地铁暗挖法施工中降水引起地面沉降问题的探讨

近年来,地铁暗挖施工中辅助降水措施取得了很大成功,但由降水引起的地面沉降,其成因、危害性、如何避免和控制是十分重要的问题。本文结合北京地铁7号线双井站工程实际经验,对降水沉降问题进行探讨和总结。车站主体暗挖施工过程中,监测降水沉降值仅4.0mm,证明双井站降水方案和沉降控制措施是合理的。     

边界层参数化影响“梅花”台风的敏感性试验

以GRAPES-TCM为试验模式,对1109台风“梅花”进行了36次72 h的预报试验,通过试验分析了2种边界层参数化方案——MRF方案与YSU方案在不同情况下对台风预报的影响.结果显示:“梅花”路径与强度对边界层方案的变化都表现出一定的敏感性,敏感性大小与对流参数化方案、台风的初始强度等因素有关,强度的敏感性比路径更明显;对弱台风的路径与强度,YSU方案的总体预报效果优于MRF方案,对于强台风,2种边界层方案中MRF方案的路径预报效果更好,哪种方案的强度预报效果更好与对流参数化方案有关;无论何种情况,YSU方案预报的“梅花”强度都明显强于MRF方案,YSU方案预报的降水及感热通量与潜热通量总体上大于MRF方案;YSU方案时更多的感热通量和潜热通量与该方案时边界层更强的湍流混合有关,更多的潜热通量导致更多的降水,从而释放更多的潜热,更多的潜热释放以及更多的感热通量导致台风强度更强.     

物理过程参数化方案对中国夏季降水日变化模拟的影响

系统地分析了不同陆面过程、辐射传输以及积云对流参数化方案对区域气候模式模拟中国夏季降水日变化能力的影响,发现日内最大标准化降水及其出现时刻的模拟对不同模式物理过程的组合方案敏感。陆面过程、辐射传输参数化方案只影响降水强度的模拟,而对降水日变化形式和峰值出现时间模拟的影响较小, 降水日变化形式的模拟对积云对流参数化方案敏感且与模拟区域的选择关系密切。Grell方案对青藏高原东部、长江中游地区夏季降水的日变化特征具有较好模拟能力,Kuo和Anthes Kuo方案较好地模拟出了东北、华南地区夏季降水的日变化特征,BM方案仅能模拟华南地区夏季降水的日变化特征。4种积云对流参数化方案均不能模拟出江淮—华北地区夏季降水日变化的双峰值结构。     

Advances in Measurement Techniques and Statistics Features

Rain Drop Size Distribution (DSD) is one of the key parameters to micro physical process and macro dynamical structure of precipitation. It provides useful information for understanding the mechanisms of precipitation formation and development. Conventional measurement techniques include momentum method, flour method, filtering paper, raindrop camera and immersion method. In general, the techniques havelarge measurement error, heavy workload, and low efficiency. Innovation of disdrometer is a remarkable progress in DSD observation. To date, the major techniques are classified into impacting, optical and acoustic disdrometers, which are automated and more convenient and accurate. The impacting disdrometer transforms the momentum of raindrops into electric impulse, which are easy to operate and quality assured but with large errors for extremely large or small raindrops. The optical disdrometer measures rainfall diameter and its velocity in the same time, but cannot distinguish the particles passing through sampling area simultaneously. The acoustic disdrometer determines DSD from the raindrop impacts on water body with a high temporal resolution but easily affected by wind. In addition, the Doppler can provide DSD with polarimetric techniques for large area while it is affected by updrafts, downdrafts and horizontal winds.DSD has meteorological features, which can be described with the Marshall Palmer (M-P), the Gamma, the lognormal or the normalized models. The M P model is suitable for steady rainfall, usually used for weak and moderate rainfall. The gamma model is proposed for DSD at high rain rate. The lognormal model is widely applied for cloud droplet analysis, but not appropriate for DSD with a broad spectrum. The normalized model is free of assumptions about the shape of the DSD. For practical application, statistical comparison is necessary for selection of a most suitable model. Meteorologically, convective rain has a relatively narrow and smooth DSD spectrum usually described by the M P model. Stratiform rain has a broad DSD spectrum described with the Gamma model. Stratocumulus mixed rain has relatively large drop diameter but small mean size usually described by the Gamma model. The continent rainfall is altitude dependent and it differs from the maritime cloud rainfalls in terms of rain rate and drop diameter. Overall, the meteorological features are useful to improve our understanding of precipitation formation but also important to development of precipitation retrieval techniques with a high accuracy.     

Research Status and Progress of Balloon-borne Cloud and Precipitation Particles Probe

The accurate observation of the microphysical structure of cloud and precipitation plays an important role in understanding the formation of clouds and precipitation. In-situ measurement using measuring instruments carried by meteorological balloons is an effective way to obtain the microphysical properties of cloud and precipitation particles, which is a supplementary means for aircraft to observe cloud and precipitation particles. This observation method plays a more and more important role in in-situ measurement. According to the difference of the working principle of the existing balloon-borne cloud and precipitation particles probes, the detectors can be divided into particle impact-sampling sensors, particle imaging sensors, light-scattering sensors, light intensity attenuation sensors and charge measurement sensors. The working principles, key technologies and main advantages and disadvantages of typical instruments were summarized, and their applications to detailed cloud structure acquisition, cloud remote sensing method establishment, cloud and precipitation physical process research and parameterization, and scientific observation of thunderstorm clouds were briefly introduced. Finally, the development trend of balloon-borne cloud precipitation particle detectors was prospected, which will provide reference for related technical research and equipment development.     

再论铀的中和还原成矿作用

反应指数是水文地球化学条件的实测值与水地化作用的临界值之间的相对值。中和还原沉淀作用的充分必要条件是与其有关的所有水文地球化学条件的反应指数都应符合反应指数法则。热力学计算和实验证明配位体浓度,如CO_3~(2-),F~-等,是阻碍铀还原沉淀的主要因素。降低CO_3~(2-)配位体浓度的主要作用是中和作用导致的CO_3~(2-)形式转化为CO_2逸出和CaCO_3沉淀。对相山矿田的铀成矿作用的水地球化学条件计算结果表明,中和作用是促使铀还原沉淀的促发钮,中和作用能导致与铀还原沉淀反应,有关的所有反应,有关的所有反应指数符合反应指数法则的要求。     

Multi-scale Characteristics and Comprehensive Evaluation of Precipitation Heterogeneity in Guangxi

Aiming at the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and frequent occurrence of drought and waterlogging disasters in Guangxi, the multi-scale characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of precipitation heterogeneity can provide scientific support for regional response to drought and waterlogging disasters and intelligent management of water resources. Based on the daily precipitation data of 87 grid points from 1961 to 2017 in Guangxi, the Precipitation Concentration Degree (PCD) and Precipitation Concentration Period (PCP) index were used to build day, pentad, ten days, month, season precipitation heterogeneity of multiple time scale level evaluation system. By using R/S analysis and geographical spatial analysis methods, the space-time evolution characteristics and climate division in Guangxi were discussed. The study showed that the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PCD and PCP at the diurnal, synoptic and monthly scales were relatively consistent, and the heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi could be better expressed than that at the monthly and seasonal scales. The diachronic change of PCD in precipitation in Guangxi shows an increasing trend in northeast China and a decreasing trend in southwest China, and the trend of its future period is the same as the diachronic evolution. The spatial distribution of PCD in Guangxi has significant spatial autocorrelation and stratification heterogeneity, which are mainly reflected in the mean value, coefficient of variation and frequency of PCD. The comprehensive heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi is highly dispersed in the northeast, highly concentrated in the south, and slightly concentrated or dispersed in the northwest and central regions. The time-scale within a month is the best scale to express the non-uniformity of precipitation in Guangxi. If the advantages of more stable climatic and ten-day scales and more fine daily scales are taken into account, the use of climatic scale for daily sliding calculation and analysis will be the best way.     

Flood and landslide applications of near real-time satellite rainfall products

Floods and associated landslides account for the largest number of natural disasters and affect more people than any other type of natural disaster. With the availability of satellite rainfall analyses at fine time and space resolution, it has also become possible to mitigate such hazards on a near-global basis. In this article, a framework to detect floods and landslides related to heavy rain events in near-real-time is proposed. Key components of the framework are: a fine resolution precipitation acquisition system; a comprehensive land surface database; a hydrological modeling component; and landslide and debris flow model components. A key precipitation input dataset for the integrated applications is the NASA TRMM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates. This dataset provides near real-time precipitation at a spatial-temporal resolution of 3 h and 0.25° × 0.25°. In combination with global land surface datasets it is now possible to expand regional hazard modeling components into a global identification/monitoring system for flood/landslide disaster preparedness and mitigation.     

The effect of microorganisms on Fe precipitation rates at neutral pH

The effect of microorganisms on Fe precipitation rates at neutral pH in the field was examined. The studied area was a cave having Fe-stalactites composed mainly of ferrihydrite and associated microorganisms. The microorganisms were covered with ferrihydrite. Water associated with stalactites was slightly supersaturated with respect to ferrihydrite, and had a dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 ppm, a pH of 6, and an Fe concentration of approximately 14 ppm. Fe precipitation rates were estimated from decreases in Fe concentrations in water during flowing through the Fe-stalactites. The estimated Fe precipitation rate in the field ranges from 6.8×10⁻⁸ to 4.0×10⁻⁷ mol/l/s. These values are in good agreement with bulk estimates of Fe-stalactite growth rates derived from the length increase (1.3 cm) of one formation over 30 days. The estimated Fe precipitation rates are faster by about four orders of magnitude than expected inorganic precipitation rates. On-site Fe precipitation experiments with sterilized and unsterilized Fe-stalactites and without Fe-stalactites indicate that microorganisms are the controlling factor accelerating Fe precipitation rates at neutral pH. These results suggest that microbially accelerated Fe precipitation rates are more likely related to exopolysaccharides and microbial surface properties than metabolic precipitation mechanisms.     

冰核对云物理属性和降水影响的研究

系统回顾了冰核对云和降水影响的研究进展,详细分析了冰核对云的宏微观特征、对流系统结构和强度、辐射、雷电、降水量和降水强度的影响途径,并从云微物理过程的角度解释了其影响机制。得到如下结论:1通常情况下,冰核浓度增加,冰晶浓度增大,云滴浓度减小,云的生命史延长;2对于发展阶段的对流云,冰核在温度较高的过冷区活化使潜热在中低层提早释放,增加了对流系统中层不稳定能量,促进了对流系统的发展;3卷云中冰核浓度的增加,改变了冰相水物质与液相水物质的比例;削弱或抑制了卷云中同质核化,增大了卷云中冰晶粒子的平均半径;4冰核浓度的增加,能够使到达地气系统的净辐射增加;5冰核浓度的变化能够引起雷电活动发生频次和强度的变化;6冰核浓度增加,引起降水量的变化不确定,即降水量增加、减少或者变化不显著的情况都可能存在。这些结果为改进数值模式中冰核活化参数化方法提供指导,从而提高数值模式对云和降水的预报能力;同时为人工影响天气选择合适的人工催化剂和撒播时机提供参考。     

东亚地区区域气候模拟的研究进展

由于大气环流模式对东亚地区区域气候特征的模拟存在很大不足,采用区域气候模式模拟该地区特殊的季风气候成为目前发展的一个重要研究方向,并取得了显著的研究进展。通过回顾当前东亚地区区域气候模拟的现状,表明大部分区域气候模式都不同程度地模拟出了东亚季风区持续性洪涝现象的大尺度环流特征和演变过程,再现了东亚各主要气候区降水的年际、季节和季节内变化及主要雨带的季节进退和降水的时空演变特征。但是,大部分模式没能很好地模拟出大尺度特征的强度和量值,模拟的温度和降水存在系统性偏差。原因分析表明,进一步完善和改进区域气候模式的物理过程参数化方案及动力框架可以改善模拟效果。最后对区域气候模式未来的发展给出展望。     

Influence of precipitation on bacterial structure in a typical karst spring,SW China

Micro-organisms are major components in the environment, which play a key role in groundwater environment. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity over time in a typical karst spring named S31 and its response to hydrogeochemical parameters. Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was adopted to detect changes of the bacterial community structure. For the correlations between hydrogeochemical parameters and predominant phyla, redundancy analysis were adopted. According to the results, hydrochemical characteristics were controlled by carbonate equilibrium system and dynamic groundwater transformation which was influenced distinctly by precipitation. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Eh, temperature and cumulative precipitation are the most important hydrogeochemical and environmental parameters to determine the bacterial community structures. That is to say, temperature can influence bacterial abundance by controlling dissolved oxygen content. Precipitation is another important factor which determines the community composition and bacterial structure directly or indirectly. Moreover, acidobacteria, proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes play key roles in response to the environmental factors in the groundwater of karst zones.     

钙华沉积机制的研究现状及展望

通过分析大量相关文献并结合作者近年来的工作成果,总结了四种钙华沉积模式: 泉水、河流障、湖泊以及沼泽钙华沉积;综合讨论了气候环境、水文地质条件、水体的物理化学性质、生物作用等因素对钙华沉积的影响。针对目前研究中存在的问题,作者认为今后的工作要从碳酸钙沉积反应的热力学、动力学和晶体生长等微观过程进行研究,从而更加全面地认识钙华沉积的机制,以便为钙华景观的科学保护提供理论基础。      

土壤温湿状况对黄河源区水循环过程的影响

众多研究表明黄河源区受气候变化影响,土壤活动层逐渐下降。土壤温、湿度是陆面过程及地球系统中的重要物理量,它们通过影响地表能量和物质交换而影响大气环流和降水等。利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式,选取2个典型年分别设计了2个控制试验和2个敏感性试验来探讨土壤初始状况变化对区域水循环的影响,通过再循环降水率定量描述不同气候背景下陆面对黄河源区水循环的影响,并尝试从环流角度进一步分析土壤初始状况改变对源区水循环影响的物理机制。结果表明：陆面对水循环的影响受大尺度环流背景场影响较大,较弱的环流背景下再循环降水率较强环流背景大5%左右。土壤初始状况对水循环要素有一定程度的影响。土壤初始温度升高/降低,水汽通量增多/减少,后期降水增大/减小。不同环流背景下,土壤记忆时间不同,在弱的环流背景下,土壤记忆时间要长,初始状况扰动可持续1～2个月。     

多传感器联合反演高分辨率降水方法综述

精确测量具有强烈时空变异性的降水,是水文气象学颇具挑战的科学研究目标之一。基于多传感器联合反演降水(Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimation,MPE)的方法已成为卫星反演降水的主流趋势。首先介绍MPE方法的定义与分类,回顾MPE方法的历史发展阶段及研究现状;然后介绍主要的MPE算法,包括TRMM多卫星降水分析算法(TMPA)、气候预测中心算法(CMORPH)、全球卫星降水制图算法(GSMa P)、美国海军研究实验室联合算法(NRLB)和神经网络降水算法(PERSIANN);对比这5种主要算法的优缺点和反演精度(PERSIANN精度范围为-56%~200%,其他产品为-67%~10%),指出存在的主要问题,并且评价不同类型MPE算法的性能;最后结合目前存在的问题探讨MPE方法研究发展趋势。     

次网格积雪参数化在祁连山区斑状积雪带模拟中的应用

运用中尺度大气模式MM5,积雪参数化分别采用简单的积雪参数化方案以及考虑次网格积雪分布和雪密度变化的复杂积雪参数化方案,对黑河流域上游祁连站附近气温和降水进行模拟,与祁连站的观测值对比,检验积雪参数化方案中次网格积雪分布和雪密度变化在该地区气温和降水模拟中的作用.结果表明:简单积雪方案对网格积雪的非0即1描述在斑状积雪带是不合理的,尤其在黑河流域海拔3 300 m以下积雪多为斑状或片状,网格内积雪非均匀性的处理是非常必要的;通过耦合简单和复杂积雪方案的大气模式对气温模拟和观测值比较发现,新方案模拟的气温比旧方案模拟值更接近观测值,在气温低于0℃时改进尤其明显,说明使用复杂积雪/融雪方案可改进斑状积雪带气温的模拟.耦合复杂积雪方案的大气模式模拟的降水与观测值绝对误差低于耦合简单积雪方案模拟结果,复杂积雪方案的模拟结果降水错报率为使用简单积雪方案结果的一半,证明了耦合复杂积雪方案可以提高大气模式对该地区春季降水模拟的准确性.与积雪面积变化相对应,耦合复杂积雪方案模拟出了融雪产流量,而使用简单积雪方案则没有模拟出来.综上所述,耦合考虑次网格积雪分布和雪密度变化的复杂积雪参数化方案比耦合“非0即1”积雪方案可以更准确地模拟祁连山区冬、春季气温和降水.     

喜马拉雅降水势能与剥蚀强度时空对应的定量研究

在活动造山带的研究中,剥蚀作用被认为与大气降水有着密切的关系,并且越来越 多的研究证据发现,气候因子在山脉的演化中承载了重要的影响力,降水被认为是活动造山 带剥蚀作用的动因。研究者用降水量和剥蚀强度的对应来阐释气候对山脉演化的制约。然而 也有学者提出反面例证来否定降水量与山脉剥蚀强度之间的耦合关系,进而否定气候因子在 活动造山带构造演化中的影响。由此而提出的科学问题是：降水究竟与剥蚀强度有没有关 联？降水怎样影响剥蚀强度,遵循怎样的机理？在详细分析活动造山带剥蚀作用过程和机理 的基础上,本文提出了降水势能的概念,在校验和整合TRMM 降水量数据与Etopo1 数字地貌 数据体之后,计算了喜马拉雅造山带的降水势能空间分布。同时,收集整理了喜马拉雅造山 带内已公开发表的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）年龄数据,以此为数据库获取了喜马拉雅剥蚀强度 时空分布格局。通过这两个数据体的定量分析,研究发现,喜马拉雅造山带内,剥蚀强度与 降水势能之间有很好的空间耦合性。这说明, 在喜马拉雅构造带, 现今的AFT 年龄空间分 布,是受气候作用主导的。进一步的研究发现,喜马拉雅带大约2.8 Ma 以来的AFT 年龄与现 今的降水势能秩相关性显著,且有局部最优的线性相关性,说明喜马拉雅带的剥蚀空间分布 受第四纪以来很年轻的地质历史时期的地表降水过程所控制。最新的气候样式决定了现今的 降水过程,控制了造山带剥蚀强度的空间分布。     

西北地区近50年降水周期的稳定性分析

用小波分析和奇异谱分析两种方法相结合对西北地区26个站1951—1999共49年的降水周期随时间的变化进行了分析。结果表明： 西北地区降水周期随时间变化具有较强的区域性;宁夏陕北地区和河西走廊地区近50年的降水变化趋势呈反位相关系;根据近30年西北地区降水变化形式,西北地区大致可分为3种类型的降水变化：①不稳定变化型（新疆地区）;②过渡型（河西走廊地区）;③稳定型（宁夏陕北地区）。近50年西北地区降水普遍存在的准3年左右的周期在20世纪70~80年代显著性下降,5～7年左右的周期和9～14年左右的长周期也随时间有着不同的变化;即各地区所有周期成分的稳定性都显著性地随时间发生变化,各地降水普遍存在一个相对比较稳定的但不太显著的10年左右的平衡态。表明西北地区的降水随时间变化具有多平衡态和非周期性振荡的特点。但西北大部分地区都存在某一特定的周期成分,在该固定周期成分出现前后,其振幅变化与该地区降水趋势变化之间存在着密切关系。     

A groundwater isoscape (δD, δO) for Mexico

Numerous studies have shown that precipitation isocapes drive δD and δ¹⁸O patterns in surficial waters and in terrestrial food webs. While the GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) dataset provided a key foundation for linking precipitation-terrestrial isoscapes globally, it has insufficient spatial coverage in many countries like Mexico. To overcome this limitation, we hypothesized that shallow phreatic groundwaters in Mexico could be used as an isotopic integrator of long-term seasonally weighted precipitation inputs to the landscape to aid in calibrating spatial H and O isotope datasets for terrestrial, biological and hydrological research. Groundwater was sampled from 234 sites in Mexico at ~ 50 km latitudinal spacing to obtain high spatial resolution and country-wide coverage for the construction of a groundwater isoscape. Our data revealed that shallow groundwater infiltration in Mexico appears largely unaffected by evaporation and reflects seasonally weighted precipitation inputs. These precipitation inputs are primarily biased to summertime when highest rainfall occurs, but a small degree of post-precipitation evaporation revealed a lower d-excess zone that corresponded to the interior semi-arid ecozone. We developed a predictive general linear model (GLM) for hydrogen and oxygen isotopic spatial patterns in Mexican groundwater and then compared the results to a validation subset of our field data, as well external data reported in the literature. The GLM used elevation, latitude, drainage basin (Atlantic vs. Pacific), and rainfall as the most relevant predictive variables. The GLM explained 81% of the overall isotopic variance observed in groundwater, 68% of the variance within our validation subset, and 77% of the variance in the external data set. Our predictive GLM is sufficiently accurate to allow for future ecological, hydrological and forensic isoscape applications in Mexico, and may be an approach that is applicable to other countries and regions where GNIP stations are lacking.     

A Review of Research Progress in the Genesis of Colloform Pyrite and Its Environmental Indications

Colloform pyrite is a special form of nano-micro polycrystalline aggregation growth, for which a suitable term is "aggregates of nano-micro crystals". This kind of colloform texture is observed in various geological bodies, such as ancient sedimentary rocks, modern marine and lake sediments, various types of ore deposits, and modern seafloor hydrothermal vents. This paper summarizes the latest developments and research into the definition, formation mechanisms, and environmental indications of colloform pyrite. There appears to be three main formation mechanisms of colloform pyrite: pseudomorphic replacement; biogenic precipitation; and inorganic precipitation. The morphology, particle size, trace element content and preferential growth orientations of colloform pyrite microcrystals can be important indicators for sedimentary environments, hydrothermal activity, and ore-forming processes. We suggest that the microscopic features of nano-micro crystals in colloform pyrite and their aggregation growth patterns need further investigation. The relationships between formation mechanisms of colloform pyrite, organic activity and depositional environments require further exploration. To reveal the nature of nano-micro grain aggregation growth in colloform pyrite and analyse its growth environment and evolutionary history, it is supposed to apply nanoscientific and nanotechnological methods, further integrate consideration of macroscopic geological backgrounds and microscopic mineral growth phenomena, combine high-resolution imaging systems and in situ quantitative microanalysis methods and constitute a mergence of earth science, thermodynamics and kinetics, life science, material science, and chemistry in the study.