南京雷达数据的一致性分析和订正

运用几何匹配法处理了南京雷达和热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)上搭载的测雨雷达(Precipitation Radar,PR)的反射率因子探测资料,统计分析了2008—2013年共245个时次的匹配数据。 以TRMM PR工作多年持续稳定特征为参照,揭示了南京雷达6 a的探测资料情况。结果表明,南京雷达和TRMM PR探测降水具有较强的一致性,6 a时间里南京雷达存在一定的运行不稳定情况,南京雷达0℃层以下数据存在“3段特征”:时段Ⅰ2008年1月—2010年3月,时段Ⅱ2010年3月—2013年5月,时段Ⅲ2013年5—10月。3个时段之间整体回波强度有差异,时段Ⅱ整体回波强度比时段Ⅰ、Ⅲ偏小2—3 dB;而3个时段内的回波整体保持相对的稳定,南京雷达与TRMM PR的回波强度差值随回波强度的变化呈线性关系;在中低回波值时TRMM PR比南京雷达大,在中高回波值时南京雷达比TRMM PR大。基于两种雷达回波强度值的拟合关系,对南京雷达的反射率因子进行分段线性订正,有效地改善了南京雷达的一致性:3个时段回波强度的整体差异减小到0.75 dB以内;在245个匹配时次和105894个匹配点上南京雷达和TRMM PR的反射率因子的相关系数增大,南京雷达-TRMM PR值的标准差减小。     

四川地区多模式2m温度预报性能分析及集成方法研究

本文通过分析2017年9~12月四川地区ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting)细网格模式、GRAPES_GFS (Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球模式和西南区域模式(South West Center-WRFADAS Real-time Modeling System,SWCWARMS)2m温度168h预报时效内的系统性偏差特征,采用滑动双权重平均法分别对三种模式温度预报产品进行偏差订正,并集成得到各时效2m温度的订正场,结果表明:(1)三种模式的预报存在明显的日变化,整体上EC模式的预报最优。(2)三种模式对于低温和高温的预报,在全省均大致呈现负的系统性误差,特别在高原及过渡区表现的尤为明显。(3)订正后三种模式的预报准确率显著提高,均方根误差减小1.4~2.5℃,大部分地区平均误差维持在± 0.5℃之间,在系统性偏差较大的地区,订正效果更好。(4)两种集成方案预报结果接近,且均优于三种模式的订正预报。     

天气雷达回波衰减订正算法的研究(Ⅰ): 理论分析

根据雷达气象方程和k-Z关系，导出了雷达反射率因子积分取样观测资料衰减订正的逐库算法、逐库近似算法及稳定性判据。虽然仍不能解决衰减订正问题中固有的“不稳定”特征，但对提高订正计算效率防止过量订正溢出是有效的。     

Analysis of Heat Budget, Dissipation and Frontogenesis in a Shallow Density Current

High frequency wind and temperature measurements, obtained in March 1995 from a 10-m tower array situated in south-east Kansas, are used to analyze the structure of a shallow density current. This current is approximately 7 m deep and exhibits a current head that is estimated to be about twice the current depth. The event lasted approximately 900 s and its origin appears to be a shallow slope 2–:5 km to the west of the site, where cold air drainage occurs. The onset of the event is marked by a 5 °C temperature decrease at the 3-m level, increased variance of temperature and of wind velocity, and increased dissipation of kinetic energy, measured by a hot-wire anemometer at the 3-m level. The primary contributors to temperature changes following the frontal passage are both horizontal and vertical advections; contributions from flux divergences of temperature and of radiation, and from dew formation, do not appear to be significant. Postulated frontogenesis, prior to the arrival of the apparent equilibrated front of approximately 176-m width at the site, is examined by means of a theoretical model. The time required to equilibrate the front, by means of kinetic energy dissipation within the frontal zone, is determined to be less than 300 s, or less than the estimated travel time from the orographic slope to the observational site. The absence of upstream data is determined, however, to be a limitation of the analysis performed.     

空气负离子测量误差分析和评估

为有效评估空气负离子测量误差，根据空气负离子测量方法，分析了离子收集器、微电流测量和空气流量引起的仪器测量误差。在离子收集器确定的情况下，微电流测量和空气流量是产生测量误差的主要因素。仪器集中比对和野外现场核查表明，不同类型仪器的测量结果基本能反映负离子浓度的变化趋势，但负离子浓度测量值相差较大，部分仪器超过了200%。通过风速和空气湿度的实验室模拟试验，说明了空气湿度对仪器影响较小，环境风速对仪器测量结果有较大影响。     

Analysis of atmospheric turbidity levels at Taichung Harbor near the Taiwan Strait

In this study, two universal turbidity parameters, the Angstrom turbidity coefficient and Linke turbidity factor, are applied to study the atmospheric turbidity characteristics of Taichung Harbor. Meteorological parameter values were measured during 2004 and 2005 at the Wuchi weather station of the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau, near the Taiwan Strait. Results based on the Angstrom turbidity models (β_Lou, β_Pin, and β_Vis) indicated that annual mean values of the Angstrom turbidity coefficients were 0.174, 0.21 and 0.201, respectively. Four sets of Linke turbidity factors (T_Lin, T_Lou, T_Pin and T_Vis) were calculated using the original Linke method and the Dogniaux method, incorporating the computed Angstrom turbidity coefficients (β_Lou, β_Pin and β_Vis); the resultant values were 4.30, 6.40, 7.10 and 6.95, respectively. The monthly average values, frequency of occurrence, and cumulative frequency distributions were calculated using different models to describe the clear-sky atmospheric conditions at Taichung Harbor. The frequency results show that for over 50% of the dataset, three sets of Angstrom turbidity coefficients fell between 0.15 and 0.18, and four sets of Linke turbidity factors (T_Lin, T_Lou, T_Pin and T_Vis) fell between 4.0 and 6.5. Thus, for 50% of cloudless days, the sky can be between turbid and clear over Taichung Harbor. Furthermore, the results reveal that for 30% of the dataset, three Angstrom sets of turbidity coefficients (β_Lou, β_Pin, and β_Vis) exceed 0.2 and four sets of Linke turbidity factors (T_Lin, T_Lou, T_Pin and T_Vis) exceed 5.0. This indicates that 30% of cloudless sky conditions can be considered turbid to very turbid.     

Spectral dependence on the correction factor of erythemal UV for cloud,aerosol, total ozone,and surface properties: A modeling study

Radiative transfer model simulations were used to investigate the erythemal ultraviolet(EUV) correction factors by separating the UV-A and UV-B spectral ranges. The correction factor was defined as the ratio of EUV caused by changing the amounts and characteristics of the extinction and scattering materials. The EUV correction factors(CFEUV) for UV-A[CFEUV(A)] and UV-B [CFEUV(B)] were affected by changes in the total ozone, optical depths of aerosol and cloud, and the solar zenith angle. The differences between CFEUV(A) and CFEUV(B) were also estimated as a function of solar zenith angle, the optical depths of aerosol and cloud, and total ozone. The differences between CFEUV(A) and CFEUV(B) ranged from-5.0% to 25.0% for aerosols, and from-9.5% to 2.0% for clouds in all simulations for different solar zenith angles and optical depths of aerosol and cloud. The rate of decline of CFEUV per unit optical depth between UV-A and UV-B differed by up to 20% for the same aerosol and cloud conditions. For total ozone, the variation in CFEUV(A) was negligible compared with that in CFEUV(B) because of the effective spectral range of the ozone absorption band. In addition, the sensitivity of the CFEUVs due to changes in surface conditions(i.e., surface albedo and surface altitude) was also estimated by using the model in this study. For changes in surface albedo, the sensitivity of the CFEUVs was 2.9%–4.1% per 0.1 albedo change,depending on the amount of aerosols or clouds. For changes in surface altitude, the sensitivity of CFEUV(B) was twice that of CFEUV(A), because the Rayleigh optical depth increased significantly at shorter wavelengths.     

贵州威宁X波段双偏振雷达反射率因子的衰减订正分析

针对贵州威宁X波段双偏振雷达的衰减订正问题,在利用综合小波去噪方法对差分传播相移ФDP进行质量控制基础上,基于自适应衰减订正算法对雷达反射率因子ZH进行衰减订正分析,订正结果与昭通C波段新一代天气雷达进行对比,结果表明：（1）综合小波去噪能够有效去除ФDP存在的脉动和毛刺,保证ФDP的连续性和平滑度;（2）订正前后雷达反射率因子在距离雷达较近处（20-35 km）强度廓线基本重合,订正前后差别不大,随着对流区（雨区）距离的增加,电磁信号出现衰减,订正后反射率值加强,总体上订正后的反射率值比订正前高1-12 dB,其中在35～75 km距离范围内,订正后的反射率值达到50 dBz以上,雷达反射率因子更加接近真实情况;（3）使用综合小波去噪配合自适应衰减订正算法可以提高雷达反射率因子衰减订正的准确率,方法具有普适性,在今后科研业务中可以采用该订正方法以进一步提高对粒子相态识别、降水估测精度。     

天气雷达回波衰减订正算法的研究(Ⅱ):数值模拟与个例实验

通过数值模拟研究雷达反射率因子呈均匀分布情况下的“可订正厚度”，计算了“无误差”情况下的订正效果以及“观测误差”、“k的误差”、库分辨等因素对订正效果的影响，还用实际观测个例进行衰减订正实验，并与解析算法和迭代算法的订正结果进行比较。结果表明，逐库算法，尤其是逐库近似算法，比迭代法计算效率高，比解析法有更大的稳定范围。     

山东即墨风电场风力资源分析

以即墨气象站风速风向为参考,利用其30年风速资料确定风电场代表年,根据铁塔气象观测资料分析即墨风电场的风力资源状况;依据“风能资源评价技术规定”对即墨风电场的风速风向进行了检验修正。分析了测风塔各高度风速日、年变化,风向频率年月变化。计算分析了测风塔不同高度平均风速、风功率密度、有效小时数等风能参数。计算了不同风电机型60~70 m轮毂高度年发电量及其随高度变化规律;估算了风电场年发电量。得出即墨风电场达到3级风场标准,具有开发价值。