Neuro-fuzzy modelling in mining geochemistry: Identification of geochemical anomalies

Local and mine scale exploration models for anomaly recognition within known ore fields are discussed. Traditional geochemical exploration methods are based on multivariate statistical analysis, metallometry, vertical geochemical zonality and criteria of natural field geochemical associations, which suffer several shortcomings, including lack of a geostatistical generalised approach for separating anomalies from background. These shortcomings make the interpretation process time consuming and costly. Fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic and neural network techniques seem very well suited for typical mining geochemistry applications. The results, obtained from applying the proposed technique to a real scenario, reveals significant improvements, comparing the results obtained from applying multivariate statistical analysis. Computationally, the introduced technique makes possible, without exploration drilling, the distinction between blind mineralisation and zone of dispersed ore mineralisation. The methodology developed in this research study has been verified by testing it on various real-world mining geochemical projects.     

天然放射性碳同位素在海洋有机地球化学中的应用

天然放射性碳（¹⁴C）是年代测定的有效手段，它在考古学和地质学的应用已有几十年的历史。过去10年中，伴随着加速器质谱仪（AMS）技术和检测灵敏度的提高，AMS已经能够检测少于mg C量级样品中自然丰度水平的¹⁴C，这大大扩展了¹⁴ C在自然科学，特别是地球科学研究中的应用范畴。简要评述了利用天然¹⁴ C进行海洋地球化学研究的应用，重点介绍了前景广阔、并已取得显著成果的应用领域。     

人工神经网络模型在地学研究中的应用进展

近年来,随着人工神经网络（ANNs）自身技术的不断完善,应用ANNs模型成功解决各类地学问题的案例大量出现。通过对其发展历程进行分析发现,20世纪80年代末国际地学分析中已开始融入ANNs技术,国内则滞后 1～2年。在地学分析中使用的各类人工神经网络类型中,BP模型应用最广,占到85％以上。在10余年的应用过程中,虽然地学的各个分支学科都移植了一种或数种ANNs模型作为其分析工具,但水文、地质、大气、遥感等领域应用较为广泛。传统地学定量分析中的单变量或多变量预测成为人工神经网络地学模型的主要应用客体。同时,诸如模式识别和过程模拟等也是ANNs模型求解的对象。目前,随着建模经验和知识的积累,地学ANNs模型的发展呈现出多种技术综合集成的态势,遗传算法、小波转换、模拟退火算法以及模糊逻辑等方法与ANNs模型融合,成为解决地学分析中非线性问题的利器。     

State-of-the-art review of soft computing applications in underground excavations

Soft computing techniques are becoming even more popular and particularly amenable to model the complex behaviors of most geotechnical engineering systems since they have demonstrated superior predictive capacity,compared to the traditional methods.This paper presents an overview of some soft computing techniques as well as their applications in underground excavations.A case study is adopted to compare the predictive performances of soft computing techniques including eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS),Artificial Neural Networks(ANN),and Support Vector Machine(SVM) in estimating the maximum lateral wall deflection induced by braced excavation.This study also discusses the merits and the limitations of some soft computing techniques,compared with the conventional approaches available.     

傅立叶变换红外光谱联用技术在化石燃料分析中的应用

对傅立叶变换红外光谱联用技术在化石燃料分析中的应用进行了较全面的总结评述,重点介绍了气相色谱／红外光谱联机、高压液相色谱／红外光谱联机、薄层色谱／红外光谱联机、超临界流体色谱／红外光谱联机、裂解色谱／红外光谱联机、热重分析／红外光谱联机、气相色谱／红外光谱／质谱三机联用技术等在化石燃料的结构组分分析、成因机理研究及其勘探等诸方面的重要应用,尤其是在芳香族化合物和几何异构体的分离鉴定方面发挥出的突出功效。引用文献５９篇。     

机载InSAR数据自动生成DEM技术及其在内蒙古丰镇地区的应用

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是传统的合成孔径雷达技术和射电天文学中的干涉测量技术相结合而发展起来的一项新的遥感技术,这一新技术以其在大范围地表高程测量和地表变形测量方面所具有的独特优势和巨大潜力,而成为对地测量和地学科学研究的一个重要的工具。同星载InSAR相比,机载InSAR在高分辨率区域测图方面具有较大的优势,而且数据采集的时间安排及飞行方位选取方面相对较灵活。而且SAR是一种主动微波遥感技术,具有全天时全天候的工作特征,这一技术也正在成为中国西部困难地区测图的一个非常有效的工具。在详细分析应用机载InSAR数据测量地表高程的基本原理的基础上,提出了机载InSAR自动生成DEM的技术流程,并以内蒙古丰镇地区的机载InSAR数据为基础进行了试验研究,取得了较好的效果,为这一新技术的进一步实际应用奠定了基础。     

Determination of Salinity in Fluid Inclusions with Laser Raman Spectroscopy Technique

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＬａｓｅｒＲａｍａｎｍｉｃｒｏｐｒｏｂｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｍａｎｙｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ (Ｓｈｏｖａｌｅｔａｌ.,1995 ;ＭｃＭｉｌｌａｎａｎｄＨｏｆｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ,1988;ＭｃＭｉｌｌａｎ ,1984;Ｄｕｂｅｓｓｙｅｔａｌ.,1982 ;Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ ,1975 )ａｎｄａｓａｎｏｎ ｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｉｎｓｉｔｕｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ,ｉｔｈａｓｈａｄａｔｒｅｍｅｎｄｏｕｓｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｆｌｕｉｄｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｃｏｍｐｏｓｉ…     

Organic carbon source tracing and DIC fertilization effect in the Pearl River: Insights from lipid biomarker and geochemical analysis

The photosynthetic conversion of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into organic carbon (OC) by using aquatic phototrophs in rivers may serve as a potential carbon sink, especially in the carbonate rock areas, thereby offering a clue for finding the missing carbon sink. However, primary-produced autochthonous OC is erroneously considered as terrestrial-derived allochthonous OC. Thus, carbonate weathering-related carbon sink is underestimated if only DIC concentrations sampled at river mouths are considered, and the transformation of DIC to autochthonous OC is neglected. Therefore, distinguishing sources of autochthonous and allochthonous OC is vital in the assessment of carbon sink. In this study, source-specific biomarkers, in association with chemical compositions and phytoplankton proxies in water samples collected from the Pearl River, were analyzed to determine OC sources. Results showed that biomarkers in the Pearl River were quite abundant, and the calculated average autochthonous OC was approximately 65% of the total OC, indicating intense in-river primary productivity. Moreover, phytoplankton biomass and DIC concentration were positively related, indicating the DIC fertilization effect on aquatic photosynthesis. High total suspended solid (TSS) on the water surface blocked the sunlight and then reduced phytoplankton production. However, in situ photosynthesis of phytoplankton could also produce autochthonous OC, even larger than the allochthonous source at sites with high DIC, and even with higher TSS concentrations. These findings comprehensively elucidated the formation of autochthonous OC based on the coupling action of rock weathering and photosynthetic activity in the riverine system, suggesting a potential direction for finding the missing carbon sink.     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年技术与应用

同位素地质年代学的各种定年方法都有其特定的测定对象（矿物或全岩）和适用范围,致使许多金属矿床难以进行年龄测定.为解决此难题,建立了流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年方法,经过30年的探索发展和不断改进完善,已广泛应用于热液矿床、变质岩和石英脉的形成年龄测定,甚至成功应用于松辽盆地深层天然气成藏年龄研究.在详细介绍流体包裹体提取技术和气体纯化技术的基础上,着重总结我们团队运用流体包裹体40Ar/39Ar定年技术在热液矿床和天然气藏形成年龄研究方面取得的重要成果,以及气体混合线的概念及其年龄意义.      

Zircon from sediments: A combined OSL and TL auto-regenerative dating technique

Auto-regenerative dating of zircon grains from fired materials has been shown to be a very powerful technique. The high internal dose rate in zircon gives a measurable auto-regenerated TL signal a few months after the natural TL measurement, allowing the determination of age without dosimetry. The technique has been extended to zircon grains from sediments, using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques to measure the natural signal. The auto-regenerated signal is only a few hundred photons and cannot be measured above background using present OSL techniques, so it is counted using the highly sensitive TL reader developed for fired zircon grains. Preliminary measurements on fired zircons are in good accord with TL dating and the known ages, but precision becomes poor for samples <1 ka in age. Possible improvements using auto-regenerative phototransfer TL dating are discussed.     

滑坡灾害空间预测支持向量机模型及其应用

随着GIS技术在滑坡灾害空间预测研究中的广泛应用,滑坡灾害空间预测模型成为研究的热点问题。在总结滑坡灾害空间预测研究现状的基础上,简要介绍了两类和单类支持向量机的基本原理。以香港自然滑坡空间预测为例,采用两类和单类支持向量机进行滑坡灾害空间预测,并与Logistic回归模型进行了比较。结果表明,两类支持向量机模型优于Logistic回归模型,而Logistic回归模型优于单类支持向量机模型。     

Extracts of impact breccia samples from Sudbury, Gardnos, and Ries impact craters and the effects of aggregation on C60 detection

Fullerenes have been detected in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and in breccia samples from meteorite impact craters, but questions have been raised about contradictory results from similar samples and the sensitivities and accuracies of different analytical methods. We analyzed samples from three impact craters and detected C₆₀ in samples from several locations; we also observed differences in the detection capabilities of various analytical techniques used in the search for fullerenes. The presence of C₆₀ in rocks from the Onaping Formation of the Sudbury impact crater was confirmed. Low levels of C₆₀ were also detected for the first time in samples from the Gardnos (Norway) and Ries (Germany) impact structures.We detected C₆₀ in these samples using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ ionization (SELDI), but the related technique of microprobe laser-desorption, laser-ionization mass spectrometry (μL²MS) did not observe C₆₀ above detection limits. We attribute the absence of μL²MS signal to aggregate formation caused by phthalic acid esters, which appear to easily contaminate samples either during storage or demineralization in plastic containers. The μL²MS technique is incapable of detecting aggregated C₆₀, but aggregation does not suppress detection in SELDI. Phthalate-induced aggregation did, however, enhance SELDI detection of C₆₀ in some cases, and we suggest that this enhancement may help explain previously reported differences in C₆₀ detection from natural samples between laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS, a technique analogous to SELDI that has detected fullerenes in meteorite and impact breccia samples) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work highlights the effects of phthalates and other indigenous compounds or contaminants on certain mass spectrometric techniques and lends support to the idea that several complementary analytical methods should be employed to investigate complex natural samples.     

Polymineralic orientation analysis of magmatic rocks using Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction: Implications for igneous fabric origin and evolution

Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD), which provides an easy way of acquiring large numbers of individual crystallographic orientation data from different phases, has been applied to the study of magmatic fabrics. Using this technique, the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of plagioclase, biotite, orthopyroxene, hornblende and quartz in natural tonalites and quartzdiorites (from the Santa Olalla Igneous Complex, SW Iberia) deformed during the magmatic stage have been determined. Plagioclase is the coarser phase defining the main fabric in each sample, whereas biotite can display either the same fabric as plagioclase or a completely different one. The differences between these two phases occur because: (1) smaller phases interact with the larger ones to produce more random orientations, (2) under simple shear, finer phases can completely rotate giving a girdle included in the XZ plane, (3) finer phases can more easily preserve relict fabrics, while the coarser phases are completely reoriented by the last stress tensor. The last phases to crystallize show weak to completely random CPOs (hornblende) or completely random distributions (quartz). The study was completed with a shape preferred orientation analysis using the Intercept Method in order to detect weak magmatic lineations, and numerical modelling simulations of theoretically equivalent simple shear situations for each sample.     

城市地理信息系统应用

针对近年来国内外城市地理信息系统的应用成果,从城市规划、城市环境、城市灾害、城市土地利用等方面加以总结。同时提出,当前一个国家和地区城市化的发展规划决策中必须应用地理信息系统,作为一项系统工程,只有结合城市遥感、多元信息复合等相关学科,才能发挥其优势,为政论及有关部门决策提供有力的依据。     

热脉冲技术测定树干液流研究进展

热脉冲技术是生态生理学和森林水文学研究树木耗水最为常用的技术之一,该技术具有在树木自然生长状态基本不变的情况下实时测量树干木质部上升液流速度及流量,可以简捷准确地确定树冠蒸腾耗水量,同时具有经济可行,测定准确的优点.综述了热脉冲技术的发展历程,对热脉冲方法测定树干液流理论研究、树干液流时空变异性与环境因子的关系研究以及单株耗水向林分水平的尺度转换研究等方面作了较为详细的总结,据此,对热脉冲技术的发展做了展望.     

条件价值评估法的发展与应用

环境物品或生态系统服务的经济价值评估是国际上生态经济学、环境经济学研究的前沿领域。由于绝大多数环境物品或生态系统服务的公共物品特性，其经济价值的评估需要运用非市场的价值评估技术。条件价值评估法（CVM）是非市场价值评估技术中应用最广、影响最大的一种方法。详细介绍了国际上CVM及其发展与应用研究的现状，分析了CVM在环境价值评估技术中的地位及其理论基础，总结了最大支付意愿（WTP）的各种引导技术，全面归纳了CVM研究中可能出现的各种偏差及其相应的解决方法，简要介绍了最大支付意愿的数据统计分析方法。     

An evaluation of the osmotic method of controlling suction∗

Experimental techniques of testing the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils are complex and difficult to conduct. As a consequence, complete sets of parameters that characterise the behaviour of unsaturated soils remain scarce and necessary. In this context, it has been found useful to gather the information obtained after some years of practice of the osmotic technique of controlling suction. As compared to the more documented axis-translation technique, the osmotic technique has its own advantages and drawbacks that are discussed in this paper, together with some potential future developments.

The osmotic method has been developed by soil scientists in the 1960s and adapted to geotechnical testing in the early 1970s. This paper presents the osmotic technique and comments on its advantages (including suction condition close to reality and higher suctions easily attained) and drawbacks (including some concern with the membrane resistance and some membrane effects in the suction/concentration calibration). Various applications to geotechnical testing are presented such as the determination of the water retention curve, oedometer and triaxial testing procedures and the determination of the permeability of unsaturated soils. Recent developments, that include the extension of the method up to high suctions (10 MPa) are also described, together with some recent and novel applications such as data from high controlled suction oedometer compression test and the determination of the oil/water retention properties of oil reservoir chalks.     

我国地质分析中X射线光谱技术的回顾与展望

评述了我国地质分析了中Ｘ射线光谱技术的应用与发展,内容包括：Ｘ射线光谱实验室建设、相关技术与实验方法、应用与成果、书刊文献及学术活动、人才培训、Ｘ射线光谱与他地质分析技术的配合,当前地学的震求与Ｘ射线光谱技术的未来发展,收集主要文献１１４篇。