多源海量统计遥感数据集成管理技术研究

统计遥感业务是国家统计局基于统计业务对空间信息的发展和应用需求,将GIS、Rs和GPS空间信息技术全面应用于统计数据的获取、管理与分析中,从而提高统计效率和统计科技含量,构建新型国家统计业务体系。统计遥感业务数据具有多源、海量的特点,实现统计遥感数据的集成与管理是新型统计遥感业务成功运转的基础。针对统计遥感业务及数据应用需求,通过对各类空间数据集成与管理技术进行研究,提出在建立统计遥感空间数据库基础上,将影像以县级为单位进行拼接、然后压缩存储到统计遥感空间数据库,同时结合影像编目技术实现海量遥感影像的管理;提出将元数据管理和数据转换、数据直接访问以及数据互操作方式,实现多源统计遥感数据的集成与管理。通过多种方式,从应用层面较好地解决了海量、多源统计遥感数据的集成与管理,提升了统计遥感数据的应用范围。     

GIS在县级上地利用信息化建没中的应用

根据县级土地管理机构中土地资料形式陈旧,管理手段落后,不适应经济发展需要的现实状况,探讨了在县级土地利用信息化建设中,现有土地信息资料的利用处理,论述了纸质图数字化、CAD数字图与GIS数据格式转换、图形元素分类、确立GIS图元对应关系及建立空间数据拓扑关系的方法和步骤,阐述了应用MapGIS建立县级土地利用信息数据的总体技术路线,并具体介绍了MapGIS的矢量化工作流程和数据格式转换操作步骤.     

一种基于全球剖分网格的多源遥感数据空间关联方法

针对遥感数据具有多源化且数据量大等特征,同时缺乏统一的空间组织框架,对于数据间空间关联关系建立存在困难等问题,文章提出了基于全球剖分网格的多源遥感数据空间关联模型解决方法:首先采用GeoSOT剖分框架对多源遥感数据进行统一组织与管理,然后根据提出的"网格-数据块-数据"的三层组织概念模型,建立基于全球剖分网格的多源遥感数据空间关联模型;最后进行关联影像的表达实验。实验结果表明,该方法在一定程度上实现了多源遥感数据的结构化组织,有效建立了多源遥感数据的空间关联,并与传统的坐标系统建立对比分析,提高了数据利用的应用效能,整体上促进了遥感数据的使用效率。     

GIS在县级土地利用信息化建设中的应用

根据县级土地管理机构中土地资料形式陈旧,管理手段落后,不适应经济发展需要的现实状况,探讨了在县级土地利用信息化建设中,现有土地信息资料的利用处理,论述了纸质图数字化、CAD数字图与GIS数据格式转换、图形元素分类、确立GIS图元对应关系及建立空间数据拓扑关系的方法和步骤,阐述了应用MapGIS建立县级土地利用信息数据的总体技术路线,并具体介绍了MapGIS的矢量化工作流程和数据格式转换操作步骤。     

城市矢量空间数据增量更新管理模式研究

随着城市矢量空间数据类型不断增多、更新速度不断加快,传统的基于分幅或非标准格网分区的管理模式较难形成高效的数据综合应用体系,本文通过建立多层级、多专题的城市矢量空间数据库,引入多级空间数据库的同步机制,使用要素级的增量更新策略,实现了城市矢量空间数据的要素级管理和多时态特性,建立起了高效的数据生产与数据应用的一体化作业体系。     

城市地理空间基础数据应用模式的探讨

从国内目前城市地理空间基础数据建立、更新、维护、分发和应用现状入手，给出了城市地理空间基础数据应用模式建立的原则，以及基础数据应包括的内容和用户群的划分，提出了一套城市地理空间基础数据应用的具体模式。     

第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量数据栅格化方法

第三次全国国土调查县级土地利用图斑层包含利用类型、耕地类型、坡度等级、种植属性等多属性信息,将县级土地利用矢量数据集成栅格化形成全国无缝的多尺度、多专题栅格产品存在一定技术难度。本文针对第三次全国国土调查土地利用栅格产品应用需求,探讨了多属性综合编码、全国基础地理网格框架、栅格化产品数据模型、矢量栅格化等技术方法,建立了全国土地利用栅格产品生产流程,开展了全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品生产验证。结果表明:本文方法能够实现第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量图斑多属性信息集成栅格化和全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品工程化生产,可为今后的国土调查土地利用栅格产品生产和共享应用提供支撑。     

多源矢量数据一致性处理研究

如何对空间数据进行有效管理和综合应用,特别空间数据的增量级联更新、集成与融合问题,是当前GIS发展中的一项课题。多源异构数据融合的前提是对不同空间数据中的同一地理实体进行识别,建立数据之间的匹配关系,进行一致性处理。本文对多源空间矢量数据产生差异的原因、多源空间矢量数据不一致的表现特征进行归纳;本文介绍多源空间矢量数据一致性处理的必要性,即能够实现数据的有效融合、能够实现对数据质量的评估等;提出了多源空间数据一致性处理基本原则和方法,为相关的工作提供参考。     

基于土地管理系统数据库的建设与应用研究

建立省级土地调查数据库及管理系统,实现对县级二次调查成果的整合和集中管理,满足对县级土地调查数据管理和应用的迫切需求,是河南省第二次土地调查一个非常重要的任务。本文以河南省土地调查数据库项目为例,阐述建立多种比例尺土地利用数据库管理系统的主要工艺。     

城市地理空间基础数据建立、更新、维护和分发服务模式的探讨

从国内目前城市地理空间基础数据建立、更新、维护、分发和应用现状入手，给出了城市地理空间基础数据建立、更新、维护、分发服务模式建立的原则。针对不同的基础数据用户群，提出了一套城市地理空间基础数据建立、更新、维护、分发服备的具体模式。     

从现代测绘技术发展谈测绘继续教育

20世纪90年代中后期,以“3S”技术和“4D”产品的普及推广为标志,我国的传统测绘产业开始了向现代空间地理信息产业的过渡,本文从时空信息获取、加工、管理和服务4个方面对地球空间信息未来的技术发展作了简要的叙述,这对测绘行业本身、对其他行业、对整个社会发展都具有重大意义。继续教育是社会发展加快、竞争激烈的现代性产物。在高科技环境下,测绘继续教育对提高在职测绘专业技术人员的素质,适应国内外测绘行业日益激烈的竞争起着关键性的作用。     

Modelling and mapping third dimension in a spatial database

In this paper, an overview of phases for modelling and mapping third dimension of spatial objects in a database is presented based on a selected spatial database management system (DBMS). These phases include (1) defining a spatial reference system for representing three-dimensional (3D) objects with real-world coordinates, (2) geometric modelling of 3D objects in the database, (3) 3D spatial indexing for fast accessing/querying the 3D data, 3D spatial queries and representation of 3D data. Then, a case study is performed to assess needs, possibilities and potential limitations of 3D data modelling in the spatial database.     

Road network selection for medium scales using an extended stroke-mesh combination algorithm

The road network is an essential feature class in topographic maps and databases. Road network selection for smaller scales forms a prerequisite for all other generalization operators and is thus a fundamental operation in the overall process of topographic map and database production. The objective of this paper was to develop an algorithm for automated road network selection from a large-scale (1:10,000) to a medium-scale database (1:50,000). The project was pursued in collaboration with swisstopo, the national mapping agency of Switzerland. Three algorithms (a stroke-based, a mesh-based, and a combined stroke-mesh algorithm) were implemented from the literature and analyzed using swisstopo’s large-scale TLM3D spatial database, with requirements set forth by expert cartographers. Initial experiments showed that the combination algorithm performed best, yet still it could not meet all requirements. Therefore, extensions to the basic stroke-mesh algorithm were developed, significantly improving the selection result with real-world, large test databases. Three extensions introduce modifications to the stroke-mesh combination algorithm. Furthermore, two extensions include external feature classes, ensuring accessibility of points of interest and appropriate network density representation in settlement areas, respectively. The results were evaluated by expert cartographers, who concluded that the proposed approach is ready to be deployed in production at swisstopo.     

RGB-D SLAM在室内高精度三维测图中的应用

高精度三维测图是室内三维制图的重要支撑,基于三维激光雷达扫描技术的三维测图成本高,需要提前布置标靶,在室内复杂环境中易导致数据不完整;基于图像序列的三维重建建模时间长,易受多种因素影响。针对以上问题,本文将RGB-D SLAM技术应用于室内高精度三维测图中。通过将深度相机与SLAM技术相结合,计算相机位姿并恢复三维空间信息,获取室内三维点云模型,并以目标物实际量测为基准评价密集点云精度。试验结果表明,该方法可快速获取精度较高的三维点云模型,成本低且效率高,能够较好地满足应用需求。     

Harnessing spatio‐temporal patterns in data for nominal attribute imputation

Missing data in Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) are an unavoidable consequence of data collection by non‐experts, guided by only vague and informal mapping guidelines. While various Missing Value Imputation (MVI) techniques have been proposed as data cleansing strategies, they have primarily targeted numerical data attributes in non‐spatial databases. There remains a significant gap in methods for imputing nominal attribute values (e.g., Street Name) in map databases. Here, we present an imputation algorithm called the Membership Imputation Algorithm (MIA), targeting spatial databases and enabling imputation of nominal values in spatially referenced records. By targeting membership classes of spatial objects, MIA harnesses spatio‐temporal characteristics of data and proposes efficient heuristics to impute the class name (i.e., a membership). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to impute the membership with high levels of accuracy (over 94%) when assigning Street Name(s), across highly diverse regional contexts. MIA is effective in challenging spatial contexts such as street intersections. Our research serves as a first step in highlighting the effectiveness of spatio‐temporal measures as a key driver for nominal imputation techniques.     

Graphically supported evaluation of mapping techniques used in presenting spatial accessibility

ABSTRACT

Given the rising availability of alternative ways of spatial data mapping, there is a growing need to study their usability. An important aspect here is the diversity of the cartographic visualizations that are used to draw conclusions about the usability of various mapping techniques. In our study we evaluated the usability of six various mapping techniques used in presenting spatial accessibility, taking into consideration four components: effectiveness and efficiency (objective criteria) and graphical attractiveness and user-perceived effectiveness (subjective criteria). Using Internet questionnaires, we conducted a graphical perception experiment with respondents performing tasks on a hypothetical monocentric road network model displayed using mapping techniques of spatial accessibility, differing in the applied parameters of graphical and non-graphical factors influencing effectiveness and efficiency. The results showed that non-graphical factors had a greater influence than the graphical factors. In total usability comparison the three-dimensional (3D) point technique was ranked the highest, while the worst result was achieved by the 3D area technique. The proposed graphical form of study results made it possible to compare the influence of various effectiveness factors, to analyze mapping techniques in terms of considered criteria and finally to present their total usability using a chart inspired by Uhorczak’s typogram.     

城市景观的三维抽象、描述与表达方法

提出了三维地理要素体系、三维空间描述粒度、建筑物立体剖分、城市景观三维模型库等概念与实现方法 ,实例证明了该方法的可行性     

Revisiting cartography: towards identifying and developing a modern and comprehensive framework

Developments in production, sharing and use of spatial data and information involve revisiting the role and scope of cartography. Cartography is a core discipline for spatially modelling, investigating and mapping natural and cultural environments, developing location-aware applications, establishing spatial data infrastructures and forming spatially enabled societies. In this context, spatial data handling provides key tools for creating spatial databases, integrating spatial data, producing geographic information and maps and so on. Although cartography plays a key role in many phases of such activities, it tends to be introduced only as visualization phase of spatial data handling. On the other hand, it is sometimes regarded to encompass entire phases of spatial data handling. So this article investigates the relationships between cartography and spatial data handling, management and use, and on this basis, proposes a modern and comprehensive framework for cartography to contribute to restoring the full conceptual breadth of the discipline.     

基于数据匹配的建筑物群典型化快速算法

分析了多尺度数据库和在线综合集成的途径与网格简化技术的矛盾及改进方法．提出了基于多尺度数据匹配的建筑物群典型化算法。算法基于分治原则．将整个图面空间划分为多个分区，每个分区进而划分为多个簇，以簇为单元，支持并行计算。此方法快速有效，适于网络制图。     

室内移动测量系统在新型基础测绘中的应用

室内移动测量系统在北京市新型基础测绘体系空间实体建设中发挥着重要作用。本文提出了室内移动测量系统在新型基础测绘体系空间实体建设中的技术框架,该框架包括室内外数据采集、处理流程与方法、多源点云数据拼接与融合及一体化点云和全景影像数据在全要素三维建模中的应用。并以NavVis M6室内移动测量系统为试验设备,选取怀柔区金隅水泥厂地区作为开展北京市新型基础测绘的试点区域。结果表明,本文室内移动测量系统作业流程可满足新型基础测绘体系空间实体建设的需求。