圆弧板透空式防波堤消波性能试验研究

提出了一种由多层圆弧板组成的新型透空式防波堤结构,并对其在二维规则波浪作用下的消波性能进行了物理模型试验研究。在不同入射波高条件下,对圆弧板和水平板透空结构的消波性能进行了比较分析,探讨了圆弧板间距和层数对圆弧板透空式结构消波性能的影响。研究结果表明,圆弧板透空式结构的消波效果优于水平板式透空结构,在相对宽度为0.2时,可以使透射系数达0.5以下。随着圆弧板间距从0.15 m减小到0.05 m时,消波效果逐步提升,而圆弧板的层数对结构的消波性能也有一定影响。     

不规则波作用下垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数试验研究

垂直挡板式透空堤作为一种新型的透空式防波堤结构,通过将挡浪板垂直设置于波能最集中的水体表层来消减波浪,透浪系数是其最关键的指标。通过物理模型试验,分析不规则波作用下入射波高、波周期、挡板相对入水深度、相对堤宽、相对挡板超高、相对面板超高等因素对垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的影响规律,并在Wiegel公式的基础上拟合了垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的计算公式。可作为今后类似透空式防波堤结构透浪系数的近似估算,具有一定的参考价值。     

Hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater

The comprehensive utilization of floating breakwaters, specially acting as a supporting structure for offshore marine renewable energy explorations, has received more and more attention recently. Based on linear water-wave theory, the hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater is semi-analytically investigated through the matched eigenfunction expansion method (MEEM). Auxiliary functions, to speed up the convergence and improve the accuracy in the numerical computations, are introduced to represent the singular behavior of fluid field near the lower salient corners of the structure. The effects of the height and installation position of the vertical screen on the reflection and transmission coefficients, dynamic response and wave forces are examined. It is found that the presence of the screen shifts the resonance frequency of RAO for both surge and pitch modes to the low-frequency area, while has no effect on heave mode. The identical added masses, damping and transmission coefficients can be obtained in the cases where the screen holds the same distance away from the longitudinal central axis of the upper box-type structure. Moreover, a relatively small pitch response can be achieved in a wide wave–frequency range, when the breakwater is Γ-shaped.     

A highly wave dissipation offshore breakwater

The aim of this paper is to develop an offshore breakwater, for which coefficients of both the wave reflection and transmission have low values. The breakwater is suggested to compose of n layers of porous materials with different porosities. A complex eigen function method is used in the theoretical analysis. Continuities of both mass flux and fluid pressure are assumed at interfaces between every two adjoining porous materials and at the interface between end materials and water region. Following a series of mathematical processes, the coefficients of the wave transmission and reflection along with the wave energy loss are calculated. The porosity of materials is varied in computations; and results are compared among structures composing of different layers of porous materials. A single layer offshore breakwater is shown to reduce simultaneously the coefficients of transmission and reflection only when the structure is very wide in the direction of wave propagation, and the structure material has a high porosity. A multilayer breakwater, however, can function well in reducing both coefficients at a much narrower width; structure having more layers can be more effective at narrower width. Finally, several experiments are conducted; theoretical computations and experimental results agree well.     

双浮箱式浮式防波堤消浪性能试验研究

浮式防波堤在港口海岸工程、近海工程、海洋工程和水产养殖等诸多领域有广阔的应用前景。与单浮箱式浮式防波堤相比,多浮箱式浮式防波堤可提高其消浪性能。对双浮箱式浮式防波堤进行了二维波浪物理模型试验,分析了浮箱宽度、前后浮箱连接方式、前后浮箱间距以及浮箱入水深度等因素对浮式防波堤消浪性能的影响。研究结果表明:对于单浮箱式浮式防波堤,试验范围内浮箱宽度增大一倍后消浪效果改善并不相对明显;前后浮箱刚性连接的双浮箱式浮堤的波浪透射系数均小于前后浮箱自由的双浮箱式浮堤和相同浮箱宽度的单浮箱式浮堤,浮堤消浪性能提高;由于前后浮箱相对间距太大时前后浮箱的相互作用减弱,浮堤的波浪反射系数变小,而不同前后浮箱相对间距的波能损耗系数整体上差别较小,双浮箱式浮堤的波浪透射系数整体上随着前后浮箱相对间距D/2B的增大先减小然后变大,在相对间距D/2B为1.0~1.5时双浮箱式浮堤的波浪透射系数相比最小;不同波高和波浪周期下,浮堤的波浪透射系数均随着浮箱相对入水深度的增大而减小。     

弧形防波堤波浪力试验研究

在圆筒形防波堤和V形防波堤的基础上,结合离岸堤后形成V形和半圆形连续出现的韵律海岸的地貌平面形态特点,提出一种前墙为连续的半圆筒形防波堤形式。通过在波浪水槽内进行规则波物理模型试验,探究这一新型防波堤的波压力分布规律及波高、周期、水深等因素对波压力的影响。将试验结果与海港水文公式和合田良实公式计算的理论值对比分析,给出了以合田良实公式的折减系数来拟合新型弧形防波堤波浪总水平力的计算公式。结果表明:新型弧形防波堤上的波压力随波高、周期的增大而增大,其水平波浪总力比同等尺度直墙少10%左右。     

Experimental study on the performance of twin plate breakwater

The wave transmission characteristics and wave induced pressures on twin plate breakwater are investigated experimentally in regular and random waves.A total of twenty pressure transducers are fixed on four surfaces of twin plate to measure the wave induced dynamic pressures.The spatial distribution of dynamic wave pressure is given along the surface of the twin plate.The uplift wave force obtained by integrating the hydrodynamic pressure along the structure is presented.Discussed are the influence of different incident wave parameters including the relative plate width B /L,relative wave height /i H a and relative submergence depth s /a on the non-dimensional dynamic wave pressures and total wave forces.From the investigation,it is found that the optimum transmission coefficient,t K occurs around B /L 0.41 ~ 0.43,and the twin plate breakwater is more effective in different water depths.The maximum of pressure ratio decreases from 1.8 to 1.1 when the relative submergence depth of top plate is increased from 0.8to +0.8.     

砂土地基中箱筒型防波堤基础稳定性试验研究与机理分析

箱筒型防波堤基础是一种能够适应复杂海况的新型基础形式。利用室内模型试验对箱筒型防波堤基础在水平静载荷及水平循环荷载作用下的稳定特性进行了研究。结果表明：砂性土地基中箱筒型防波堤基础破坏可分为准弹性、塑性及破坏三个阶段,以荷载位移曲线出现明显拐点判断箱筒型防波堤基础极限承载力约为0.08 kN。以循环过程中施加荷载与静载荷水平极限承载力比值定义荷载循环比ζ_b,当ζ_b=0.5、ζ_b=1.0时,防波堤基础前10次累计位移最为明显,分别占总循环累计位移的96.70%、91.88%,这主要是由于砂土发生剪胀,土颗粒重新排列所致;而后40次循环累计位移不明显,分别占总循环累计位移的3.30%、8.12%,此时土体发生剪缩,土颗粒之间致密化。当ζ_b=0.5时,循环结束后防波堤基础抗滑移系数K₁、抗倾覆系数K₂分别为1.619、3.372;当ζ_b=1.0时,抗滑移系数K₁、抗倾覆系数K₂分别为0.839、-18.063,说明ζ_b=0.5循环荷载作用下砂性土地基防波堤基础稳定性良好,但ζ_b=1.0循环加载时,基础首先发生滑移破坏进而发生严重的倾覆破坏。     

Wave interaction with a wave absorbing double curtain-wall breakwater

This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of a wave absorbing double curtain-wall breakwater. The breakwater consists of a seaward perforated wall and a shoreward impermeable wall. Both walls extend from above the seawater to some distance above the seabed. Then the below gap allows the seawater exchange, the sediment transport and the fish passage. By means of the eigenfunction expansion method and a least square approach, a linear analytical solution is developed for the interaction of water waves with the breakwater. Then the reflection coefficient, the transmission coefficient and the wave forces acting on the walls are calculated. The numerical results obtained for limiting cases agree very well with previous predictions for a single partially immersed impermeable wall, the double partially immersed impermeable walls and the bottom-standing Jarlan-type breakwater. The predicted reflection coefficients for the present breakwater also agree reasonable with previous experimental results. Numerical results show that with appropriate structure parameters, the reflection and transmission coefficients of the breakwater may be both below 0.5 at a wide range of the relative water depth. At the same time, the magnitude of wave force acting on each wall is small. This is significant for practical engineering.     

弧板式透空堤消浪性能影响因素数值研究

弧板式透空堤是由弧型板组成的新型防波堤结构。为探讨其透射系数的影响因素,利用Fluent软件基于N-S方程构建了波浪与板式透空堤相互作用的数值模型,讨论了相对潜深、入射波周期、相对波高、相对板宽和结构型式对透射系数的影响。结果表明:弧板式透空堤的透射系数随着相对波高和入射波周期的增大而增大,在静水面附近透射系数最小,尤以静水面和略高于静水面时的消浪效果最佳;在相同波浪要素条件下,静水面及其上0.02 m和0.04 m位置处,弧板式透空堤的消浪效果明显优于平板式透空堤。     

多向聚焦波作用下透水潜堤消波特性数值模拟研究

本文采用非静压模型NHWAVE建立高精度三维波浪数值水槽,对多向聚焦波作用下透水和不透水潜堤消波特性进行数值模拟研究。通过计算结果与实验数据的对比,验证了该模型模拟多向聚焦波产生传播及多孔介质内流动的能力,进一步考虑了有效波高、水深、谱峰周期和传播角度等因素对潜堤消波特性的影响。结果表明：潜堤对多向聚焦波的最大波幅、最大水位、沿水深平均最大流速和波能均有显著消减作用,且透水潜堤因孔隙介质的存在消波性能更好。随着有效波高增大,堤顶处波浪破碎点前移,不透水潜堤消波性能受波高影响较大。水深越大,潜堤消波性能越低。透水潜堤对长周期波浪消减效果较差。传播角度越小,聚焦位置处波幅越大,波浪非线性作用越强。研究结果可为我们进一步保护沿海设施免受极端海洋环境的影响提供一定的参考     

双挡板透空堤透浪与反射系数实验研究

设有挡浪板结构的透空式防波堤适用于水深较大的海域,且具有较好的消浪效果。采用物理模型试验,探究具有双侧挡浪板结构的透空式防波堤透浪系数与反射系数的影响因素与规律,研究包括外侧与内侧挡浪板入水深度,水平板板宽,结构上部挡浪墙的高度与位置,水平板超高与波浪要素等因素。通过比较各家透浪系数的理论计算公式与实验结果,进行透浪系数的计算方法研究,给出修正Wiegel公式拟合双侧挡浪板透空式防波堤的透浪系数计算公式,供工程设计参考与进一步研究。     

Experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of rectangular floating breakwater influenced by reef areas

Abstract

In this paper, series of experimental studies under regular wave actions to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the rectangular floating breakwater (FB) affected by reefs with different slopes were carried out in a wave flume. The wave transmission coefficients, motion responses and mooring forces can be calculated on the basis of the data obtained from the experiments. A comparative experiment of the only rectangular FB is also conducted. The experimental results reveal that the rectangular FB with different reefs can make more positive effects on wave energy dissipation than that of the only rectangular FB, especially for short-period waves. The characteristics of three degrees of freedom of the rectangular FB affected by reefs are also observed, which can be used to further explain the variation tendency appeared in transmission coefficients. The roll motion of the FB influenced by reefs is intenser than that of the only FB and the changes of slopes have limited effects on the sway motion of the FB. Furthermore, the heave motion of the only rectangular FB is intenser than that of the FB affected by reefs for short-period waves and vice versa for long-period waves.     

立管-水平板结构消浪特性试验研究

在现有的矩形方箱和透空结构的基础上,提出一种由立管和水平板组合而成的消浪结构。利用波浪水槽物理模型试验,测试该结构在单向规则波作用下的消浪性能。分别探讨了其单排布置和双排布置时的透射系数随结构宽度、相对吃水深 度、相对间距等因素的变化规律。结果表明：单排布置时,透射系数随结构宽度的增大而减小,总体上随吃水深度的增大而减小;双排布置时,透射系数相对总宽度相同的单体结构减少 10 %,透射系数随吃水深度的增大而减小,前后间距对透射系数的影响不明显。对试验结果数据进行曲线拟合,得到了透射系数关于各影响因素的函数表达式。     

部分反射直墙前潜堤水动力特性研究

基于线性势流理论,对部分反射直墙前潜堤的水动力特性进行了理论研究。利用匹配特征函数展开法给出了潜堤透射系数和反射系数的计算方法,计算结果与边界元方法的计算结果一致。利用数值算例分析了潜堤透射系数和反射系数的主要影响因素。增大部分反射直墙的反射系数,将加大潜堤的透射系数。随着潜堤相对宽度或潜堤与直墙之间相对间距的增加,潜堤透射系数和反射系数呈周期性变化,但变化规律相反。     

中长周期波作用下的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力试验研究

在印度洋、大西洋沿岸,海岸工程设计波浪周期多在14 s以上,具有显著的中长周期波特征。通过以往工程项目的试验结果发现中长周期波下,规范计算的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力明显小于试验结果。因此,通过系列物理模型试验研究了中长周期波下的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力。分析斜坡坡度、肩台宽度和波浪条件对胸墙波浪力的影响。通过将试验结果与我国现有规范中的经验公式计算所得结果进行对比,发现规范更适用于胸墙底淹没的情况,而对于肩台出水情况,规范计算结果小于试验结果。由此提出了一种新的波浪力计算方法,计算准确度得到明显提高。     

双筒双板式浮式防波堤消浪性能研究

浮式防波堤具有对海洋环境友好、施工方便、造价受水深影响小等优点,在海岸工程领域有广阔的应用前景。但受消波效果不稳定、结构易破坏且对锚泊系统要求高等因素的影响,浮式防波堤在实际工程应用中面临较大的挑战。本文采用物理模型试验以及基于OpenFoam的数值模拟方法,对一种由双浮筒、双竖板与水平连接板组成的新型浮式防波堤结构进行消浪性能研究。讨论波浪要素、相对竖板高度、相对水平连接板宽度等因素对双筒双板式浮式防波堤（DCDPFB）消浪性能的影响,分析其周围形成的局部涡量与速度场变化,确定相对最优的结构尺寸。结果表明,相对水平连接板宽度、相对竖板高度和半圆柱体尺寸是影响DCDPFB消浪性能的关键因素;波高与入水深度对透射系数的影响较小;DCDPFB周围形成的局部涡量与速度场变化是耗散波浪能量的重要因素;按照相对最优结构尺寸建造的DCDPFB试验段,在海上原型试验中表现出良好的消波性能。     

新型直立式透空堤消浪性能数值研究

为使防波堤同时具有良好的掩护效果和水体交换能力,提出了两种带有透浪通道的新型直立式防波堤。基于Fluent求解器建立了三维数值波浪水槽,通过与试验结果对比,验证了该数值水槽求解波浪与透空堤作用具有较高的精度。对两种防波堤在规则波作用下的透浪特性进行了研究,结果表明:透射系数K_t与透空率呈正线性相关,且可通过调整透浪通道间距,使相同透空率下K_t降低20%～30%。对同一结构,K_t随相对波长的增大而显著增大,但受相对波高的影响较小。在透空率大于0.16后,异型沉箱防波堤的消浪性能明显优于错位沉箱。基于数值计算结果,给出了以上两种透空堤波浪透射系数的经验公式。     

空心方块斜坡堤整治效果试验研究

河口整治工程的实施效果与堤坝的结构型式密切相关,在河工模型上直接研究局部复杂结构对整治效果的影响有较大难度。以长江口深水航道治理二期工程北导堤NⅡC区段空心方块斜坡堤结构为个例,采用水槽试验和动床模型相结合方法,通过水槽试验确定可以在特定河工模型上使用的概化透水结构,使在模型上精确模拟局部复杂结构对整治效果的影响成为可能。研究成果认为,二期工程NⅡC区段2 600 m导堤不建对北槽出口段的整治效果有明显影响,NⅡC区段导堤高程降低1 m或采用空心方块斜坡堤透水结构对整治效果影响不大。     

Hydrodynamic performance of a dual cylindrical caisson breakwater

The hydrodynamic performance of a dual cylindrical caisson breakwater (DCBW) formed by a row of caissons each of which consisting of a porous outer cylinder circumscribing an impermeable inner cylinder has been theoretically investigated. The theoretical formulation is based on the eigenfunction expansion method proposed by Spring and Monkmeyer (1974) which was further modified by Linton and Evans [Linton, C.M., Evans, D.V., 1990. The interaction of waves with arrays of vertical circular cylinders. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 215, 549–569] for an array of impermeable cylinders. The present formulation is an extension of the work of Wang and Ren [Wang, K.H., Ren, X., 1994. Wave interaction with a concentric porous cylinder system. Ocean Engineering 21(4), 343–360], wherein; the interaction of linear waves with a single concentric porous cylinder system was studied. In the present study, the formulation has been extended to the case of a group of porous dual cylinder system. Parametric studies are carried out to study the influence of porosity (G₀) on the outer caisson, width of the doughnut chamber (a/b) and the angle of wave incidence on the variation in the hydrodynamic loading, wave run-up, free-surface elevation in its vicinity as well as the transmission on its lee-side. The importance of the presence of the inner cylinder in achieving the required hydrodynamic performance in terms of either protection or providing tranquility on its lee side keeping higher stability for the breakwater system is highlighted.