中国省际高技能人才迁移的时空演化机制

高技能人才迁移是推进新型城镇化建设的重要议题,也是影响地区创新产出和高质量发展的关键要素。针对人才迁移数据中蕴含的零膨胀和网络自相关特性,本文将特征向量空间滤波（ESF）技术和“两阶段”Hurdle模型结合,构建空间Hurdle引力模型,结合2000—2015年中国省际高技能人才迁移面板数据,研究人才迁移的时空演化格局和驱动机制。研究结论显示：① 2000—2015年人才迁移的跨省迁移比例先升后降;人才迁移表征出集聚格局,维系了其空间分布的不均衡性;随时间推移,人才迁移格局呈现分散趋势,人才空间分布集聚性下降;人才迁移和空间分布均呈现出持续显著的网络与空间自相关性特征。② 引力因素（人口规模、空间距离）、地区经济和科技发展水平（工资、科教投入）、自然舒适度（平均温差、空气质量）、城市舒适度（医疗及教育公共服务、城市绿化）以及其他因素（社会网络、生活成本、人口密度）共同驱动了跨世纪以来中国省际人才迁移过程。③ 人才迁移可被看作一个“两阶段”过程,影响其迁移概率和迁移规模的因素呈现一定差异。④ 经济增速、科教投入、自然舒适度和基础公共服务对人才迁移的影响随时间增强,而工资和城市绿化的影响随时间减弱。本文的研究结论为地区人才治理及实现地区均衡发展提供政策参考。     

老年人居住迁移的地理学研究进展

20世纪70年代以来,国内外有关老年人居住迁移的地理学研究在理论化、研究方法和实证研究方面取得了较大的进展。文章按照时间顺序和研究内容的逻辑关系提出了老年人居住迁移的研究框架,回顾了欧美、日本和中国地理学界对老年人居住迁移研究的成果和进程,以期为未来中国地理学的相关研究提供借鉴。     

Regional Variation in Mobility Levels and Timing in the United States

The age patterns of U.S. internal migration, while examined extensively at the national level, have not been fully explored at the regional scale. This study examines, using 1985 - 1990 census data, the state-level variations in two aspects of lifecycle mobility: the mobility level, or the average number of moves made over the lifecycle, and the mobility timing, or the age at which half the lifetime moves are completed. It further delineates typologies of states based upon their age structure of mobility. The study found that regional patterns in the mobility level showed some evidence of the Snowbelt-Sunbelt patterns that characterized economic restructuring in the 1980s. Geographic patterns of mobility timing were less clear; however states in the West and the South showed somewhat more young distributions than the other regions. Further, there was a statistically significant relationship between mobility levels and timing: states with higher mobility levels also exhibited older mobility profiles, as a consequence of disproportionately high elderly mobility rates. The study highlights the regional differences in mobility behavior, and the interplay between the “how much” and the “when” of mobility.     

Regional Variation in Mobility Levels and Timing in the United States

The age patterns of U.S. internal migration, while examined extensively at the national level, have not been fully explored at the regional scale. This study examines, using 1985 ‐ 1990 census data, the state‐level variations in two aspects of lifecycle mobility: the mobility level, or the average number of moves made over the lifecycle, and the mobility timing, or the age at which half the lifetime moves are completed. It further delineates typologies of states based upon their age structure of mobility. The study found that regional patterns in the mobility level showed some evidence of the Snowbelt‐Sunbelt patterns that characterized economic restructuring in the 1980s. Geographic patterns of mobility timing were less clear; however states in the West and the South showed somewhat more young distributions than the other regions. Further, there was a statistically significant relationship between mobility levels and timing: states with higher mobility levels also exhibited older mobility profiles, as a consequence of disproportionately high elderly mobility rates. The study highlights the regional differences in mobility behavior, and the interplay between the “how much” and the “when” of mobility.     

区域协调发展背景下流动人口回流的空间意愿及其政策含义

人口空间分布格局的改变既是区域协调发展战略实施的结果,也是推进区域协调发展的重要手段之一。本文以流动人口的回流空间意愿作为切入点,采用全国性大规模抽样问卷调查数据,对流动人口回流的空间意愿、群体差异和影响因素进行研究,并探讨其对区域协调发展和新型城镇化的政策含义。研究发现,流动人口的回流意愿薄弱;对具有回流意愿的流动人口来说,回流空间的路径选择以返回原居地为主、乡镇中心和县城为辅。模型结果显示,流动人口回流空间选择不仅是其人力资本和流动经历正向选择的结果,也显著地受到流出地住房和流入地的就业收入和养老保险等因素的影响,而流出地的家庭需求和空间成本则无显著影响。在此背景下,政策制定者不能高估人口回流对人口流动空间格局和人口均衡发展的调整作用,也不能高估回流劳动力对流出地城镇化和城乡协调发展的促进作用,而应加强流出地城镇自我可持续发展的能力,吸引人口主动回流,以推进区域协调发展和新型城镇化战略的落实。     

TRACKING THE BABY BOOM,THE BABY BUST,AND THE ECHO GENERATIONS: HOW AGE COMPOSITION REGULATES US MIGRATION*

US regional and state migration data from the 1940s–80s, when members of the baby boom generation aged into their years of peak labor force mobility, suggest ways in which changing age composition regulates geographical mobility and interregional migration. Labor supply pressure plays a key role in the dynamics of the national migration system. A “delayed mobility” effect in the 1980s similar to the delayed fertility of the baby boom cohorts appears to be a result of the depressed rates of mobility experienced by members of this generation when they flooded regional labor markets with record numbers of entrants in the 1970s. Recent temporal shifts in age-specific volumes of interregional migration help predict the future pace of migration based upon the projected age distribution of the nation.     

农村劳动力回流的影响因素分析——以广东省云浮市为例

改革开放以来,中国大规模的人口流动对资源的优化配置和经济快速发展产生了深远的影响.然而,中国的农村劳动力流动正逐渐从单向转变为城乡双向流动的格局,这一变化无疑将深刻影响我国农村地区的发展前景.文中采用对广东省云浮市农户的调查数据,通过构建Logistic模型,从农村外出劳动力个体行为决策的视角探讨农村劳动力回流的影响因素.实证研究表明:人力资本较低,年龄偏大,家庭儿童数量较多、老人数量较少和已婚的外出劳动力回流的可能性较大;而外出务工时间对回流概率的影响呈倒U型分布;家乡的非农就业机会与村庄的区位因素也显     

Inferring spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial distributions

Spatial interactions underlying consecutive sequential snapshots of spatial distributions, such as the migration flows underlying temporal population snapshots, can reflect the details of spatial evolution processes. In the era of big data, we have access to individual-level data, but the acquisition of high-quality spatial interaction data remains a challenging problem. Most research has been focused on distributions of movable objects or the modelling of spatial interaction patterns, with few attempts to identify hidden spatial interaction patterns from temporal transitions of spatial distributions. In this article, we introduced an approach to infer spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial population distributions by incorporating linear programming and the spatial constraints of human movement. Experiments using synthetic data were conducted using four simple scenarios to explore the characteristics of our method. The proposed method was used to extract interurban flows of migrants during the Chinese Spring Festival in 2016. Our research demonstrated the feasibility of using discrete multi-temporal snapshots of population distributions in space to infer spatial interaction patterns and offered a general analytical framework from snapshot data to spatial interaction patterns.     

Spatial mining of migration patterns from web demographics

Volunteered Geographic Information, social media, and data from Information and Communication Technology are emerging sources of big data that contribute to the development and understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of human population. However, the inherent anonymity of these crowd-sourced or crowd-harvested data sources lack the socioeconomic and demographic attributes to examine and explain human mobility and spatiotemporal patterns. In this paper, we investigate an Internet-based demographic data source, personal microdata databases publicly accessible on the World Wide Web (hereafter web demographics), as potential sources of aspatial and spatiotemporal information regarding the landscape of human dynamics. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (1) to develop an analytical framework to identify mobile population from web demographics as an individual-level residential history data, and (2) to explore their geographic and demographic patterns of migration. Using web demographics of Vietnamese–Americans in Texas collected in 2010 as a case study, this paper (1) addresses entity resolution and identifies mobile population through the application of a Cost-Sensitive Alternative Decision Tree (CS-ADT) algorithm, (2) investigates migration pathways and clusters to include both short- and long-distance patterns, and (3) analyze the demographic characteristics of mobile population and the functional relationship with travel distance. By linking the physical space at the individual level, this unique methodology attempts to enhance the understanding of human movement at multiple spatial scales.     

人力资本的空间迁移模式与影响因素分析——以南京市高校毕业生为例

知识经济时代人才是决定区域经济竞争力的重要资源,各地政府发起的人才争夺战日益白热化,中央政府也一再强调应当引导合理、公正、畅通、有序的人才社会性流动。基于南京市高校《毕业生就业质量报告》和一手问卷调查数据,进行毕业生择校迁移与择业迁移模式并采用多项逻辑斯蒂回归模型探究其影响因素研究。研究表明：① 南京市高校毕业生中近84%来自东部和中部地区,而择业迁移进一步向东集聚。② 毕业生整体迁移路径呈“东西非对称U型”格局,长三角城市群构成毕业生流动的核心区域;就业地经济发展水平明显高于生源地且往往与生源地邻近。③ 个体的教育背景、家庭和社会网络和对就业机会的评估都会显著影响毕业生的流动类型选择。     

人口流迁对长江经济带区域经济差距的影响及空间溢出效应

人口流迁对区域经济差距是扩大效应还是缩小效应的争论一直存在,文章利用长江经济带104个城市2001—2017年的空间面板数据,对此议题再作分析。主要结论为：1）对于全局区域经济差距,人口流动、人口迁移与经济差距存在倒“U”型的非线性关系：早期为扩大效应,后期为收敛效应,这与中国梯度发展战略和“先富带动后富,最终实现共同富裕”的阶段化发展理念吻合。2）对于省内区域经济差距,人口流动亦表现为先扩大后收敛的作用,人口迁移则仅表现为扩大效应而无收敛效应。人口流动与人口迁移作用差异来源于后者户籍变更所带来的经济行为和资源配置空间转换。3）考虑空间效应后,判断人口流迁与区域经济差距的内生关系变得相对复杂,但更为全面客观;效应分解显示,人口流动和人口迁移最终是利于区域均衡发展的,其中溢出效应发挥了重要作用。     

中国流动人口的跨等级流动及其对流入城市住房选择的影响

妥善解决流动人口在流入城市的住房问题是实现流动人口市民化和提高新型城镇化发展质量的关键。本文基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,揭示了流动人口的跨等级流动格局,并探讨了跨等级流动对流动人口在流入城市住房选择的影响。研究发现：① 流动人口以跨等级向上流动为主,其中向上跨三级、两级流动的比例较大;② 不同流出地的流动人口在流入城市的住房选择存在显著差异,流出城市的人均GDP和平均房价越高,流动人口在流入城市获得住房产权的概率越大;③ 流入城市的平均房价越高,流动人口获得商品房的概率越低,随着流入城市人均GDP的增加,流动人口购买商品房的概率先增后降,而购买不完全产权房的概率则恰恰相反;④ 随着流动人口跨越城市等级的增加,其获得住房产权的概率降低,而租赁正规住房的可能性增大。研究结果有助于深化理解流动人口在流入城市住房选择的地理根源,对进一步优化面向流动人口的住房政策具有参考意义。     

A Prospective on Zelinsky's Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition

Wilbur Zelinsky's 1971 paper in Geographical Review entitled the “Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition” was both forward‐looking and offered innovative ideas regarding human geographic mobility. One of the most interesting aspects of the paper was a set of predictions for mobility in a “future superadvanced society”. Many of these predictions have now come to pass, including a general decline in international and internal migration and residential change, the increasing regulation of migration ‐ especially internally, and the possibility that the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies has impacted human geographic mobility. Hence, this essay looks at the mobility transition not as an obsolete frame of reference but as a prescient, pliable, and adaptable framework which not only informs the study of human geographic mobility today but also, perhaps, even into the future.     

迁移者的居留、返乡与再迁移决策——基于事件史的分析

作为一个多阶段的空间行为决策过程,人口迁移是城镇化和区域发展研究的核心议题;但现有研究普遍存在重意愿轻行为、重状态轻过程以及较少关注再迁移行为等不足。本文构建了迁移者居留、返乡和再迁移三元选择行为的分析框架,并利用具有全国代表性的调查数据,采用事件史分析法开展了实证研究。结果发现：迁移者普遍会经历三年左右的不稳定期,而后进入稳定居留状态。迁移者的居留、返乡与再迁移行为存在空间分异：省际迁移者较省内迁移者更倾向于再迁移;迁入地规模等级越高,迁移者居留的比例越低。重要生命事件会显著影响人们的迁移行为：婚姻会让迁移者更偏好在特定迁入地稳定居留;毕业就职是人们重新选择居住地的重要时机,而失业这一负面冲击则很可能促使迁移者返回家乡。迁入地经济增长放缓、迁出地经济发展水平提高、两地间文化环境差异较大等因素都会导致更多迁移者选择返乡;但区域发展和地域联系对高学历、低学历迁移者和省际、省内迁移者的影响存在明显异质性。研究结果证实了在人口迁移决策研究中关注实际迁移行为、引入动态过程视角并统筹考虑居留返乡和再迁移三元选择的重要意义。     

Ethnic migration between area groups in England and Wales

Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999–2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population.     

人口流动对区域老龄化进程的影响——一个方法论探讨

持续活跃的迁移流动不仅深刻改变着中国的人口分布格局,也已成为影响区域人口结构的关键因素。为量化估计人口流动对老龄化进程的影响,本研究构建了一个方法论框架,将人口流动的作用分解为规模效应和年龄结构效应,并从地级尺度分析中国人口流动对区域老龄化进程的作用,解读其空间规律和内在机制。总体而言,人口流动导致多数地区老龄化加深,仅有少数地区的老龄化得到缓解;人口流入对老龄化的降低作用和流出的提升作用并非绝对。人口流动的老龄化效应具有显著的空间分异和聚散特征：“胡焕庸线”是重要分界,人口大量流入的东部沿海城市群、内陆省会等区域性中心城市、西部多数地区降低作用突出,人口大量流出的长江中上游和淮河流域提升作用明显。规模效应在人口流动对老龄化及其空间格局的影响中发挥主导作用;按流入、流出分解后,结构效应的解释力得以体现。规模和结构效应在不同地区存在差异化的作用模式。最后开展了类型分析,并探讨了各类型区人口流动影响老龄化的特征和未来趋势。     

Mapping changes of residence with passive mobile positioning data: the case of Estonia

Similar to every process involving quantitative research, the study of migration heavily depends on the data available for analysis. The available movement data limit the type of questions that can be asked, and as a result, certain aspects of human spatial mobility have yet to be examined. The development of information and communication technologies and their widespread adoption offers new datasets, methods and interpretations that make it possible to study social processes at a new level. For example, mobile positioning data can aid in overcoming certain constraints embedded in traditional data sources (such as censuses or questionnaires) for study of the connections between daily mobility and change of residence. This study presents a framework for mapping changes of residence using data from passive mobile positioning and an anchor point model to better understand the limits of these methods and their contribution to understanding long-term mobility. The study concludes that the most important considerations in monitoring change of residence using passive mobile position data include the continuity of the time-series data, the varying structure of the mobile tower network and the diversified nature of human mobility. The fine spatial and temporal granularities of passive mobile positioning data allow us to study human movement at a detailed scale.     

生活方式型移民研究综述

在经济比较发达以及后现代社会带来个人主体性增强的背景下,以寻找更好的生活方式的迁移——“生活方式型移民”成为一种重要的人口流动类型,并受到西方学者的高度关注。在中国,生活方式型移民开始萌芽,然而研究较少,目前主要集中在对生活方式型旅游企业主移民研究;西方的研究则涉及退休移民、生活方式型企业主移民等多种类型,但尚未形成完整的研究体系,对于生活方式型移民概念界定及其类型划分较为杂乱。为此,本文从现有文献出发,试图对这类移民的研究内容进行介绍、探讨、厘清和评析,首先确定“生活方式型移民”的概念框架,根据生产和消费在时间和空间上的结合状态将生活方式型移民划分为三种类型,并从社会交往、生活状态、旅游行为和自我认知等方面综述其迁移后的行为表现及由此产生的影响,希望借此促进中国学者对生活方式型移民的关注。     

中国城市间人口流动空间格局的网络分析——以国庆-中秋长假和腾讯迁徙数据为例

“腾讯迁徙”大数据基于位置服务,实时、动态、完整、系统地描述了用户日常出行活动的轨迹。通过采集“腾讯迁徙”数据平台中2017年国庆-中秋长假期间国内299个城市之间的逐日人口流动数据,分“出行期、旅途期、返程期”3个时间段,利用复杂网络分析方法,从人口流动集散层级、集散网络体系的分层集聚、人口流动空间格局、网络空间特征等角度分析各时间段城市间的人口流动特征与空间格局。结果表明,腾讯迁徙大数据直观地揭示了国庆-中秋期间中国各地级城市间人口的迁移规律,3个时段人口的净流入均呈现十字形骨架支撑的菱形分布,人流集散中心主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝四大城市群,与城市等级有较强的一致性。人口流动集散体系呈明显的分层集聚,城市行政级别的高低与人口流动影响力存在一定的正相关关系,大部分城市人口流动处于“相对平衡”状态。人口流动空间格局呈现出明显的核心-边缘结构,大理-鹤岗一线是人口流动强度空间分布的显著分界线,以此线为界,城市网络呈现东密西疏的分布特征和东部并联、西部串联的网络关联特征。人口流动网络总体表现出“小世界”网络特征,局部具有较明显的“社区”结构特征,聚为2个国家级、2个区域级和3个地区级社区。     

Race and Primary,Return, and Onward Interstate Migration

This paper uses the U.S. 1990 Public Use Micro Sample to characterize the 1985-1990 primary, return, and onward interstate migration patterns for blacks and whites. The classification of these three types of migration is based on the state of birth and state of residence at the start and end of the census interval. Major migration streams, migration rates, and net migration are evaluated for each migrant type and compared for blacks and whites. Overall, the migration patterns of blacks resemble those of whites, with an attraction to the South and the Southwest and movement out of the Northeast and the Midwest. Some differences were observed, however, between the two races. Return migration rates were somewhat higher for black migrants as compared with whites, and onward migration rates were lower. Black primary out-migrants represented a larger proportion of the total flows from the southern states as compared with white out-migrant flows, and they represented a larger share of the out-migrants from the rust belt states. The major migration streams also had different regional and national patterns by race and migrant type.