot方程的数值频散关系式.然后基于Remez迭代算法求取一阶空间偏导数的优化差分系数,并用于Biot方程的交错网格有限差分数值模拟.在此基础上把三类波的平均频散误差参数限制在给定的频散误差阈值和频率范围内,此时优化有限差分算子的长度就能自适应非均匀双相介质模型中的不同速度区间.数值频散曲线分析表明:基于Remez迭代算法的优化有限差分方法相较传统泰勒级数展开方法在大波数范围对频散误差的压制效果更明显;可变阶数的优化有限差分方法能取得与固定阶数优化有限差分方法相近的模拟精度.在均匀介质和河道模型的数值模拟实验中将本文变阶数优化有限差分算法与传统泰勒展开算法、最小二乘优化算法进行比较,进一步证明其在复杂地下介质中的有效性和适用性.     

A central difference method with low numerical dispersion for solving the scalar wave equation

In this paper, we propose a nearly‐analytic central difference method, which is an improved version of the central difference method. The new method is fourth‐order accurate with respect to both space and time but uses only three grid points in spatial directions. The stability criteria and numerical dispersion for the new scheme are analysed in detail. We also apply the nearly‐analytic central difference method to 1D and 2D cases to compute synthetic seismograms. For comparison, the fourth‐order Lax‐Wendroff correction scheme and the fourth‐order staggered‐grid finite‐difference method are used to model acoustic wavefields. Numerical results indicate that the nearly‐analytic central difference method can be used to solve large‐scale problems because it effectively suppresses numerical dispersion caused by discretizing the scalar wave equation when too coarse grids are used. Meanwhile, numerical results show that the minimum sampling rate of the nearly‐analytic central difference method is about 2.5 points per minimal wavelength for eliminating numerical dispersion, resulting that the nearly‐analytic central difference method can save greatly both computational costs and storage space as contrasted to other high‐order finite‐difference methods such as the fourth‐order Lax‐Wendroff correction scheme and the fourth‐order staggered‐grid finite‐difference method.     

Flexural waves in drill‐string tubulars with variable loads

We revisit the equations governing the bending motions in thin rods and analyse the filtration of flexural waves in vertical drill strings pre‐stressed by gravity. The aim is to study transverse drill‐string vibrations at seismic frequencies for acoustic communication purposes and provide an algorithm for processing reflected and transmitted bending motions generated by downhole lateral vibrations. We obtain the dispersion equation, including attenuation due to a gravity pre‐stress gradient and frequency‐dependent reflection and transmission coefficients at the interface between subsequent tube intervals. We then develop a propagation‐matrix algorithm to simulate flexural waves in a drill string consisting in an assembly of multiple tube sections of different dimensions. The deflection vibrations are obtained at any arbitrary recording point in the drill string. The modelling is cross‐checked with a full‐wave grid algorithm. The analysis shows that the waves produced by a concentrated force are partitioned in standing and propagating modes, which are calculated by using the flexural impedance of the drill string. Moreover, the reflection coefficients weakly depend on the pre‐stress conditions and pre‐stress has important effects for far‐field signal transmission with variable weight on bit (WOB). We discuss the approximations and limits of the method with respect to realistic drilling conditions.     

Lateral velocity variation related correction in asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagators

It was mathematically proved that the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way wave equation could provide the same amplitude as the full‐wave equation in heterogeneous lossless media in the sense of high‐frequency asymptotics. Much work has been done on the vertical velocity variation related amplitude correction term but the lateral velocity variation related term has not received much attention, even being excluded in some asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator formulations. Here we analyse the effects of different amplitude correction terms in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator, especially the effect related to the lateral velocity variation, by comparing the wavefield amplitude from the one‐way propagator with that from full‐wave modelling. We derive a dual‐domain wide‐angle screen type asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator and evaluate two implementations of the amplitude correction. Numerical examples show that the lateral velocity variation related correction term can play a significant role in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator. Optimization of the expansion coefficients in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator can improve both the amplitude and phase accuracy for wide‐angle waves.