地学博物馆展陈设计研究——以中国地质博物馆为例

随着地学博物馆数量逐年大幅增加,除自身的基本陈列外,专题展览活动也随之加重,具有专业性、科学性、趣味性、及时性和延续性等多种特点。在国家文化繁荣发展的时代背景下,大部分地学博物馆陈列展示使用的展览内容框架雷同、千篇一律,难以激发观众参观热情。中国地质博物馆作为地学博物馆的"领头羊"对博物馆展览陈列设计特点进行了一系列的研究。本文以该馆为例,总结了地学博物馆展览陈列的设计原则、流程和要素。在原则方面,设计师在进行艺术设计同时需掌握地学知识;在流程方面,先策划,确定展品数量梳理展览大纲,再进行总体规划和展览艺术形式设计,最后实现协作与优化。在要素方面,展览陈列设计需要特别注意空间布局、展品选择、艺术表现形式、光环境设计、色彩设计等七个方面的应用。展览陈列设计师要努力挖掘和彰显地学专业的特性,不断创造新的表现形式,从而促进我国地学博物馆的蓬勃发展,更好地为公共事业做贡献。     

Salt weathering and experimental desalination treatment of building sandstone,Sydney (Australia)

Local sandstone used in nineteenth century buildings in Sydney has been affected by salt weathering and surface crust formation. This study trialled two approaches, namely washing-and-vacuuming and poulticing, to salt-removal treatment of weathered sandstone blocks from the Sydney Hospital and Australian Museum. Both treatments removed solutes from the stones in laboratory tests. ICP/titration of sampled scrapings at depths of 0–2, 2–5 and >50 mm showed substantial between-sample variation, with no significant difference being recorded in solute levels after treatment (Mann–Whitney U test), except for sulfur and sodium. Sulfur levels increased at the surface (0–2 mm) following washing-and-vacuuming but not poulticing for the Hospital and Museum samples. Sodium levels increased at the surface (0–2 mm) following poulticing but not washing-and-vacuuming for the Hospital samples. The presence of surface crusts may have contributed to some of the variation in desalination responses.     

INHIGEO Symposium：‘Geological Travellers＇

The 28th International Symposium and Meeting of the International Commission on the History of Geology was held in Dublin from 14 to 18 July 2003. Fittingly, the venue was the Geological Museum and Department of Geology at Trinity College. The College,founded in 1592, has numerous distinguished graduates, including many in earth sciences and history. The museum, a grand Victorian building with Venetian overtones, has made extensive use of a wide range of building stones from Ireland and Britain, particularly in its breathtaking interior where Connemara     

Treasure!

The word ‘treasure’ conjures an image of objects of silver and gold, perhaps encrusted with gemstones, and some treasures dug from the ground certainly match this image (Fig. 1 ). However, a theme that ran through the recent exhibition of Treasure at the British Museum was that the archaeological value of treasure does not depend only on its content of precious metals or gems. Many items recovered from archaeological sites are made from or include natural rocks, minerals and gemstones, so that geological and mineralogical techniques and interpretative approaches often make an essential contribution to their study. This article explores the role of scientific examination in realizing the full archaeological value of treasure.

Figure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint Group of items from a Roman hoard, found at Thetford. These objects are not in Treasure but may be seen in Gallery 49 of the British Museum.     

中国地质博物馆现状及其在地质事业中的作用评述

本文以中国地质博物馆为例,介绍我国地质博物馆的工作性质、任务、历史、现状和发展过程。在为社会服务的基础上,提出了从地质博物馆事业中直接获取经济效益的新思想。这不但对该馆今后布展工作有所帮助,而且对全国72个地质博物馆和陈列室以及正在筹建中的展厅都具有其相互学习,相互促进的作用。     

Holocene lateral expansion, peat growth and carbon accumulation on Haukkasuo, a raised bog in southeastern Finland

Paludification intensity and peat deposition on Haukkasuo bog in southeastern Finland were studied with peat stratigraphic investigations by taking 79 samples for ¹⁴C carbon dating and 164 volumetric samples. Peat formation of Haukkasuo, a concentric raised bog, began about 10 400 cal. BP. Lateral expansion has been largely controlled by the flat clayey floor, which has favoured rapid growth of the bog. During the first 400 years of its existence the bog covered one-fifth, and in the following 2000 years one-half, of its present extent. The long-term carbon accumulation rate averages 22.3 g C/m²/yr in the central part of Haukkasuo and 16.7 g C/m²/yr in its margins. The highest rates of carbon accumulation over 500-year periods were recorded in the central part of the bog in 6500–5500, 3500–2500 and 1500–0 cal. BP. The rate of vertical peat increment was higher than average in these periods, and the peat was mainly slightly humified and, when close to the surface, un compacted. The rate of carbon accumulation was lowest in 5500–3500 and 2500–2000 cal. BP, when the rate of vertical growth was lower than average and the peat was more humified than average. The formation of peat, the rate of vertical peat increment and the succession of peat types in Haukkasuo have mainly been controlled by hydrological changes caused by local factors, although climatic factors might also be important. In particular, the formation of slightly humified peat in 3300–2700 cal. BP and during the last 1300 years can be related to humid climate.     

Till lithology and glacial transport in Kuhmo, eastern Finland

Till lithology and transport distance were studied along five transects running in the direction of ice flow and intersecting the N-S-oriented Kuhmo Greenstone Belt, which is some 5 km in width. A total of 531 stone counts were performed on three fractions (> 20 cm, 6–20 cm and 2–6 cm) in 162 pits dug with a mechanical excavator. An experimental model is developed for predicting the transport distances of clasts in basal tills. It shows the traditional method of expressing transport in terms of half-distance (i.e. the distance at which the proportion of a given rock type in the till has been halved from what it was at the distal contact of a given rock type in the bedrock) to be dependent upon the width of the source unit in the bedrock, varying in the present case from 0 km to 16 km as the width of the source belt increases from 0 km to infinity. The Kuhmo Greenstone Belt being 5 km broad, the mean half-distance for the transport of stones and boulders in the till is 2 km, the boulders having been moved somewhat shorter distances and the pebbles longer distances. It is recommended that transport distances for till material should be expressed in terms of the renewal distance (i.e. the distance over which the proportion of a new rock type increases from 0% to 50%). In the Kuhmo area this distance is 16 km.     

Metamorphic evolution of the southern part of the Hidaka belt, Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract The Hidaka metamorphic terrane in the Meguro-Shoya area, Hokkaido, Japan is divided into four progressive metamorphic zones: A—biotite zone; B—cordierite zone; C—cordierite–K-feldspar zone; and, D—sillimanite–K-feldspar zone of the andalusite–sillimanite facies series type of metamorphism. The metamorphic grade ranges from the higher temperature part of the greenschist facies (zone A) through the amphibolite facies (zones B and C) to the lower temperature part of the granulite facies (zone D). The zone boundaries intersect the bedding planes at high angles. P–T conditions estimated are 450–550°C and 2 kbar for zone A, 550–600°C and 2–2.5 kbar for zone B, 600–650°C and 2.5–3 kbar for zone C and 650–750°C and 3–4 kbar for zone D. The metapelites of zone D were partially melted.
At the later stage of the regional metamorphism which is early Oligocene to early Miocene in age, cordierite tonalite and biotite tonalite intrusives associated with segments of the highest grade rocks (zone D) were emplaced into the lower temperature part of the regional metamorphic rocks, giving rise to a contact metamorphic aureole. The thermally metamorphosed terrain (zone C') belongs to the amphibolite facies and its P–T conditions are estimated to have been 550–700°C and 2 kbar.
The P–T–t paths of the Hidaka metamorphism show a thickening–heating–uplifting process. The metamorphism is inferred to have taken place beneath an active island arc accompanied by partial melting of the crust.     

论国际性珠宝首饰展览会的会展营销策略

研究国际性珠宝首饰展览会的会展营销策略对我国珠宝首饰展览会的提高与发展具有重要意义。通过实地考察和资料收集,运用营销学的知识总结了国际性珠宝首饰展览会的会展营销要素,并结合会展学的知识从规划展区、招揽客户、开展公关活动和管理客户关系等方面分析了其会展营销策略,旨在为国内珠宝首饰展览组织机构更好地举办珠宝首饰展览会提供一些参考。     

Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran: characterization,uses, and durability

Durability of building stones is an important issue in sustainable development. Crystallization of soluble salts is recognized as one of the most destructive weathering agents of building stones. For this reason, durability of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran was investigated against sodium sulfate crystallization aging test. Petrographic and physico-mechanical properties and pore size distribution of these stones were examined before and after the aging test. The characteristics of the microcracks were quantified with fluorescence-impregnated thin sections. Durability and physico-mechanical characteristics of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite are mainly influenced by preferentially oriented preexisting microcracks. Stress induced by salt crystallization led to the widening of preexisting microcracks in Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite, as confirmed by the pore size distributions before and after the aging test. The preexisting microcracks of Gorid andesite were attributed to the mechanical stress induced by contraction of lava during cooling. The number of transcrystalline microcracks was significantly increased after the aging test. The degree of plagioclase microcracking was proportional to its size. Durability of the studied stones depends on initial physico-mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and orientation of microcracks. Initial effective porosity is found to be a good indicator of the stones’ durability. Salt crystallization resulted in an increase in the effective porosity with a parallel decrease in the wave velocities. Surface microroughness parameters increased with the development of salt crystallization-induced microcracking. Gorid andesite showed higher quality and durability than Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite.     

Archaeoseismological investigation of the ancient Ayla site in the city of Aqaba,Jordan

Many tens of severe earthquake damage patterns were revealed at the ancient city of Ayla. The seismic deformation patterns are of various types, including systematic tilting of walls, systematic shifting and rotation of wall fragments and individual stones, arch deformations and joints crossing two or more stones. Features of later repair, supporting walls and secondary use of building stones suggest that the damage patterns can be explained by two historical devastating earthquakes: (I) revealed in the constructions built during the late Rashidun period (644–656 A.D.); (II) revealed in the structures restored and/or built during the Fatimid period (1050–1116 A.D.). The maximum observed intensity of both earthquakes at the studied site was not less than IX (EMS98 scale). The sources of the seismic events were probably the Dead Sea Transform and Wadi Araba Faults that cross the site obliquely. The last 1995 Nuweiba earthquake with maximum observed intensity VIII has also left its clear traces in the excavated ancient Ayla buildings. The severity of the destruction was significantly increased because of site effects.     

Determination of radon exhalation from granite, dolerite and marbles decorative stones of the Azad Kashmir area, Pakistan

Extensive export quality reserves of granite, dolerite and marbles which are used for interior decorations as wall facing, paving floors, kitchen counter tops, etc., are available in Azad Kashmir. Since these stones contain radium in trace amounts, therefore, its use as a building material may be a potential source of indoor radon. In order to assess health hazards due to the use of these stones as a building material, samples were collected from different mining sites. After processing, these samples were placed in plastic containers and box type radon detectors were installed in it at the height of 25 cm above the surface of the samples. The containers were then hermetically sealed. After 60 days of exposure to radon, CR-39 detectors were etched in 6 M NaOH at 70 °C for 9 h and measured track densities were related to radon concentration. Radon exhalation rate form the studied granites, marble and dolerite samples varied from 87 ± 26 to 353 ± 36 mBq m^?2h^?1, 79 ± 25 to 650 ± 42 mBq m^?2h^?1 and 90 ± 26 to 324 ± 36 mBq m^?2h^?1, respectively. These decorative stones are therefore used in buildings and for export purposes as the observed radon exhalation values are smaller than that of the EPA recommended-action level.     

Permian to Cretaceous polymetamorphic evolution of the Stewart River region, Yukon-Tanana terrane, Yukon, Canada: P–T evolution linked with in situ SHRIMP monazite geochronology

Textural relationships and the trace element chemistry of accessory minerals and garnet can provide the linkage between in situ SHRIMP ages and quantitative pressure–temperature data that is required to decipher complex polymetamorphic and polydeformational histories. Application of these methods to lower amphibolite facies rocks of the Stewart River area, Yukon (Canada) yields robust new constraints on the tectonic evolution of central Yukon Tanana Terrane (YTT).
A TIMS U/Pb titanite age of 365–350 Ma is interpreted to date low- P metamorphism (M1) and D1 deformation associated with arc plutonism above an east-dipping subduction zone. Monazite inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts record a transition from low to high pressure (∼9 kbar and 600 °C) at c . 239 Ma. These data help to establish a c . 260–240 Ma tectonometamorphic event (M2–D2) reflecting intra-arc thickening during west-dipping subduction of Slide Mountain Ocean. Another transition from low- to high- P (M3–D3; 7.8 kbar and 595 °C), dated by c . 195–187 Ma monazite, is interpreted to reflect the change from regional contact metamorphism during arc plutonism to internal duplication of YTT during initial collision of YTT with the North American craton.
The Mt Burnham (north-eastern) region records a different history because of its proximity to later plutons and its late exhumation via extensional faulting. Monazite growth at 146 Ma dates ∼9 kbar metamorphism (M4), interpreted to reflect a previously unrecognized period of plutonism associated with auriferous quartz veins in the Klondike region. Monazite growth at 114–107 Ma reflects low- P (<4.6 kbar) contact metamorphism (M5) accompanying regional plutonism and extension.     

The Roughness on Gemstone Polished Surfaces

The gemstone cutting is a useful process to create shapes on rocks and minerals. This is done through the steps sawing, grinding, faceting and polishing, thus providing better light reflection in the pavilion with specific angles for each translucent mineral; brightness on the surface, aesthetic appreciation and their use in the jewellery industry.     

浙江省观赏石成因和分布规律

浙江省内观赏石资源丰富、类型齐全,目前已查明观赏石产地63处。本文初步探讨了浙江观赏石成因和分布规律。     

新疆博乐“怪石峪”及风蚀花岗岩地貌特征对比

博乐怪石峪是目前国内已知的规模最大、分布最为集中、发育最奇怪的怪石群,是由花岗岩石蛋形成奇特象形石景观的集中分布区。怪石景观规模宏大,造型神奇巧,自然天成,融典型性和观赏性于一体。它既不同于桂林等地的岩溶景观,不同于干旱沙漠中发育的蜂窝状风蚀穴地貌,也不同于国内外其他花岗岩地貌景观,而是一种特定的干旱地区气候环境条件下发育在遭大面积剥露的风蚀为主的花岗岩石蛋地貌,独具风格,自成一体,被命名为"怪石峪式"。     

Briefing

This issue of Geology Today is devoted largely to the Earth sciences in Wales, in celebration of Welsh Geology Week (4–14 July 1991). The rationale of the Week and some of the activities taking place during it were described in our last issue (v. 7, p. 86, 1991).We are grateful to Michael G. Bassett of the National Museum of Wales, and his colleagues, for commissioning the Welsh articles and, of course, to the authors for writing them. Because of the nature of the material, the format of this issue differs some- what from our usual practice, but normal service in that respect will be resumed with the next issue. In- cidentally, as this is the first time we have produced a 'special issue', we would like to hear from readers on whether or not they welcome it and whether or not they would appreciate other such issues, either geographical or thematic, in the future.     

Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits of Ekakula Beach, Gahiramatha Coast, Orissa, India

Abstract: Ilmenite, hematite, garnet, monazite, zircon, rutile, magnetite, sillimanite, pyroxene and amphibole from the beach sands of Ekakula, Gahiramatha coast, Orissa, India are reported here for the first time. Their total concentration varies from 26. 4 to 100%. Ilmenite, monazite and zircon are between 100 and 300 um in size and are well rounded in shape. Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth is common. Ilmenite has 50. 02–54. 73% TiO₂, 42. 42–46. 90% FeO (total Fe) and small amounts of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Si, V, Cr, and Zn. The bulk samples contain 10. 63–41. 42 % TiO₂, 6. 15–26. 07 % FeO, 5. 86–16. 75 % Fe₂O₃, 7. 41–61. 74 % SiO₂, 1. 39–12. 83% A1₂O₃, 0. 32–4. 97% CaO, 0. 53–4. 24% P₂O₅, 0. 17–3. 27% MgO, 0. 15–2. 97% Na₂O, 0. 07–2. 34% K₂O, and 0. 05–0. 71% V₂O₅ together with appreciable amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, U, Th, Zr, and trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr. Khondalite, charnockite, calc-silicate granulite, leptynite, migmatite, gneiss, basic granulite and pegmatite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages. The samples are amenable to gravity and magnetic methods of beneficiation.     

Metamorphism of an Early Palaeozoic continental margin, western Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland

Metamorphic mineral assemblages and textures from Early Palaeozoic continental margin rocks in north-western Newfoundland indicate that different structural levels have contrasting metamorphic histories. Rocks of the East Pond Metamorphic Suite, which represent the older, structurally lower level of the margin, experienced an early high-pressure–low-temperature stage of metamorphism (10–12 kbar minimum, 450–500°C) which produced eclogite in mafic dykes and phengite–garnet assemblages in pelites. This was overprinted by higher temperature–lower pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism (700–750°C, 7–9 kbar minimum) which produced complex symplectic textures in rocks of all compositions. Rocks of the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, which were deposited in the stratigraphically higher levels of the rifted margin, reached pressures of 7–8.5 kbar at about 450°C during the early stages of metamorphism, overprinted by assemblages which indicate maximum temperatures of 550–600°C at about 6.5 kbar. The metamorphic history of both units is interpreted to be the result of thermal relaxation following initial burial of a continental margin by overriding thrust sheets. Since there is no evidence that maximum pressures or temperatures within the Fleur de Lys Supergroup were ever as high as those reached in the East Pond Metamorphic Suite, these rocks may have followed parallel, 'nested' P–T–t paths, with the more deeply buried East Pond Metamorphic Suite subjected to greater thermal relaxation effects. Quantitative modelling of P–T–t paths is not possible with the present data, owing to both large uncertainties in P–T estimates, and in the time of metamorphism.     

Preboreal deglaciation chronology and marine limits of the Lyngen-Storfjord area, Troms, North Norway

Scattered marginal moraines in the Lyngen-Storfjord area proximally to the Tromsø-Lyngen moraine were formed by the Scandinavian ice-sheet during its retreat in the Preboreal. They correspond to ice-front positions in the main fjords and fjord-valleys where between three and four major and, in places, some minor ice-front accumulations occur. These have been correlated using the marine limits related to synchronous shorelines. Dates for the shorelines and moraines have been derived from a shoreline emergence curve based on ₁₄C dated shore levels from North Norway. Two major, and probably at least one minor, climatically induced, glacial events are indicated: the Ørnes event c. 9800–9900±150 B.P., the Skibotn event 95–9600±150 B. P., and a younger event c. 9400±250 B. P. The inner fjord-valleys were probably deglaciated by c. 9100 B. P. Final deglaciation of the innerplateau during late Preboreal or early Boreal was characterized by downwasting.