Ecological metrics and methods for GPS movement data

The growing field of movement ecology uses high resolution movement data to analyze animal behavior across multiple scales: from individual foraging decisions to population-level space-use patterns. These analyses contribute to various subfields of ecology – inter alia behavioral, disease, landscape, resource, and wildlife – and facilitate novel exploration in fields ranging from conservation planning to public health. Despite the growing availability and general accessibility of animal movement data, much potential remains for the analytical methods of movement ecology to be incorporated in all types of geographic analyses. This review provides for the Geographical Information Sciences (GIS) community an overview of the most common movement metrics and methods of analysis employed by animal ecologists. Through illustrative applications, we emphasize the potential for movement analyses to promote transdisciplinary GIS/wildlife-ecology research.     

Incorporating behavior into animal movement modeling: a constrained agent-based model for estimating visit probabilities in space-time prisms

ABSTRACT

Animal movement is a dynamic spatio-temporal process. While trajectory data reflect the instantaneous animal position in space and time, other factors influence movement decisions between these observed positions. While some methods incorporate environmental (habitat) context into their understanding of the animal movement process, it is often captured in terms of simple parameters or weights influencing model results; primary behavioral data are not used directly to inform these models. Here, a new space-time constrained agent-based model is introduced, capable of producing ordered, behaviorally informed animal potential paths between observed space-time anchors. Potential paths generated by this approach incorporate both observed animal behavior and classical space-time constraints, and are used to construct associated visit probability distributions. Additionally, the notion of a behavioral space-time path is introduced, a variant of the space-time path based on the results of behaviorally aware animal movement simulation. The results of this approach demonstrate a means to better understand the varied movement opportunities within space-time prisms from an animal behavior perspective. From a spatial ecology perspective, not only is the environmental context considered, but the animal’s choice of transition and movement magnitude between contexts is modeled. This approach provides insight into the complex sequence of behaviorally informed actions driving animal movement decision-making.     

论乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学

面对全球环境挑战,可持续发展备受关注,成为21世纪举世瞩目的新兴领域。乡村可持续性科学作为可持续性科学的重要组成部分,是一门以跨学科思维、多尺度视角来理解和改善乡村人地关系的、以应用为导向的整合型学科。与城市可持续性科学相互对应并相互联系,乡村可持续性科学是应对乡村衰退、促进乡村可持续发展所急需的科学支撑。本文在讨论可持续性、乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学概念基础上,以农业可持续性、社区可持续性与农民福祉为主要内容,构建了一个多学科综合的乡村可持续性科学研究框架。中国是一个农业大国,城乡差距明显,“三农”问题复杂,1978年改革开放以来,乡村发展迅速,但也面临艰巨挑战。乡村振兴战略的实施是推动中国乡村向可持续发展转型的有效途径,但其理论与实践体系尚不完善。具有中国特色的乡村可持续性科学的发展,可以为乡村振兴战略实施提供理论、技术与决策支撑。为此,本文对中国乡村可持续发展现状进行了分析,并基于文献分析探讨了中国乡村可持续研究的不足。结论显示,中国乡村迫切需要向可持续发展转型,但乡村可持续性科学基础薄弱,需借鉴国际经验,立足本国国情,强化跨学科研究与人地系统耦合研究,聚焦9个适应中国当前乡村发展需求的核心议题,并因地制宜地将乡村可持续性研究成果转化为指导乡村振兴发展的行动策略。     

An empirical study on the intra-urban goods movement patterns using logistics big data

ABSTRACT

Movement patterns of intra-urban goods/things and the ways they differ from human mobility and traffic flow patterns have seldom been explored due to data access and methodological limitations, especially from systemic and long timescale perspectives. However, urban logistics big data are increasingly available, enabling unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions to this issue. This research proposes an analytical framework for exploring intra-urban goods movement patterns by integrating spatial analysis, network analysis and spatial interaction analysis. Using daily urban logistics big data (over 10 million orders) provided by the largest online logistics company in Hong Kong (GoGoVan) from 2014 to 2016, we analyzed two spatial characteristics (displacement and direction) of urban goods movement. Results showed that the distribution of goods displaceFower law or exponential distribution of human mobility trends. The origin–destination flows of goods were used to build a spatially embedded network, revealing that Hong Kong became increasingly connected through intra-urban freight movement. Finally, spatial interaction characteristics were revealed using a fitting gravity model. Distance lacked substantial influence on the spatial interaction of goods movement. These findings have policy implications to intra-urban logistics and urban transport planning.     

干旱区生态-水文过程研究的回顾与展望（英文）

Ecohydrology, aiming to study the interactions between terrestrial ecological systems and hydrological cycles as well as their impacts on water management, has been an emerging interdisciplinary research field since the 20 th century. It hosts both natural and human regulated processes that are potentially coupled in complex ways. Understanding the ecological-hydrological processes, the fundamental mechanisms and the connections between them is critical since these processes are not isolated but integrated to impact basin-scale hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a larger river system, especially in arid environment where water resources are considered to be the source of life. Thus, research on ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment is not only a scientific focus area but also important to sustainable development. Research projects and initiatives involved in observation, measurement, modeling and data assimilation have been well-developed for those purposes over the past 20 years. This review summarizes the historical development of ecohydrology science in China and the state-of-the-art tools available in the research framework. Five grand scientific challenges are listed as prospects and exciting opportunities for the scientific community. To advance the current ecological-hydrological processes research, scientists from multidisciplinary backgrounds(such as geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geochemistry and ecology), need to unite to tackle the many open problems in new dimensions.     

Ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment: Past,present and future

Ecohydrology, aiming to study the interactions between terrestrial ecological systems and hydrological cycles as well as their impacts on water management, has been an emerging interdisciplinary research field since the 20th century. It hosts both natural and human regulated processes that are potentially coupled in complex ways. Understanding the ecological-hydrological processes, the fundamental mechanisms and the connections between them is critical since these processes are not isolated but integrated to impact basin- scale hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a larger river system, especially in arid environment where water resources are considered to be the source of life. Thus, research on ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment is not only a scientific focus area but also important to sustainable development. Research projects and initiatives involved in observation, measurement, modeling and data assimilation have been well-developed for those purposes over the past 20 years. This review summarizes the historical development of ecohydrology science in China and the state-of-the-art tools available in the research framework. Five grand scientific challenges are listed as prospects and exciting opportunities for the scientific community. To advance the current ecological-hydrological processes research, scientists from multidisciplinary backgrounds (such as geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geochemistry and ecology), need to unite to tackle the many open problems in new dimensions.     

陇中黄土丘陵区生态环境退化与恢复重建调控机理

陇中黄土丘陵区生态环境脆弱,历史时期人为活动强烈,导致生态环境退化与农牧交替频繁.应用系统论分析该生态经济系统的稳定性,用反馈控制原理分析该生态环境系统的运行机制和调控机理,并提出该区生态环境恢复重建的途径与措施,为该区生态环境建设和农牧业发展提供科学依据.     

基于土地系统科学的土地利用转型与城乡融合发展

土地系统科学的研究视角可为促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型研究提供参考借鉴.本文在梳理国际上土地系统科学发展历程基础上,基于土地系统科学研究视角探讨了土地利用转型影响城乡融合发展的理论框架、方式与路径以及促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型调控途径与措施.土地系统科学致力于监测土地变化,解释驱动因素和反馈机制,理解发生于土地上...     

CostMAP: an open-source software package for developing cost surfaces using a multi-scale search kernel

ABSTRACT

Cost surfaces are a crucial aspect of route optimization and least cost path (LCP) calculations and are used in awide range of disciplines including computer science, landscape ecology, and energy-infrastructure modeling. Linear features present akey weakness to traditional routing calculations along cost surfaces because they cannot identify whether moving from acell to its adjacent neighbors constitutes crossing alinear barrier (increased cost) or following acorridor (reduced cost). Following and avoiding linear features can drastically change predicted routes. We introduce an approach to address this adjacency issue using asearch kernel that identifies these critical barriers and corridors. We have built this approach into anew Java-based open-source software package– CostMAP (cost surface multi-layer aggregation program)– which calculates cost surfaces and cost networks using the search kernel. CostMAP allows users to input multiple GIS data layers and to set weights and rules for developing aweighted-cost network. We compare CostMAP performance with traditional cost surface approaches and show significant performance gains– both following corridors and avoiding barriers– by modeling the movement of alarge terrestrial animal– the Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdii)– in amovement ecology framework and by modeling pipeline routing for carbon capture and storage (CCS).     

Unusual behavior detection and object ranking from movement trajectories in target regions

Unusual behavior detection has been of interest in video analysis, transportation systems, movement trajectories, and so on. In movement trajectories, only a few works identify unusual behavior of objects around pre-defined points of interest (POI), such as surveillance cameras, commercial buildings, etc., that may be interesting for several application domains, mainly for security. In this article, we define new types of unusual behaviors of moving objects in relation to POI, including surround, escape, and return. Based on these types of unusual behavior, we (i) present an algorithm to compute these behaviors, (ii) define a set of functions to weight the degree of unusual behavior of every moving object in the database, and (iii) rank the moving objects according to the degree of unusual behavior in relation to a set of POIs. We evaluate the proposed method with real trajectory data and show that the closest work does not detect the proposed behaviors and ranks objects considering only one type of unusual movement.     

生态系统科学研究与生态系统管理

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统学科以生态系统生态学研究为核心,通过研制生态系统观测和模拟分析的技术和方法,探索解决区域性/大尺度生态学问题的理论和方法,监测生态系统变化,认知生态系统变化规律,推动生态系统生态学、生物地理生态学、全球变化生态学和生态信息科学技术的发展,创新生态系统管理模式,服务于国家和地方的生态建设、应对全球变化及区域可持续发展。面向国家重大需求,在中国华北平原农业区、南方红壤丘陵林业区、青藏高原农牧区以及黄土高原区等典型区域开展生态系统管理技术与模式的集成与创新研究,着力解决国家生态文明建设和应对全球气候变化中的重大生态学问题,推动区域生态系统管理领域的科技进步。围绕生态系统生态学学科前沿,着重在① 生态系统联网观测、模拟与信息管理,② 生态系统结构、过程与功能,③ 生态系统空间格局与机制,④ 生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应,⑤ 生态系统管理与生态系统服务等五大主要研究方向,系统开展生态系统生态学前沿理论和实践的创新研究,研究成果处于国内和国际生态学研究的科学前沿。     

巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带沙丘移动规律北大核心CSCD

巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠分别为中国面积第二、第三大流动性沙漠,对两大沙漠连接带新月形沙丘的动态监测可以揭示该地区沙丘形成演化规律,为沙漠连接带风沙地貌发育研究提供科学支撑。通过Google Earth高清历史影像对巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带的新月形沙丘带进行监测,分析了两大沙漠交界处沙丘的移动速率和形态变化。结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带沙丘移动速率范围5.88-19.55 m·a^(-1),平均移动速率10.03 m·a^(-1);移动方向范围109°-135°,平均移动方向122°。风况为沙丘移动提供动力条件,合成输沙方向与沙丘移动方向吻合。受NW、WNW方向输沙影响,新月形沙丘南翼在移动速率增加的同时长度不断伸长,显著区别于北翼。沙丘移动受控于沙丘本身形态,沙丘各形态参数(迎风坡长度、高度、宽度、周长、底面积)与移动速率呈现显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。植被覆盖以及沙丘密度的差异导致了研究区沙丘移动速率的差异。沙丘移动前后,形态参数变化具有复杂性,而沙源丰富度差异以及丘间地灌丛沙包对沙丘形态的改变,是沙丘形态变化复杂性的主要原因。两大沙漠连接带年输沙通量170-521 t·m^(-1),均值为301 t·m^(-1)。     

Aggregating the conceptualization of movement data better captures real world and simulated animal–environment relationships

ABSTRACT

Habitat selection analysis is a widely applied statistical framework used in spatial ecology. Many of the methods used to generate movement and couple it with the environment are strongly integrated within GIScience. The choice of movement conceptualisation and environmental space can potentially have long-lasting implications on the spatial statistics used to infer movement–environment relationships. The aim of this study was to explore how systematically altering the conceptualisation of movement, environmental space and temporal resolution affects the results of habitat selection analyses using both real-world case studies and a virtual ecologist approach. Model performance and coefficient estimates did not differ between the finest conceptualisations of movement (e.g. vector and move), while substantial differences were found for the more aggregated representations (e.g. segment and area). Only segments modelled the expected movement–environment relationship with increasing linear feature resistance in the virtual ecologist approach and altering the temporal resolution identified inversions in the movement–environment relationship for vectors and moves. The results suggest that spatial statistics employed to investigate movement–environment relationships should advance beyond conceptualising movement as the (relatively) static conceptualisation of vectors and moves and replace these with (more) dynamic aggregations of longer-lasting movement processes such as segments and areal representations.     

基于位置感知设备的人类移动研究综述

每个人在地理空间内的移动看似随机而没有规律,然而一个较大规模人群的移动却隐藏着特定的模式。为了研究某些地理问题,如交通、疾病传播等,可以从个体行为出发,在地理信息系统的支持下,发现人类移动模式,并构筑基于个体的模拟模型,从而建立微观和宏观之间的桥梁,并支持相应的决策过程。信息通讯技术的发展,一方面改变了人们的空间行为模式,另一方面使得基于位置感知设备获取海量人类移动数据成为可能。近年来,上述研究一直是地理信息科学及相关领域的热点,该文对此进行了总结和评述。     

赛里木湖湿地资源及其保护利用

新疆赛里木湖湿地为国家级自然风景保护区和自治区湿润地保护区。湖区周围动植物资源丰富,景色秀丽,多姿多彩,并将湿地景观和人文景观融合为一体,具有较高的生态、科学、生物多样性、自然景观和历史文化等价值。但目前赛里木湖湿地保护乏力,生态系统已呈现衰退的迹象,需要对湿地采取保护,修复措施,并适度开发和合理利用,以充分发挥挥湿地多种功能效益。     

从《地理学报》创刊85年载文审视中国地理学发展特征

在《地理学报》创刊85周年之际,采用Citespace可视化为特征的科学文献计量方法,对1934-2018年《地理学报》4129篇载文的主题、引文和关键词等特征进行可视化分析,系统分析其1934-1949年创办时期、1950-1966年转型时期、1978-1995年成长时期以及1996年以后的创新发展时期4个不同时期出版的学术论文的主题脉络、知识演进、历史热点和机构发展。《地理学报》历年载文所体现的主题脉络持续变化、知识演进的不断前推、历史热点的交换更替以及载文机构的全面发展都充分体现出地理学在过去、现在与未来的自我革新力和蓬勃生命力。研究分析发现,自然地理学、人文地理学、遥感与地理信息系统和生态环境学在《地理学报》发展的不同时期都起到了重要引领作用。虽然4个主要领域的研究热度长盛不衰,但也大致经历了由自然地理向自然地理与人文地理并举,再向人地环境系统的交叉综合。其过程呈现出四大转变,即：① 研究视角的转变：迈向综合、交叉和融合的地理学研究;② 研究内容的转变：从自然要素和人文要素,到人地综合系统耦合的过程、机制和影响;③ 研究范式的转变：迈向理性科学主义和人文主义的融合;④ 研究方法和技术的转变：从田野观测和数字模拟到多源时空监测和耦合模拟。在此基础上,中国地理学者应进一步健全研究理论体系,改进研究范式,不断夯实地理科学的内核,并同时以更加开放的态度,吸收、引进相关学科的知识和方法,增强共识,走融合发展之路。     

长三角城际日常人口移动网络的格局与影响机制

人口移动是城际要素流动和资源配置的主要载体,是建构区域网络组织的主要形式。本研究关注人口移动的重要组分——短时间尺度48小时内城际日常移动（daily intercity mobility）,基于微博签到大数据,通过分析长三角人口日常移动的城际格局发现,人口流动具有向多核心极化的分布特征,受到省级行政边界阻碍,并存在明显的省际差异。通过重力模型进行反向验证,对影响因素进行系统统计检验发现,移动的时间等成本和产业结构、文化、教育等城市特征补充塑造了由物理距离决定的城际移动模式,且相比于移动成本,城市特征对人口移动有着更大的影响。本文拓展了重力模型检验网络影响机制的方法实践,解析了城际日常移动机理,并从人口日常移动角度为理解长三角一体化的进程与优化策略提供参考。     

A collective human mobility analysis method based on data usage detail records

Human mobility patterns have been widely investigated due to their application in a wide variety of fields, for example urban planning and epidemiology. Many studies have introduced spatial networks into human mobility analyses at the collective level. However, these studies merely analyzed spatial network structure, and the underlying collective mobility patterns were not further discussed. In this paper, we propose a collective mobility discovery method based on community differences (CMDCD). We constructed spatial networks where nodes represent geographical entities and edge weights denote collective mobility intensity between geographical entities. The differences between communities detected from the networks constructed in different periods were then identified. Since collective spatial movement has a large influence on network structure, we can discover groups with different mobility patterns based on community differences. By applying the method to data usage detail records collected from the cellular networks in a city of China, we analyzed different collective mobility patterns between the Spring Festival vacation and workdays. The experimental results show that our method can solve these two problems of identifying community differences and discovering users with different mobility patterns simultaneously. Moreover, the CMDCD method is an integrated approach to discover groups whose mobility patterns have changed in different periods at the large spatial scale and the small spatial scale. The discovered collective mobility patterns can be used to guide urban planning, traffic forecasting, urban resource allocation, providing new insights into human mobility patterns and spatial interaction analyses.     

陆地生态系统碳循环及其机理研究的地球信息科学方法初探

针对陆地生态系统碳汇/源的时空格局、碳循环过程的驱动机制及未来情景等前沿科学问题,提出陆地碳循环研究的地球信息科学方法,采用陆地生态系统碳通量/储量与碳循环过程的综合网络观测、生物过程的适应性实验研究以及河流碳输运过程研究为支撑系统的自下而上途径、与以土地利用/土地覆被变化和对地观测数据生态参量反演为基础的自上而下研究途径、经相互验证和尺度转换模型实现有机结合的研究方法,开展综合观测、调查、比对分析、模拟和评价研究,把握陆地生态系统碳循环的格局与过程规律,辨析自然和人为因素对陆地生态系统碳循环过程的影响,探讨全球气候变化条件下陆地生态系统碳循环过程的演变趋势。