热带夏季风对ENSO的非线性响应

采用1950—2002年NCEP/NCAR53 a夏季平均的850 hPa低空风场和GISST海温资料,通过非线性典型相关分析（Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis;NLCCA）,得到热带夏季风对ENSO的响应存在一定的非线性。强La Nina年与强El Nino年相比,环流中心明显偏西偏南,澳大利亚上空出现了一个异常的反气旋系统,风场强度也有很大的差异。当海温正异常或负异常变化时,非线性主要表现在强度上;当海温由正（负）异常变为负（正）异常时,非线性在强度和流型上都有很清楚的表现。热带夏季风对ENSO的响应可分为线性和非线性响应,这两部分分别解释方差的67.45%和32.55%,孟加拉湾—中南半岛西部和菲律宾群岛以西的异常环流主要是由非线性响应引起的。     

夏季低空越赤道气流与ENSO的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR风场和海温等资料,分析了东半球夏季低空各支越赤道气流与ENSO循环的关系及其年代际变化,结果表明:东半球夏季低空越赤道气流强度的年际变化和ENSO循环密切相关,ElNino年夏季马斯克林高压减弱,导致索马里越赤道气流变弱,而澳大利亚高压加强, 105°E及其以东的越赤道气流明显加强,LaNina年则相反;夏季越赤道气流与ENSO的年际关系具有年代际变化特征,索马里越赤道气流与ENSO的关系在 20世纪 70年代末变弱,而 105°E及其以东的越赤道气流与ENSO的关系在 20世纪 60年代末增强。     

亚洲冬夏季风对ENSO事件的响应

根据NCEP/NCAR_1980～1995年的再分析资料,分析了1980年以来5个El Ni?o和La Ni?a年冬、春和夏季200、500和850 hPa合成高度场、风场、流函数场及温度场。发现在冬季El Ni?o（La Ni?a）年亚洲上空的环流型不利（有利）于寒潮向南爆发,导致亚洲冬季风和大洋洲夏季风弱（强）。在El Ni?o（La Ni?a）年冬季华南和青藏高原降水或降雪量为正（负）距平,这使得在晚春和初夏南亚的加热慢（快）,导致夏季海陆的热力对比小（大）,因而出现弱（强）夏季风。我们还发现强El Ni?o年冬季,在印度洋-亚洲上空出现类似于东太平洋-北美上空的PNA遥相关,我们称之为印度洋-亚洲遥相关型（IA）,引起亚洲冬夏季风年际变化的物理过程都是由IA遥相关型引起的。     

春季和夏季爆发型ENSO事件对夏季中国降水的影响

采用NCEP再分析资料、海温资料以及中国台站降水资料,借助统计方法,讨论了不同爆发型El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件对中国夏季(5~10月)降水分布的影响。根据定义,El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件分为两类:一类是在4~6月爆发,称为春季爆发型(分为ELSP1、ELSP2、ELSP3和LASP);一类是在7~10月爆发,称为夏季爆发型(分为ELSU和LASU)。结果显示,ELSP1型当年夏季,中国夏季降水主要呈现负距平分布,其中显著降水偏少区集中在黄河流域,在其次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-"异常分布,显著降水偏多区主要集中于中原地带。ELSP2型当年夏季和次年夏季,中国夏季降水基本呈现相反变化分布,即当年夏季,全国降水以偏少为主,次年夏季全国降水以偏多为主。ELSP3型当年夏季,以华南降水偏多、其余地区降水偏少为主,在其次年夏季,降水主要以长江流域和华北偏多。ELSU型当年夏季,长江以北降水偏少、西南以及华南沿海降水偏多;次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-、+"异常分布。LASP型当年夏季使得全国降水基本一致增多,尤其是长江流域;而在其次年夏季,除了淮河和长江下游地区降水略多异常,全国降水以基本偏少为主。LASU型当年夏季,降水呈现长江以南偏少、以北偏多的主要分布形势,在其次年夏季,除了长江中下游区域降水偏多以外,其余地区降水均偏少。降水的异常分布与Hadley环流和水汽异常分布密切相关。但LASU型所导致的环流变化对中国夏季降水预测指示意义比较弱。     

ENSO, IOD and Indian Summer Monsoon in NCEP climate forecast system

El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall features are explored statistically and dynamically using National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFSv1) freerun in relation to observations. The 100?years of freerun provides a sufficiently long homogeneous data set to find out the mean state, periodicity, coherence among these climatic events and also the influence of ENSO and IOD on the Indian monsoon. Differences in the occurrence of seasonal precipitation between the observations and CFS freerun are examined as a coupled ocean–atmosphere system. CFS simulated ENSO and IOD patterns and their associated tropical Walker and regional Hadley circulation in pure ENSO (PEN), pure IOD (PIO) and coexisting ENSO-IOD (PEI) events have some similarity to the observations. PEN composites are much closer to the observation as compared to PIO and PEI composites, which suggest a better ENSO prediction and its associated teleconnections as compared to IOD and combined phenomenon. Similar to the observation, the model simulation also show that the decrease in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall during ENSO phases is associated with a descending motion of anomalous Walker circulation and the increase in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall during IOD phase is associated with the ascending branch of anomalous regional Hadley circulation. During co-existing ENSO and IOD years, however, the fate of Indian summer monsoon is dictated by the combined influence of both of them. The shift in the anomalous descending and ascending branches of the Walker and Hadley circulation may be somewhat attributed to the cold (warm) bias over eastern (western) equatorial Indian Ocean basin, respectively in the model. This study will be useful for identifying some of the limitations of the CFS model and consequently it will be helpful in improving the model to unravel the realistic coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions for the better prediction of Indian Summer Monsoon.     

ENSO循环对西北地区夏季气候异常的影响

利用陕、甘、宁、青、新五省(区)分布均匀的89个测站近40年的夏季降水和气温资料,分析了ENSO循环在不同位相时西北地区夏季降水和气温的异常特征。结果表明,西北地区夏季气候在ENSO循环不同位相的异常特征各不相同。El Ni~↑no发展年,我国青藏高原东侧地区的降雨稀少,气温偏高,容易发生干旱,而新疆则以低温多雨为主;El Ni~↑no次年,青藏高原东侧及北疆地区降水偏多,气温偏低。La Ni~↑na年我国西北地区的气候特征类似于El Ni~↑no次年,但异常的范围更大,异常程度更加明显。西北地区夏季降水在El Ni~↑no发展年的异常强度较次年和La Ni~↑na年明显,而气温则相反,即在El Ni~↑no次年和La Ni~↑na年的异常要强于El Ni~↑no当年。无论是降水还是气温,青海东部、甘肃中部、宁夏和陕北是夏季我国西北地区对ENSO影响反映最强烈的区域,新疆地区则有其自身特点。     

ENSO与中国东部地区夏季降水相关性年代际变化特征

利用国家气候中心提供的中国160站1951～2000年逐月降水资料,Hadley中心提供的1951～2000年逐月全球海表层温度资料,采用线性相关分析和滑动相关分析方法,探讨了ENSO与中国东部地区夏季降水的年际关系及二者年际关系的年代际变化特征。结果表明,夏季Nino3区海温与中国东部夏季降水年际关系同期相关显著,且二者的年际关系存在明显的年代际变化,年际相关型分3个阶段：,第1阶段(1972年前)为“东西型”,第2阶段(1973～1983年)为“南北型”,第3阶段(1984年后)也为“南北型”。     

夏季南亚高压年际变化及其与ENSO的关系

采用1948～2006年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料, 探讨了夏季南亚高压年际变化及其与ENSO事件的关系, 结果表明: 在ENSO事件暖 (冷) 位相衰减期的夏季, 印度洋和亚洲大陆南侧海温为正 (负) 异常, 对应热带印度洋地区低层为上升 (下沉) 气流而其东侧西太平洋和西侧非洲西部为下沉 (上升) 气流的异常纬向环流, 低层850 hPa上从西太平洋到非洲赤道南北两侧依次各存在一异常反气旋－气旋－反气旋(气旋－反气旋－气旋)环流, 高层200 hPa异常流场的分布与850 hPa基本相反, 使得南亚高压强度发生显著变化, 强度增强 (减弱）、面积扩大 (缩小）、东西向扩展 (收缩）、 脊线北侧气压梯度增大 (减小）、南侧气压梯度减小 (增大)。     

ENSO发展和衰减阶段的陕西夏季降水异常特征

利用1961—2008年陕西78个气象站夏季 (6—8月) 降水资料、NCEP/NCAR位势高度场和风场月平均再分析资料,采用合成及相关分析方法探讨ENSO发展和衰减阶段对陕西夏季降水异常的影响,以期为陕西夏季降水的气候预测提供线索和依据。结果表明:陕西夏季降水异常对ENSO发展和衰减阶段的响应存在显著差异,El Ni?o发展阶段和La Ni?a衰减阶段,陕西夏季降水偏少; El Ni?o衰减阶段和La Ni?a发展阶段,陕西夏季降水偏多; ENSO不同阶段对陕西7月降水影响最为显著。比较而言,El Ni?o事件对陕西夏季降水的影响更加显著。在El Ni?o衰减、La Ni?a发展阶段,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西,东亚夏季风偏弱,而在El Ni?o发展、La Ni?a衰减阶段,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,东亚夏季风偏强,El Ni?o过程对东亚夏季风强弱的影响更加显著。ENSO发展和衰减阶段通过影响大气环流变化和东亚夏季风的强弱,进而影响陕西夏季降水。     

Simulated Relationship between Wintertime ENSO and East Asian Summer Rainfall: From CMIP3 to CMIP6

El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events have a strong influence on East Asian summer rainfall(EASR).This paper investigates the simulated ENSO-EASR relationship in CMIP6 models and compares the results with those in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models.In general,the CMIP6 models show almost no appreciable progress in representing the ENSO-EASR relationship compared with the CMIP5 models.The correlation coefficients in the CMIP6 models are relatively smaller and exhibit a slightly greater intermodel diversity than those in the CMIP5 models.Three physical processes related to the delayed effect of ENSO on EASR are further analyzed.Results show that,firstly,the relationships between ENSO and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO)sea surface temperature(SST)in the CMIP6 models are more realistic,stronger,and have less intermodel diversity than those in the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models.Secondly,the teleconnections between the TIO SST and Philippine Sea convection(PSC)in the CMIP6 models are almost the same as those in the CMIP5 models,and stronger than those in the CMIP3 models.Finally,the CMIP3,CMIP5,and CMIP6 models exhibit essentially identical capabilities in representing the PSC-EASR relationship.Almost all the three generations of models underestimate the ENSO-EASR,TIO SST-PSC,and PSC-EASR relationships.Moreover,almost all the CMIP6 models that successfully capture the significant TIO SST-PSC relationship realistically simulate the ENSO-EASR relationship and vice versa,which is,however,not the case in the CMIP5 models.     

春末夏初南亚高压的形成过程及其与ENSO事件的联系

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了春末夏初南亚高压建立过程的气候特征和可能机制,并讨论了ENSO事件冷、暖位相对南亚高压建立过程年际变化的影响。结果表明,第24候,气候平均的南亚高压形成于中南半岛东南部的对流层高层,这与菲律宾群岛南部和中南半岛局地对流的加强有关。一方面,菲律宾群岛南部对流加强能够在其北部产生负涡度源,在高空热带东风急流的作用下,其下游的南海地区出现负涡度,相应地出现闭合的高空反气旋,南亚高压初步形成。另一方面,中南半岛局地对流令南亚高压中心加强发展,并使其最终位于中南半岛上空。春末夏初菲律宾群岛附近对流的经向摆动决定了南亚高压的形成位置,而中南半岛局地对流的强度则控制着南亚高压的加强北抬。由于菲律宾南部和中南半岛的局地对流都受ENSO事件影响,因此在ENSO事件的冷、暖位相下,南亚高压的形态和位置在其建立过程中差异明显。在暖事件发生后,热带对流在加里曼丹岛以东发展,南亚高压形成于苏门答腊群岛北部至泰国湾上空,此时中南半岛对流偏弱,限制了南亚高压的北抬发展;而在冷事件发生后,热带对流在菲律宾群岛中部加强,同时南亚高压形成于中南半岛中部上空,随后中南半岛对流迅速加强,令南亚高压明显西伸北抬。因此,ENSO事件的冷、暖位相对春末夏初南亚高压的形成位置有显著影响。     

东亚夏季风环流与ENSO循环的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NCAR海温资料 ,对ENSO循环不同阶段东亚夏季风环流的变化进行了分析。计算了各年夏季风环流的强度系数及其与多年平均夏季风环流的相似系数和差异系数 ,分析它们与海温变化的关系。结果表明 :东亚夏季风环流强度有明显的年际变化和年代际变化 ,且与赤道东太平洋SST有较好的负相关关系 ,其中又以与三个月前的海温变化关系最好。在春季 (3～4月 )Nino 1+2区为冷、暖水时 ,当年夏季 (6～ 7月 )东亚季风区中 85 0hPa等压面上 >2m·s-1的经向风北伸纬度和东亚季风区的垂直经圈环流都有明显差异 ,在冷水期 >2m·s-1的经向风北伸纬度比暖水期高 ,季风环流圈的上升支北移 ,东亚夏季风环流较暖水期强。     

印度与东亚夏季风环流对ENSO及其年代际异常响应的数值研究

根据诊断分析结果,利用LAGS改进的L9R15气候谱模式,设计了3个数值试验,讨论了不同的年代际背景下ENSO异常对亚洲夏季风环流的影响。研究表明不同背景的ENSO异常与亚洲夏季风活动存在密切的关系。在冷背景条件下,当ENSO处于发展时,印度夏季风偏弱,风速较小,降水量偏少。而东亚夏季风偏南气流较强,受低气压控制,有利于气流辐合,降水量偏多。在ENSO衰减期,印度夏季风仍偏弱,风速偏小,具有干旱的趋势,而东亚夏季风区大陆仍为低气压控制,风速略有减小,降水量比正常年多,而比ENSO前一年有减少的趋势。在暖背     

利用ARGO资料改进ENSO和我国夏季降水气候预测

全球海洋ARGO资料的获取为气候预测的研究提供了前所未有的海洋资料。该文首先利用ARGO资料改进次表层参数化方案后的Zebiak-Cane海洋模式, 与统计大气模式耦合, 建立了热带动力海洋-统计大气耦合模式。通过比较应用和未应用ARGO资料改进的海洋模式, 进行了耦合模式的长期回报试验。结果表明:ARGO资料的应用极大地改善了耦合模式对热带太平洋海面温度异常的预测能力, 提前3个月和6个月的回报结果都有很大的改进, 基本上回报出了Ni?o3.4区海面温度异常的演变特征, 对厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜都能够给出较准确的回报, 回报结果与观测之间的相关性在整个热带太平洋区域明显提高。该文还利用国家气候中心 (NCC) 全球海气耦合模式, 对我国夏季降水进行了个例和多年季度回报模拟试验, 探讨了包含和不包含ARGO观测资料的同化资料作为初始场对我国夏季降水预测的影响, 表明采用带有ARGO观测资料的海洋同化初始场, 回报的我国夏季降水分布形式与观测更一致, 回报结果与观测之间的正相关区域变大, 对我国夏季降水的回报水平比采用没有ARGO观测资料的海洋同化初始场时有明显提高。     

The Influence of ENSO on the Summer Climate Change in China and Its Mechanism

The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism from the observed data is discussed. It is discovered that in the developing stage of ENSO, the SST in the western tropical Pacific is colder in summer, the convective activities may be weak around the South China Sea and the Philippines. As a consequence, the subtropical high shifted southward. Therefore, a drought may be caused in the Indo-China peninsula and in the South China. Moreover, in midsummer the subtropical high is weak over the Yangtze River valley and Huaihe River valley, and the flood may be caused in the area from the Yangtze River valley to Huaihe River valley. On the contrary, in the decaying stage of ENSO. the convective activities may be strong around the Philippines, and the subtropical high shifted northward, a drought may be caused in the Yangtze River valley and Huaihe River valley.     

ENSO与中国夏季降水年际变化关系的不稳定性特征

根据1951～2007年中国160站月降水量资料和Niño 3区月平均海表温度资料, 采用滑动相关分析和合成分析等方法, 探讨了中国夏季降水与前期冬季Niño 3区海温年际变化关系的不稳定性问题。结果表明, 它们之间年际变化关系的长期变化具有明显的地域性, 东北和西北地区相关的不稳定性比东部地区大, 与预测经验吻合。同时也有明显的阶段性, 1951～2007年据滑动相关系数序列可分成1962～1977年、 1978～1992年和1993～至今三个时期。各个时期平均约为16年。它们从一个阶段向另一个阶段过渡的时间很短, 是以气候跃变的形式来完成的。近50多年来在1960年代初、 1970年代末和1980年代末1990年代初共发生了3次明显的跃变过程。跃变前后某些地区滑动相关系数的符号或强度都有显著的差异。研究还表明, 不同时期, 尽管同样是El Niño事件, 它们对中国夏季降水的影响有不同的表现。1962～1977年时间的相关模型有两条多雨带: 一条位于华北、 东北平原和内蒙古东部一线, 另一条在长江中游地区。秦岭[CD*2]大巴山区和江淮流域降水偏少。1978～1992年时期只有一条多雨带, 位于秦岭－大巴山区、 长江中游和下游一线。黄淮地区及华北至东北南部降水偏少。目前我们所处的时期 （1993～至今） 雨带分布与1962～1977年时期的模型基本相似, 也为南、 北两条多雨带, 但其北支雨带南移, 位于从川渝地区经黄淮地区、 黄河下游至东北平原一带, 湖北北部和长江下游降水偏少。呈现北方降水偏多、 南方降水相对偏少的分布。所以, 利用ENSO事件做我国汛期降水预报, 不能只考虑其平均情况的年际变化关系, 还应注意它们之间关系的不稳定性问题。     

The Interannual Variations of Summer Precipitation in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO

Using rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP),NOAA extended reconstruction sea surface temperature(ERSST),and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,this study investigates the interannual variation of summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Peninsula and the northeastern Bay of Bengal associated with ENSO.The composite study indicates a decreased summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Peninsula and an increase in the northeastern Bay of Bengal during the developing phase,but vice versa during the decay phase of El Ni o.Further regression analysis demonstrates that abnormal rainfall in the above two regions is controlled by different mechanisms.Southwest of the Indian Peninsula,the precipitation anomaly is related to local convection and water vapor flux in the decay phase of El Ni o.The anomalous cyclone circulation at the lower troposphere helps strengthen rainfall.In the northeastern Bay of Bengal,the anomalous rainfall depends on the strength of the Indian southwest summer monsoon(ISSM).A strong/weak ISSM in the developing/decay phase of El Ni o can bring more/less water vapor to strengthen/weaken the local summer precipitation.     

西北太平洋热带气旋活动对夏秋型ENSO事件的响应

利用西北太平洋热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)历史路径资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料以及海洋Nino指数ONI等,采用合成分析等统计学方法探讨了TC活动对夏季(SU型)与秋季(AU型)ENSO事件的不同响应。结果表明:在SU型El Nino期间,西北太平洋TC强度与持续时间增大,强台风活动较多;在AU型El Nino发生时,TC持续时间及强度均大于SU型的频数也较之偏少,但超强台风活动较多,约占TC总数的1/3,生成位置也较SU型偏东,但登陆我国的TC频数较少。在SU型La Nina期间,TC强度、持续时间较小,以低等级TC活动为主,活动位置整体偏西。当AU型La Nina发生时,TC强度、持续时间以及强等级TC频数均大于SU型,且TC活动位置相对SU型偏东。中太平洋地区相对涡度异常、大气垂直风切变、SSTA等条件差异是SU型与AU型ENSO期间TC活动产生差异的重要方面,副热带高压强度及位置变化对TC活动也有较大影响。     

Prediction of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High in Summer without Strong ENSO Forcing

The western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) is one of the deterministic predictors of the East Asian summer climate, and a better prediction of the WNPSH favors more reasonable forecast of the East Asian summer climate. This study focuses on seasonal prediction of the WNPSH during neutral summers without strong El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) forcing, and explores the associated predictable sources, using the one-month lead time retrospective forecasts from the Ensembles-Based Predictions of Climate Changes and Their Impacts(ENSEMBLES) project during 1960–2005. The results indicate that the ENSEMBLES atmosphere–ocean–land coupled models exhibit considerable prediction skill for the WNPSH during neutral summers, with successful reproduction of the WNPSH in the majority of neutral summers. The anomalous WNPSH in neutral summers, which corresponds to cyclonic/anticyclonic anomalies in the lower troposphere, is highly correlated with an east–west dipole local sea surface temperature(SST) distribution over the tropical WNP, suggesting an intimate local air–sea coupling. Further diagnosis of the local SST–rainfall relationship and surface heat flux indicates that the anomalous local SST plays an active role in modulating the variation of the WNPSH during neutral summers, rather than passively responding to the atmospheric change. The local SST anomalies and relevant air–sea coupling over the tropical WNP are reasonably well reproduced in the model predictions, and could act as primary predictable sources of the WNPSH in neutral summers. This could aid in forecasting of the East Asian rainband and associated disaster mitigation planning.     

一个区域气候模式对ENSO衰减年夏季中国东部降水的模拟

The performance of the Climate version of the Regional Eta-coordinate Model (CREM), a regional climate model developed by State Key Laboratory of Nu- merical modeling for Atmospheric Science and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP), in simulating rainfall anomalies during the ENSO decaying summers from 1982 to 2002 was evaluated. The added value of rainfall simulation relative to reanalysis data and the sources of model bias were studied. Results showed that the model simulated rainfall anomalies moderately well. The model did well at capturing the above-normal rainfall along the Yangtze River valley (YRV) during El Nio decaying summers and the below and above-normal rainfall centers along the YRV and the Huaihe River valley (HRV), respectively, during La Nia decaying summers. These features were not evident in rainfall products derived from the reanalysis, indicating that rainfall simulation did add value. The main limitations of the model were that the simulated rainfall anomalies along the YRV were far stronger and weaker in magnitude than the observations during El Nio decaying summers and La Nia decaying summers, respectively. The stronger magnitude above-normal rainfall during El Nio decaying summers was due to a stronger northward transport of water vapor in the lower troposphere, mostly from moisture advection. An artificial, above-normal rainfall center was seen in the region north to 35°N, which was associated with stronger northward water vapor transport. Both lower tropospheric circulation bias and a wetter model atmosphere contributed to the bias caused by water vapor transport. There was a stronger southward water vapor transport from the southern boundary of the model during La Nia decaying summers;less remaining water vapor caused anomalously weaker rainfall in the model as compared to observations.