矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响

震电测井的现场试验中测得电磁首波幅值大于伴随电场幅值,这种情况在前人的理论模拟和模型井测量中从未出现.本文研究矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响,基于Pride方程和边界连续条件模拟了震电测井波场,其中井外孔隙地层可以视为均匀的或者是径向分层的.计算结果表明：对于均匀孔隙地层,当井内流体矿化度大于井外地层孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;井内流体矿化度与井外地层孔隙流体矿化度的比值越大,电磁首波相对伴随斯通利波的电场的幅值越大.对于径向分层地层,当井内流体矿化度大于内层地层的孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;当外层地层矿化度小于内层地层矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;增加内层地层厚度,电场全波幅值减小,电磁首波相对伴随电场的幅值减小.本文的模拟结果表明,震电测井中确实会出现电磁首波幅值比伴随电场幅值还大的情况,这对于解释震电测井的测量结果具有指导意义.

     

声电效应测井的有限差分模拟

本文研究声电效应测井波场的有限差分模拟算法.忽略井外地层中诱导电磁场对孔隙弹性波的影响,将求解动电耦合波方程组的问题解耦,先计算孔隙弹性波,再计算其诱导电磁场.基于轴对称柱坐标系下的速度-应力交错网格,采用时域有限差分计算井孔流体声波和井外地层孔隙弹性波.将电磁场近似看作似稳场,基于轴对称柱坐标系下的5点式有限差分网格,求解不同时刻的电位Poisson方程,计算诱导电场.结果表明：本文算法可准确模拟频率6.0 kHz的声电效应测井全波;在声波测井频率范围内,电导率、动电耦合系数和动态渗透率的低频近似对伴随电磁场的计算影响不大;地层水平界面导致伴随反射斯通利波的电场和显著的界面电磁波,后者对于探测地层界面具有潜在的应用价值.

     

岩石样品中超声波传播数值模拟及分析

为了深入研究超声波速度测试中超声波在岩石样品中的传播规律,对岩石超声波速度实验采用交错网格有限差分算法进行了数值模拟.选取了适合于超声波震源的差分精度、稳定性条件和吸收边界.通过模拟波形与实验记录波形的对比分析,结果表明:激发器和接收器直接位于岩心与探头接触面时,接收到的波形中干扰波较少,合成记录波形特征明显,易于分析;使用雷克子波作为超声波数值模拟的震源子波,计算得到实际首波初至时间为21.55μs,而波形图中首波初至时间为23.90μs,这是由于子波自身的长度使得波初至时间比实际波初至的时间晚;相对于岩心与探头接触面的反射波,岩心柱体与空气接触面的反射波对有效波形信号的影响更大.     

弹性波传播中由微结构相互作用导致的尺度效应分析

相比于传统弹性波动方程,非对称弹性波动方程增加的独立自由项,包含有介质特征尺度参数.基于非对称弹性波动方程,可以分析弹性波传播中,由介质内微孔缝隙结构相互作用所导致的地震波传播尺度效应.本文从介质应变能密度函数出发,并结合几何方程和平衡方程,给出修正偶应力理论下的非对称弹性波动方程以及对应的非对称SH型横波波动方程的数...     

地层波速的电缆和随钻动电测井实验研究

基于孔隙介质动电效应的测量方法在油气勘探领域有着巨大的潜在应用价值.本文针对理论预测的随钻动电测井可削弱钻铤波对地层声波干扰的问题,设计了室内随钻动电测井实验装置和测量系统,并在小尺寸砂岩模型井中开展了随钻动电测井实验研究.为了突出随钻动电测井技术的特点,本文先在砂岩模型井中进行了电缆声波测井和电缆动电测井实验测量,获得了地层声波的传播速度.然后又在同一模型井中进行了随钻声波测井和随钻动电测井实验,记录了这两种情况下的测井全波波形,比较了电缆声波/动电测井和随钻声波/动电测井的差异性,并进一步分析了钻铤波和井中动电转换信号的传播特性.本文还通过随钻动电测井的时域波形提取到被测地层的纵横波速度,从实验角度验证了随钻动电测井技术测量地层波速的可行性.此外,本文实验结果对随钻动电测井的仪器设计及现场测量也有参考意义.

     

偶应力理论框架下的弹性波数值模拟与分析

在经典地震学理论框架下,先人发展了数不胜数的地震技术,为社会发展做出了巨大贡献;可是,当前的技术仍有难以逾越的障碍,亟需破局.高铁地震学联合研究组,在河北定兴采集到大量数据;其中可见含有大量的旋转运动分量.由于基于经典连续介质力学推导弹性波动方程时,从理论出发点上就去除了旋转项,且在其理论框架内,介质被视为一个连续的质...     

Numerical analysis of seismic wave amplification in Nice (France) and comparisons with experiments

The analysis of site effects is very important since the amplification of seismic motion in some specific areas can be very strong. In this paper, the site considered is located in the centre of Nice on the French Riviera. Site effects are investigated considering a numerical approach (Boundary Element Method) and are compared with experimental results. The experimental results are obtained thanks to real earthquakes (weak motion) and microtremor measurements. The investigation of seismic site effects through numerical approaches is interesting because it shows the dependency of the amplification level on such parameters as wave velocity in surface soil layers, velocity contrast with deep layers, seismic wave type, incidence and damping.In this specific area of Nice, experimental measurements obtained for weak motion lead to strong site effects. A one-dimensional (1D) analytical analysis of amplification does not give a satisfactory estimation of the maximum reached levels. A boundary element model is then proposed considering different wave types (SH, P, SV) as the seismic loading. The alluvial basin is successively assumed as an isotropic linear elastic medium and an isotropic linear viscoelastic solid with Zener type behaviour (standard solid). The influence of frequency and incidence is analysed. The thickness of the surface layer, its mechanical properties, its general shape as well as the seismic wave type involved have a great influence on the maximum amplification and the frequency for which it occurs. For real earthquakes, the numerical results are in very good agreement with experimental measurements for each motion component. The boundary element method leads to amplification values very close to the actual ones and much larger than those obtained in the 1D case. Two-dimensional basin effects are then very strong and are well reproduced numerically.     

多极源随钻动电测井波场特性实验研究

探索基于孔隙介质动电效应的随钻测井新方法是当前测井勘探领域的热点研究之一.本文针对随钻测井情况下的动（声）-电转换机理,在砂岩模型井中进行了多极源（单/偶/四极源）随钻动电测井实验研究,记录了井中声波激发动电转换波场的时域波形,给出了各分波的时间-速度图,并与多极源随钻声波测井数据进行对比,结果表明：钻铤波诱导的动电转换信号在随钻动电测井全波中的相对幅度显著降低,从而可准确提取到地层声波的传播速度,实现了利用随钻动电测井方法测量地层波速的目的,验证了随钻动电测井技术可有效抑制钻铤波的思想.本文还进一步分析了钻铤波的动电耦合特性,并结合有机玻璃模型井中随钻动电测井和无井孔模型下的随钻声波测量,研究了伴随钻铤波电场信号的传播特性和衰减规律,深入探讨了随钻动电测井全波中钻铤波被削弱的原因,并给出了定量的实验数据分析,为随钻动电测井理论模拟的解释提供有效实验数据支撑.

     

Numerical analysis of seismic wave propagation in fluid-saturated porous multifractured media

Elastic wave propagation and attenuation in porous rock layers with oriented sets of fractures, especially in carbonate reservoirs, are anisotropic owing to fracture sealing, fracture size, fracture density, filling fluid, and fracture strike orientation. To address this problem, we adopt the Chapman effective medium model and carry out numerical experiments to assess the variation in P-wave velocity and attenuation, and the shear-wave splitting anisotropy with the frequency and azimuth of the incident wave. The results suggest that velocity, attenuation, and anisotropy vary as function of azimuth and frequency. The azimuths of the minimum attenuation and maximum P-wave velocity are nearly coincident with the average strike of the two sets of open fractures. P-wave velocity is greater in sealed fractures than open fractures, whereas the attenuation of energy and anisotropy is stronger in open fractures than sealed fractures. For fractures of different sizes, the maximum velocity together with the minimum attenuation correspond to the average orientation of the fracture sets. Small fractures affect the wave propagation less. Azimuth-dependent anisotropy is low and varies more than the other attributes. Fracture density strongly affects the P-wave velocity, attenuation, and shear-wave anisotropy. The attenuation is more sensitive to the variation of fracture size than that of velocity and anisotropy. In the seismic frequency band, the effect of oil and gas saturation on attenuation is very different from that for brine saturation and varies weakly over azimuth. It is demonstrated that for two sets of fractures with the same density, the fast shear-wave polarization angle is almost linearly related with the orientation of one of the fracture sets.     

Dependence of borehole shear‐horizontal‐wave seismoelectric response on soil textures

The phenomenon of acoustic waves inducing electric fields in porous media is called the seismoelectric effect. Earlier investigators proposed the usage of seismoelectric effect for well logging. Soil texture has a strong influence on the coupled wave fields during shallow surface explorations. In this article, we study the borehole pure shear‐horizontal wave and the coupling transverse‐electric field (acoustic–electrical coupling wave fields) in the partially saturated soil. Combined with related theories, we expand the formation parameters to partially saturated forms and discuss the influence of soil texture conditions on the seismoelectric wave fields. The results show that the elastic and electrical properties of porous media are sensitive to water saturation. The compositions of the acoustic and electric fields for different soil textures do not change, but the waveforms differ. We also use the secant integral method to simulate the interface‐converted electromagnetic waves. The results show that interface response strength is greatly influenced by soil texture. In addition, considering the sensitivity of the inducing electric field to fluid salinity, we also simulate the time‐domain waveforms of electric field for different pore fluid salinity levels. The results show that as the salinity increases, the electric field amplitude decreases monotonically. The above conclusions have certain significance for the application of borehole shear wave and its coupled electric fields for resource exploration, saturation assessment and groundwater pollution monitoring.     

地震波传播数值模拟

本文概述了地震数值模拟及其理论基础,阐述了地震数值模拟方法及特点．综述了地震数值模拟方法、三维建模和计算机硬件平台等方面的现状和进展．最后。给出了地震波数值模拟在地震勘探方法研究、地震观测系统优化设计、地震数据处理、地震资料解释、开发地震等方面的应用．     

基于二阶应变梯度理论的弹性波数值模拟

介质微结构相互作用会使介质存在不均匀性,而这种不均匀性,则会引发新的响应.当位移场/旋转场存在强烈空间/时间变化时,这种由介质微结构相互作用所导致的不均匀性会愈加明显.应变梯度通过在应变能密度函数中引入应变的一阶或者高阶导数,以描述这种由介质微结构相互作用导致的不均匀性,由于引入高阶导数,应变梯度理论可以描述更小尺度的...     

随钻动电测井中声诱导电场的理论模拟

为防止沿钻铤传播的声信号掩盖来自地层的声信号,目前需在钻铤上刻槽以实现对地层纵、横波速度的测量.但刻槽不仅占用钻铤空间,且降低了钻铤的强度和刚度.本文探讨在不刻槽条件下,利用动电效应获得地层纵横波速度的可行性.为此,模拟了随钻声波测井信号及由岩石动电效应产生的电场信号.先视地层为黏弹性介质,模拟随钻声波测井信号,再利用围压与孔隙流体压强的关系获得了声波在地层中引起的孔隙压强,然后计算由孔隙地层动电效应产生的声诱导电磁场.对多极声源激发的声场波形及其诱导电场的波形进行比较,发现随钻声诱导电场中钻铤波的相对幅度明显小于随钻声场中钻铤波的相对幅度.此外,发现在慢速地层条件下,偶极声源激发的电场中出现了比较明显的地层横波信号.     

Macro–micro analysis method for wave propagation in stochastic media

This paper presents a new analysis method, called macro–micro analysis method (MMAM) for numerical simulation of wave propagation in stochastic media, which could be used to predict distribution of earthquake strong motion with high accuracy and spatial resolution. This MMAM takes advantage of the bounding medium theory (BMT) and the singular perturbation expansion (SPE). BMT can resolve uncertainty of soil and crust structures by obtaining optimistic and pessimistic estimates of expected strong motion distribution. SPE leads to efficient multi‐scale analysis for reducing a huge amount of computation. The MMAM solution is given as the sum of waves of low resolution covering a whole city and waves of high resolution for each city portion. This paper presents BMT and SPE along with the formulation of MMAM for wave propagation in three‐dimensional elastic media. Application examples are presented to verify the validity of the MMAM and demonstrate potential usefulness of this approach. In a companion paper (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn., this issue) application examples of earthquake strong motion prediction are also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热弹性介质中波传播特征

深层-超深层油气地震勘探涉及高温介质地震波传播问题,热弹介质参数对地震波传播有重要影响.含弛豫时间修正项的Lord-Shulman双曲型耦合热弹波动方程从理论上预测了热弹性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波(一种准静态慢纵波,简称热波)和横波的传播,两个纵波为热耗散衰减波而横波不受介质热特性的影响.本文结合平面波频散分析和格林函...     

Numerical modelling of free field traffic-induced vibrations

This paper deals with the numerical modelling of free field traffic-induced vibrations during the passage of a vehicle on an uneven road. The road unevenness subjects the vehicle to vertical oscillations that cause dynamic axle loads. The latter are calculated from the vehicle transfer functions and the frequency content of the road profile as experienced by the vehicle axles. A transfer function between the source and the receiver that accounts for the dynamic interaction between the road and the soil is used to calculate the free field response. Its calculation is based on a dynamic substructure method, using a boundary element method for the soil and an analytical beam model for the road. The methodology is validated with analytical results and is finally illustrated by a numerical example where the free field vibrations during the passage of a vehicle on a traffic plateau are considered.     

饱和岩石的动态渗透率和动电耦合系数解析式

动态渗透率和动电耦合系数是描述岩石中渗流波动和弹性-电磁耦合波效应的重要参数.本文基于毛细管束模型,提出了流体饱和孔隙介质的动态渗透率和动电耦合系数的解析表达式和简化表达式,并通过与前人近似式结果的对比,分析了不同表达式的合理性和适用性.在此基础上,理论分析了孔隙几何形状和孔径分布对渗透率和动电耦合系数的频率响应以及井孔震电耦合波场的影响.研究结果表明：当认为孔道均匀且达西渗透率、孔隙度和弯曲度恒定时,孔隙几何形状的影响很小,可以忽略,而前人的近似式高估了孔隙几何形状的影响;孔径分布的影响显著,随着孔径分布的增大,渗透率的临界频率显著减小,动电耦合系数的临界频率显著增加,震电测井的斯通利波及其伴随电场幅度显著增大.

     

Numerical modelling of strain in lava tubes

Received: 5 November 1998 / Accepted: 17 November 1999     

横向各向同性介质中地震波场谱元法数值模拟

横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛存在的一种各向异性介质,因此为了能够更好地认识地震波在这种介质中的传播特征,用数值方法进行地震波模拟显得十分必要.本文采用谱元法对横向同性介质中的地震波进行模拟,该方法基于弹性力学方程弱形式基础之上,具有有限元适应任意复杂介质模型的韧性和伪谱法的精度.文中阐述了基于Legendre多项式的谱元法的理论和推导过程,该方法可以形成全局对角质量矩阵,在时间域使用显式的差分算法,提高运算效率,最后通过横向各向同性介质的数值计算,模拟结果表明该方法是一种有效的数值模拟方法.     

岩石介质中多裂纹扩展相互作用及其贯通机制的数值模拟

运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA^2D系统，通过对岩石试样中预置的一组右行右阶雁列式裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟，研究了非均匀岩石介中多裂纹扩展的相互作用模式及其贯通机制。数植模拟再现的受压混合型裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的全场变形过程，以及与细观非均匀性有关的声发射和断续扩展模式的“岩桥”现象，清晰地揭示出多裂纹扩展的相互作用及其贯通机制。模拟结果说明，对于岩石这种地质介质而言，忽略其非均匀性影响，可能会掩盖岩石变形与破裂过程中的许多与非均匀性有关的特殊现象，包括声发射或微震模式、岩桥或雁行断裂等。