Progress on Analytical Methods of Amino Sugars in Environmental Samples

As a kind of important biogenic organic matter, amino sugars can effectively provide insights for the source of organic matters and the contribution of bacterial organic matters based on their concentrations and compositions in the environment. A large number of studies on the analysis of amino sugars have been conducted for environmental samples throughout the world. However, comprehensive and systematic reviews of new progress on the analytical method are still rare. From the aspects of pretreatment methods and detection techniques, the advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions of three common methods (eg. gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were systematically summarized. In terms of pretreatment, the process of the gas chromatography is cumbersome and requires derivatization, while the pretreatment of high performance liquid chromatography is relatively simple and easier to automate. In respect of instrument detection, the gas chromatography can detect four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine and muramic acid) simultaneously and is more stable than the high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the infrared spectroscopy method has the advantages of structural qualitative, however, its sensitivity is lower. There is no analytical method that can guarantee both sensitive analysis of amino sugars and experimental efficiency. Therefore, the analytical method should be reasonably selected according to the form of the sample and the requirements in the analysis of amino sugars. Further work should focus on economy, compatibility and online automation of analytical methods, so as to provide technical support for the research on biogeochemical processes of amino sugars in the environment.     

碳酸盐岩中不同赋存状态有机质地球化学特征对比及对成烃的贡献

碳酸盐沉积物特殊的成岩机理和过程决定了有机质的复杂赋存状态,在碳酸盐岩中,除分散有机质外,还存在包裹体有机质。在包裹体有机质的提取过程中,当用6%(质量分数)的盐酸酸解碳酸盐矿物时,又将包裹体中的一部分有机质分离出(部分呈悬浮状态),本文定义为酸溶有机质I。对这三部分可溶有机质的含量、红外光谱、GC、GC-MS等分析表明它们的特征是不同的,并且分散有机质和包裹有机质在不同演化阶段对成烃的贡献不同。这为评价碳酸盐岩生烃潜力以及研究碳酸盐岩生烃机制和过程奠定了基础。     

莺-琼盆地海相烃源岩特征及高温高压环境有机质热演化

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地存在渐新统海岸平原-半封闭浅海相和中新统浅海相两套海相烃源岩。其中,渐新统烃源岩发育于琼东南盆地早第三纪半地堑,存在海岸平原和半封闭浅海两类烃源岩组合。海岸平原含煤烃源岩有机质丰度高,富含陆源有机质,具有很好的生气潜力;半封闭浅海相烃源岩TOC含量总体低于1.0%,但其规模大且存在TOC1.5%的较高丰度段,故亦具有较大的生气能力。中新统海相烃源岩主要分布于莺歌海盆地裂后热沉降形成的中央坳陷,其有机质丰度横向变化比较大,位于中央坳陷带的烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC大多在0.40%～2.97%之间,有机质以气型干酪根为主。盆地的高地温为有机质向天然气转化提供了有利的条件,尤其是热流体活动使浅层有机质超前熟化,但地层超压对有机质热演化也有一定的抑制作用。盆地模拟结果显示,莺-琼盆地主要凹陷烃源岩大量生气时间较晚,与圈闭形成期的时空配置好,有利于成藏。     

Amino acids and hexosamines in the Hess Rise core during the past 220,000 years

Core sediment samples collected from the Hess Rise, North Pacific, were analyzed for 20 common amino acids (AA) and two hexosamines (HA) to understand the relation between glacial–interglacial variations and deposition/preservation of sedimentary organic matter (OM). The sediments are predominantly carbonaceous (carbonates 35–80%). AA-based parameters—aspartic acid/glycine ratio and serine+threonine relative mole content—suggest that calcareous plankton was the major source of OM in these sediments. This inference is supported by the similarity in distribution patterns of AA and HA contents with that of organic carbon. Low values of AA/HA and glucosamine/galactosamine ratios (average 4.4 and 1.1, respectively) imply that much of the planktonic OM was replaced by microbial OM. The relative molar concentration of two nonprotein AA (β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid) varied with age of sediments; i.e., they were less abundant in recent sediments and more abundant in the oldest sediments. This trend is an indicator of extremely slow but continuous enzymatic degradation of proteinaceous OM within the sediments. So far, bulk OM has been believed to be one of the best proxies for estimation of primary productivity. However, it may be an underestimate, even for the late Quaternary sediments. Comparison of AA and HA content variations with SPECMAP stack revealed their enhanced deposition and preservation during glacial periods relative to interglacial periods. This, in turn, affected not only the planktonic production in surface waters but also the benthic community, including bacteria on the seafloor.     

有机质在MVT铅锌矿床形成中的作用

MVT铅锌矿床与有机质密切相关。本以有机质生成世代为序，讨论了有机质低、中、高成熟阶段的产物在MVT铅锌矿床成矿过程中的作用。腐殖酸在矿床形成的早期阶段配合、吸附Pb、Zn等金属离子，起到促进成矿源层形成的作用。油田卤水可能成为铅锌多金属元素迁移的主要载体和成矿流体的重要组成部分，甚至就是形成密西西比河谷型矿床的一种很重要的潜在成矿流体。甲烷在矿床形成晚期充当还原剂。     

Sedimentary Organic Carbon Mineralization and Its Contribution to the Marine Carbon Cycle in the Marginal Seas

Continental margin sediments are important ocean carbon repository, and the internal carbon cycle is mainly driven by the mineralization processes of sedimentary organic matter. Most organic carbon is transformed to Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) by mineralization processes after being delivered to continental margin sediments, and DIC from pore water diffuses into the upper water column and participates in the ocean carbon cycle. At the same time, some DIC combines ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and precipitates as authigenic carbonate minerals so that carbon is stored in the deposits. Based on the biogeochemical study of the mechanism and efficiency of organic matter burial, we discussed the interaction among sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane, and the effect of organic mineralization on the formation of authigenic carbonate. By reviewing the above-mentioned aspects, we can obtain a better understanding of the role of continental margin sediments in the global carbon cycling budgets as well as its climate and environmental effects.     

塔里木盆地下寒武统底部高熟海相烃源岩中有机质的赋存状态

近年来的研究证明,中新生代未熟—低熟海相富有机质泥质烃源岩中有机质是通过溶解在水中的分子规模的碳有机质以化学吸附的形式被吸附到矿物表面上和蒙脱石结构层内。然而,对于高熟海相泥质烃源岩中有机质的赋存状态却少有报道。通过对塔里木盆地下寒统底部高熟海相泥质烃源岩的有机碳含量、矿物表面积、扫描电镜和透射电镜的综合分析,得到了其有机质以细小的颗粒状保存于沉积物颗粒之间的结论。同时,通过高熟海相烃源岩与现代未熟海相烃源岩有机质赋存状态的对比,提出了值得进一步研究的有关科学问题。     

海洋沉积物中有机质早期成岩矿化路径及其相对贡献

陆架边缘海沉积物是重要的生物地球化学反应器,海洋中90%以上的有机质沉积于此并在早期成岩作用过程中矿化.其矿化路径包括有氧呼吸、反硝化、锰氧化物还原、铁氧化物还原、SO4(-2)还原和CO2还原,并按生成自由能减少的顺序依次发生,构成理想的氧化还原序列.定量研究有机碳矿化路径及其对有机质矿化的相对贡献对揭示能量分配和碳...     

低丰度高演化海相碳酸盐烃源岩有机质原生性研究

碳酸盐烃源岩有机质原生性直接影响到其生烃能力的客观评价,特别对于低丰度高演化海相碳酸盐烃源岩生烃能力评价的影响尤为严重。文章阐述了碳酸盐岩的普遍存在运移沥青,以及识别烃源岩有机质原生性的各种方法,并以鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界为例,建立了一套适合于低丰度高演化海相碳酸盐烃源岩有机质原生性识别的有效方法。     

陆架边缘海沉积物有机碳矿化及其对海洋碳循环的影响

边缘海沉积物是海洋重要的碳储库,其内部的碳循环主要是由有机质矿化分解过程来驱动的。有机碳进入边缘海沉积物后,矿化分解为溶解无机碳(DIC)进入沉积物孔隙水并扩散到上层水柱,参与海洋系统碳循环;同时还有部分DIC与钙镁等离子结合形成自生碳酸盐,保存于沉积物碳库。从生物地球化学角度探讨有机质埋藏机制和效率,在此基础上重点综述沉积物硫酸盐还原、产甲烷和甲烷厌氧氧化过程的耦合机制,以及有机质矿化对自生碳酸盐形成的影响等方面的研究进展,以期加深对陆架边缘海沉积物在全球碳循环收支平衡中的作用及其气候环境效应的认识。     

海相烃源岩有机质类型的“双重属性”初探——以安徽南陵——无为地区浅水台地相碳酸盐岩为例

普遍认为海相烃源岩的生烃母质以菌藻类为主,有机质类型好,其生烃潜力也高。新的研究认为这一观点有待商榷。南陵—无为地区上古生界和中生界海相地层烃源岩有机质表现出"双重属性":反映母质来源的评价指标干酪根镜下鉴定和碳同位素组成显示为腐泥型特征,有机质类型好;而反映生烃能力的评价指标干酪根元素比和岩石热解等参数则表现出其生烃潜力整体只相当于Ⅲ型有机母质的水平。对于海相烃源岩不能一概以生源优劣来直接代替有机质的生烃能力。认识到腐泥型的有机质成烃降解率并不总是很高,这对于客观地评价浅水台地环境沉积的碳酸盐岩生烃潜力是非常重要的。     

宣城地区龙潭组页岩沉积环境与有机质富集

安徽宣城地区上二叠统龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩不仅是我国下扬子区重要的烃源岩,也是目前我国页岩气勘探的重要层位之一.为研究海陆过渡相页岩沉积环境与有机质富集的关系,以港地1井和两个露头剖面为研究对象,系统开展了有机地球化学测试、有机岩石学研究、氩离子抛光—扫面电镜观察、元素地球化学分析等工作.结果表明:下扬子宣城地区龙潭组页...     

The Diversity of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments and the Suspiciousness of Source Parameters: A Review

There are various types of Organic Matter (OM) in marine sediments, and it is of great significance to accurately estimate the source of them. The methods used in most researches include element ratio (C/N), stable isotopes (δ¹³C) and biomarkers (BIT), all of which are used for the whole sample as objects and calculated by end-member of terrestrial and marine source OM, respectively. However, OM is preserved in different ways, such as on its own recalcitrance or combining with inorganic minerals. Preservation differences make their respective parameter values change. After differential sedimentary by gravity or other factors,different preservation types of OM are enriched or dispersed, making some parameters distorted and even meaningless in some areas. Therefore, the parameters of OM measured by the whole sample are influenced by the source of OM and the way of deposition and preservation. Therefore, it is unreliable to use these parameters to study the source of OM without considering the way of preservation. Based on this, this paper put forward a method of particle separation to separate the sediment in different propertied and preservation types. According to the composition and characteristics of the OM at the specific grain level, the corresponding index and end-members value were used to calculate more accurate proportion of the OM. It is of profound significance to understand the production, aggregation, occurrence, migration and deposition of OM and its evolution in the entire carbon cycle.     

海洋浮游植物溶解有机碳释放研究进展

溶解有机碳(DOC)是海洋中最大的有机碳库,其中化学性质不稳定的成分大部分来自海洋浮游植物的释放。简要回顾了浮游植物溶解有机碳释放研究的发展历史,从光合作用合成的溶解有机碳(PDOC)释放占初级生产力的比重,PDOC的化学组成,浮游植物DOC释放的途径与机制,PDOC释放的环境调控,浮游植物群落组成对PDOC释放的影响,以及浮游植物释放DOC对异养细菌的生态意义等方面对相关研究进行了综述和分析。讨论了浮游植物溶解有机碳释放研究的现状和存在的问题,并对PDOC初级生产力测定的推广和相关研究的深化提出建议。     

粘土矿物保存海洋沉积有机质研究进展及其碳循环意义

海洋沉积物吸附有机质的量和有机质循环周期与粘土矿物类型和吸附方式密切相关,并在全球碳循环中扮演着不同的角色。粘土吸附有机质有物理吸附和化学吸附之分,前者主要存在于粘土的微孔隙中,参与年、十年或百年尺度的循环;后者主要存在于粘土矿物层间和外表面,稳定性较好,有机质易于保存,可参与百万年或更长时间的循环,这种不同时间尺度内的碳循环,将会改写海洋沉积物有机碳“源”、“汇”的关系。不同类型粘土矿物的性质存在差异,决定了吸附有机质量的多寡,蒙脱石的吸附量远大于伊利石的吸附量,这可能是造成全球不同海域中有机碳“源”、“汇”变化的原因。海洋沉积物处于水圈、生物圈和岩石圈的交汇地带,有机碳的差异和变化,都会对全球碳循环及气候变化产生重要的影响。     

兰州市大气飘尘中有机物浓度的变化及其分布特征

本文收集了兰州市区和郊区在取暖期和非取暖期的大气飘尘样品和汽车尾气及烟尘样品。对这些样品中有机物总量以及备馏分，即:饱和烃、芳香烃、非烃和沥青质进行了定量分析，结果表明:（１）大气飘尘中有机物浓度在取暖期高于非取暖期，且市区高于郊区；（２）通过对烟尘和汽车尾气样品中有机物各馏分浓度与兰州市区大气飘尘的样品各馏分浓度的比较，其结果是西团区受工业污染较为严重，盘旋路受汽车尾气的污染较为严重，铁路局受烟尘的污染较为严重；（３）兰州市整体污染主要受到燃煤、汽车排放的尾气和工业生产等污染，但具体某一季节或某一区域，这三者之间污染程度有一定的差异。     

湿地溶解性有机质（DOM）源识别方法研究

湿地是位于水陆生态系统之间的重要生态交错带,而溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地向水生生态系统输送营养物质的重要载体物质。湿地中DOM的来源分为内源和外源。对湿地中DOM的来源进行识别有助于认识湿地中营养物质的生物化学循环特征,从而进一步了解水陆生态系统之间的物质循环。目前,对湿地DOM进行源识别的方法较多。根据各种方法在研究中应用的广泛性和可用性,本文主要介绍了光学法、同位素法、C/N比值法和生物标志法在湿地DOM源识别中的应用。综合分析表明,光学法、同位素法和C/N比值法在湿地DOM源识别研究中的应用较多。近几年,由于生物标志物(特别是木质素)不仅能够对来源进行识别,而且对源的变化很敏感,因此生物标志法在湿地DOM源识别中的应用成为研究的热点。论文在分析各种湿地DOM源识别方法的基础上,指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并提出进一步研究的方向。     

张掖市北郊湿地土壤有机质与全氮、全磷的相关性分析

湿地是一类特殊的生态系统,其独特的环境及生物地球化学过程孕育了特殊的土壤类型。以实地调查及分析测试数据为基础,在张掖市北郊湿地区域内,通过同一深度水平方向上和不同取样点垂直方向上的有机质与全氮的线性相关分析,表明二者的相关性十分显著,利用确定的相关方程,可直接用湿地土壤中全氮的数值来推测有机质的含量;而通过对有机质与全磷数据的分析,表明二者在区域内没有线性相关关系。     

天然有机质存在条件下的纳米颗粒与重金属协同行为研究

纳米颗粒与重金属元素相结合发生反应,可能产生一系列相互作用关系。这些作用过程是取决于多个环境条件共同作用的复杂过程,尤其是在土壤这种复杂的典型非均质环境介质中。这些作用关系可分为协同促进和拮抗抑制两大类关系。对于土壤中的重金属元素离子而言,纳米态粒子对其环境有效性究竟是协同促进还是拮抗抑制作用,关键取决于纳米粒子的表面修饰特性、二者间的界面反应以及反应后重金属元素的最终赋存状态这三个方面。协同促进或拮抗抑制作用与否则最终决定了这些污染重金属离子的生物可利用性和生态毒性响应。本文对近年来纳米颗粒-重金属共环境行为国内外研究现状进行综述讨论。纳米-重金属界面吸附解吸和土壤中迁移持留过程研究涉及多个热力学、动力学解析方法,科学家结合静态批实验和动态迁移实验等实验室模拟手段,对纳米颗粒、重金属离子、有机质三因子在土壤介质中的相互作用影响和共行为方式展开深入探讨。在重金属离子-纳米颗粒表面吸附机制、赋存形态以及重金属纳米吸附态土壤迁移固定机制研究中,多种定性表征方法的综合应用,如透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线吸收近边结构光谱/扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XANES/EXAFS)等方法相结合,被公认是揭示这一系列过程机制的重要技术手段。针对不同土壤环境中有机质存在条件,正确评价纳米态物质对重金属的迁移性及生物可利用性的影响作用,将为纳米环境效应评估和纳米修复技术等相关应用提供重要的数据支持和机理依据。     

Young Students' Conceptions of the Marine Environment and Their Role in the Development of Aquaria Exhibits

Informal learning settings such as aquaria are well-placed to help young students understand the nature and importance of marine environments. In order to achieve this, it is important to incorporate pedagogical principles into exhibit design. Using a constructivist perspective, this paper explores young students' conceptions of the marine environment. The findings indicate that although students are interested in marine life and are familiar with terms such as currents, tides and waves, their understanding of these concepts is limited and confused. It is suggested that by addressing children's limited conceptions in their exhibits and educational programmes, aquaria can foster an understanding of the environmental processes that support marine life, thus contributing to habitat conservation and species survival. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.