江西大湖塘钨矿花岗岩的磷灰石特征及其氧逸度变化指示

赣西北地区大湖塘钨多金属矿集区赋含世界级的超大型钨矿,其成矿作用与中生代花岗质岩浆活动密切相关。大湖塘钨多金属成矿区南部的狮尾洞钨矿床的各类花岗岩中普遍发育磷灰石。黑云母花岗岩中的磷灰石成分均匀,而白云母花岗岩和锂云母花岗岩中的磷灰石受到流体作用具有环带结构。环带结构磷灰石的核部为岩浆结晶的产物,具有较低的Mn O(0.68%~1.69%),而边部为受后期流体交代作用的产物,具有明显较高的Mn O(3.59%~8.28%)。在岩浆演化过程中,Mn以高价态阳离子(Mn5+)的形式置换P5+进入磷灰石,而在热液环境主要以低价态阳离子(Mn2+)的形式置换Ca2+进入磷灰石,表明流体作用导致体系环境从高氧逸度转变为低氧逸度。黑云母内部残留的原生金红石具有相对高的Zr含量,其形成温度为680~760℃,代表了相对较高的岩浆温度;而生长在黑云母边部并围绕钛铁矿或与金属硫化物共生的次生金红石具有相对低的Zr含量,对应于后期热液作用的较低温度(490℃)。本文研究表明,岩浆活动后期的流体作用可能导致了体系氧逸度和温度的降低,将有利于钨矿形成。     

胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。     

胶东大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型———"焦家式"金矿床是区内最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上。大尹格庄金矿床位于胶西北招平断裂带中段,是典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,区内发育有大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化/红化蚀变带(宽50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在招-平断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文在详细的野外地质观测基础上,查清了大尹格庄金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,针对大尹格庄金矿床Ⅱ号矿体系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用过程和金沉淀机制。通过本研究得出:大尹格庄金矿床内主要矿石类型为黄铁绢英岩,以浸染状、细脉状为主要矿化形式。大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变期在时间上可以划分为:钾化/红化→绢英岩化→黄铁绢英岩化→碳酸盐化。钾化/红化蚀变为成矿前蚀变,在此过程中有少量热液钾长石的形成。在地球化学方面表现为Fe、Cu、Pb和Rb元素带入,Si、Al、Na、Ca、Ba、Sr、Cr等元素带出。同时流体-围岩通过交代反应使金从围岩中释放出来成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体。绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变为成矿期蚀变,蚀变过程中与矿化有关的Fe、Cu、Pb元素表现为迁入状态,流体运移过程中,热液中的HS~-等组分损失,导致Au(HS)~(2-)络合物失稳分解,Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)被消耗形成黄铁矿,同时金大量聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿过程。     

Geology and mineralization of the supergiant Shimensi granitic-type W-Cu-Mo deposit (1.168 Mt) in northern Jiangxi,South China: A Review

The Shimensi deposit is a recently discovered W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 0.74×10⁶ t of WO₃ accompanied by 0.4×10⁶ t Cu and 28000 t Mo and other useful components like Ga, making it one of the largest W deposits in the world. This paper is aimed to reveal the ore-controlling mechanisms of the Shimensi deposit, involving the role of the ore-related granites, the tectonic background for its formation, and the metallogenesis model. The systematic geological survey suggests multi-types of alteration are developed in the deposit, mainly including greisenization, potassic-alteration, sericitization, chloritization, and silicification. Drilling engineering data and mining works indicate that the Shimensi deposit consists of two main orebodies of I and II. Therein, the W resource has reached a supergiant scale, and the accompanied Cu, Mo, Au, Bi, Ga, and some other useful components are also of economic significance. The main ore-minerals consist of scheelite, wolframite and chalcopyrite. Disseminated mineralization is the dominant type of the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic orebodies, and mainly distributes in the inner and external contact zone that between the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite and the Yanshanian granites. The main orebody occurs at the external contact zone, and the pegmatoid crust near the inner contact zone is an important prospecting marker of the W mineralization. Of them, the disseminated W ores within the wall rock of the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite is a new mineralization type identified in this paper. Combining previous geochronological and isotopic data, we propose that the mineralization of the Shimensi deposit is closely related to the intruding of the Yanshanian porphyritic biotite granite and granite porphyry. Geochemical data suggest that the biotite granodiorite is rich in Ca and had provided a large amount of Ca for the precipitation of scheelite in this area. Thus, it is a favorable wall rock type for W mineralization. The Shimensi deposit belongs to granitic-type W polymetallic deposit related to post-magmatic hydrothermal, and the ore-forming fluid was initially derived from the Yanshanian magmas.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

胶西北新城金矿床热液蚀变作用

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其矿体受控于NE-NNE向焦家断裂及其次级断裂系统,主要赋存于断裂下盘(黄铁)绢英岩与红化花岗岩体中。焦家断裂下盘分带性明显,自主断裂面向外依此发育主断裂面和断层泥、挤压片理带、构造透镜体带、密集节理带和稀疏节理带。其中,主断裂面和断层泥发育粘土化蚀变;挤压片理带发育面状黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,其内赋存黄铁绢英岩型矿体;构造透镜体带发育脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化、面状绢英岩化和硅化蚀变,其次级断裂内赋存石英硫化物脉型矿体;节理带(包括密集节理带和稀疏节理带)主要发育成红化和细脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化,沿节理面赋存细脉型矿体。碳酸盐化蚀变叠加于上述热液蚀变之上。焦家断裂带表现为以水平为主的蚀变-矿化特征,(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变与金成矿关系最为密切。论文在厘定断裂构造分带与蚀变-矿化分带空间关系的基础上,通过对各类蚀变岩与新鲜新城花岗岩体元素地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程及其机制。选取TiO_2作为不活动组分,质量平衡计算表明,成矿前新城花岗岩体发生红化作用时,带入组分有Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Al_2O_3以及少量Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分有SiO_2、CaO和Na_2O等;成矿期红化花岗岩体蚀变为(黄铁)绢英岩过程中,明显带入组分有SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、Al_2O_3、Mg O、K_2O、Au、Ag、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分为Na_2O。稀土元素地球化学特征与REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线表明,红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化热液蚀变作用影响REE迁移。REE分别在红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中带入和带出;Eu在红化过程中呈显著带入,表现为显著Eu正异常(δ_(Eu)=1.34),而在(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中活化带出,表现出Eu负异常(0.89~0.95)。成矿期发生(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变时,Eu从氧化态Eu~(3+)转变为Eu~(2+),进入流体被带走,造成Eu负异常。金主要以Au(HS)~-_2形式在变质流体中运移。成矿流体沿片理面运移时,在挤压片理带发生黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,硫化作用使得流体还原硫活度降低,导致Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并赋存于黄铁矿和石英等矿物裂隙或晶格中,形成黄铁绢英岩型矿化;在构造透镜体带,成矿流体沿次级断裂面和碎裂岩裂隙发生蚀变形成脉型(黄铁)绢英岩,成矿元素在次级断裂面/裂隙内沉淀并形成石英硫化物脉型矿化;在节理带,成矿流体压力瞬时降低导致流体发生不混溶现象,使得Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并充填节理中形成细脉型矿化。     

江西大湖塘富钨花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及成因研究

在江西大湖塘地区发现具有高钨含量的花岗斑岩体,钨含量是普通花岗岩的几十甚至上百倍。本文对该富钨花岗斑岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、主量元素、微量元素以及Nd-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年法测得大湖塘花岗斑岩成岩年龄为134.6±1.2Ma。岩相学和岩石地球化学研究表明这种花岗斑岩属于高分异的S型花岗岩,具有高硅,富碱,过铝质,较高的Ga/Al值,锆饱和温度低,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常明显的特点。大湖塘富钨花岗斑岩的ε_Nd（t）值和锆石ε_Hf（t）值分别变化于-7.45~-8.20,-2.43~-8.23之间,两阶段Nd 和Hf模式年龄分别为t_DM^C（Nd）=1534~1595Ma,t_DM^C（Hf）=1312~1677Ma。结合其CaO/Na₂O值都小于0.3,本文认为它的源区很可能来源于双桥山群的泥质变质沉积岩。这种富钨花岗斑岩有富Li、Rb,贫Ba、Zr,ΣREE含量低,GCI值大于零的特征。Ba/Rb<0.6,Rb/Zr>6可作为富钨花岗岩的判别标志而与贫钨的花岗岩区分开来。富钨的双桥山群泥质变质岩部分熔融可初步形成富钨的花岗岩浆,岩浆在高度结晶分异过程中则可使得钨进一步富集在花岗斑岩岩浆热液中并进一步形成了超大型的大湖塘钨矿床。     

赣西北大湖塘钨矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年及其意义

江西省武宁县大湖塘钨矿位于武宁县西南方向41km,赣西北地区武宁、靖安、修水3县交界处,矿区处于下扬子成矿省之江南隆起东段成矿带之西部,是与燕山期花岗质岩浆活动有关的钨矿床, 也是最近刚勘查出的我国规模最大的钨矿床。本文采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年技术,测得大湖塘石门寺矿段辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为143.7±1.2Ma(n=6,MSWD=0.84); 狮尾洞矿段辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为140.9±3.6Ma (n=6,MSWD=2.30)。说明其成矿于早白垩世,与其北侧的、同处于下扬子成矿省的长江中下游成矿带九瑞-鄂东南矿集区的铜多金属矿床成岩成矿年龄非常一致,但与华南成矿省之南岭成矿带的钨矿成矿作用有诸多不同。下扬子成矿省主要为早期两大古陆碰撞对接、构造格局开始大转换时期成矿,而华南成矿省为地壳重熔形成的花岗质岩浆经过多期次和多阶段分异演化在最晚阶段富集成矿。     

江西大湖塘钨矿床似斑状白云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及成因研究

江西省大湖塘钨(钼、铜、锡)矿集区位于江南造山带中段,九岭山脉中段北部之武宁、修水、靖安三县交界区域,是目前世界最大的钨矿之一。本文对该矿床中与成矿关系密切的似斑状白云母花岗岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、云母矿物化学、主量元素、微量元素以及Sr-Nd同位素研究。结果表明,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年测得大湖塘似斑状白云母花岗岩成岩年龄为144.2±1.3Ma。岩体中白云母显示原生白云母的特征;黑云母属于富铁黑云母,其物质来源是地壳物质,Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺组成表明岩浆氧逸度很低。岩石地球化学特征表明似斑状白云母花岗岩为强过铝质的S型花岗岩,表现为高的SiO₂(72.88%~73.33%),轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常明显,亏损Nb、Ta,Rb/Sr比值高。似斑状白云母花岗岩的ε_Nd(t)值变化于-7.47~-7.78之间,两阶段模式年龄t_DM^C为1543~1568Ma, 推测其源区很可能来源于双桥山群的富泥质岩石,双桥山群可能是大湖塘钨矿的初始矿源层。九岭燕山期的岩浆活动发生在侏罗纪和白垩纪之交的早白垩世早期,花岗岩形成于拉张的构造环境。     

钨的地球化学性质与华南地区钨矿成因

在地球演化早期的强还原条件下,钨表现为中等亲铁元素,因此地球中 90%的钨进入地核。在地幔和地壳的演化过程中,钨是极度不相容亲石元素,从而导致钨元素在地壳中的丰度约是地幔丰度的250倍。钨在岩浆熔体中主要以钨酸的形式迁移,在成矿热液中主要以氟、硼化合物或其络合物的形式运移。钨的矿化需要其在部分熔融、岩浆演化和晚期热液等各阶段逐渐富集。中国是世界上钨矿产资源最丰富的国家,约占世界总储量的60%以上,其中绝大多数矿床产在华南地区,与华南大规模的中生代岩浆活动具有密切的时空联系。微量元素特征(高Rb/Sr和K/Rb比值,低Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值)显示它们往往经历了强烈的岩浆分异,这可能与这些花岗岩通常具有高挥发分含量(如F)有关。岩浆中高的F含量对钨的富集和矿化十分重要,它可以降低熔体固相线、粘度和密度,有利于提高岩浆的结晶分异程度,因而使得高度不相容的钨元素在岩浆演化过程和后期热液阶段的富集与矿化。富挥发分岩浆的形成可能与俯冲板块后撤,软流圈物质上涌导致的多硅白云母等富F矿物的高温分解有关。研究表明,华南南岭地区侏罗纪的钨矿化花岗岩主要形成于太平洋板块的俯冲后撤,而华南南部晚白垩世钨成矿作用与新特提斯洋的俯冲后撤有关。     

赣北大湖塘超大型钨矿多期似斑状花岗岩岩浆作用、成因及意义

赣北大湖塘钨矿位于江南造山带九岭多金属矿集区东部,是目前世界上最大的钨矿之一。该区燕山期花岗岩的岩性繁多,岩浆序列及源区特征等研究仍存在争议和不足。就似斑状花岗岩而言,前人已查明该区存在两期岩浆作用,分别是石门寺(北区)似斑状黑云母花岗岩(150. 0 Ma)和狮尾洞(南区)似斑状白云母花岗岩(144. 2 Ma)。本文识别出南区似斑状二云母花岗岩,并对其进行了精细的独居石和锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学及锆石Hf同位素研究。锆石和独居石给出的岩浆结晶年龄分别为130. 0～128. 6 Ma和128. 3 Ma,表明南区似斑状二云母花岗岩形成于早白垩世,代表了区域上第3期似斑状花岗岩岩浆作用的产物。岩石地球化学研究表明,3期似斑状花岗岩均为高钾钙碱性的S型花岗岩,南区两期似斑状花岗岩具有相似的地球化学特征。与北区相比,南区似斑状花岗岩过铝质程度(A/CNK=1. 16～1. 24)更高;南、北区岩石的稀土元素总量均较低,均具有明显的Eu负异常;北区岩石轻、重稀土元素分馏[(La/Yb)_N=11. 17～26. 67]较南区[(La/Yb)_N=7. 72～19. 0]更显著。南、北区岩石的ε_(Hf)(t)值分别为-7. 31～0. 58和-8. 6～-3. 1,指示似斑状花岗岩主要来源于古老下地壳的重熔,南区岩石有少量新生物质的参与。南区似斑状花岗岩较北区有更低的CaO/Na_2O值,指示南区似斑状花岗岩的源岩比北区更富泥质。综合研究表明,大湖塘南、北区似斑状花岗岩至少是3期岩浆作用的产物,是新元古代双桥山群地层中的富泥质、或泥质夹杂砂岩在后造山伸展构造环境下经部分熔融后分异演化而成。该研究丰富并完善了大湖塘区域似斑状花岗岩的岩浆序列和成因意义。     

赣西北大湖塘钨矿富锂-云母化岩锂元素富集机制及其对锂等稀有金属找矿的启示

赣西北大湖塘钨矿具有低品位、大储量、热液蚀变强等特征。在热液蚀变类型和空间分带特征的厘定,以及富锂-云母矿物学特征的认识基础上,通过云母类矿物原位主微量元素组成特征的分析,揭示大湖塘钨矿锂等稀有金属元素的富集,可能是大量热液成因黑鳞云母、铁锂云母和锂-多硅白云母的先后沉淀叠加聚集的结果。其中铁锂云母的锂元素含量最高(Li₂O=4.15%～4.86%),黑鳞云母(Li₂O=0.81%～1.72%)次之,然后是锂-多硅白云母(Li₂O=0.24%～0.45%)。大湖塘钨矿富锂-云母在蚀变岩中比例非常高,分布又均匀,而蚀变岩的规模更是巨大,因而具有巨大锂等稀有金属成矿的潜力。典型蚀变岩的全岩主微量元素分析显示,在晋宁期花岗闪长岩黑鳞云母+铁锂云母蚀变带的锂、铷和钾等元素含量最高。即富钾热液蚀变岩,其K₂O=5.94%～8.06%,Li₂O=0.34%～1.548%和Rb₂O=0.175%～0.784%,而黑鳞云母+铁锂云母+石英蚀变则次之。在燕山期花岗岩中,则以...     

江南造山带黄金洞金矿床成矿机制:矿物形成环境与金成矿物理化学条件制约

黄金洞超大型金矿床位于江南造山带中段,赋存于新元古界浅变质岩系中,受控于NNE-NE向长平断裂带,金资源储量达100吨。该矿床可由南至北分为金福、金塘、杨山庄和曲溪矿段,主要矿化类型有石英-硫化物脉型、构造角砾岩型和黄铁毒砂绢英岩型。金属矿物主要发育有自然金、毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、绢云母、方解石和菱铁矿等,其中金主要以自然金与不可见金形式存在。根据野外与镜下观察,金成矿作用分为Ⅰ石英-金-毒砂-黄铁矿、Ⅱ石英-金-多金属硫化物-白钨矿和Ⅲ石英-辉锑矿-绿泥石3个阶段,前二者为主要成矿阶段。曲溪矿段Ⅱ阶段毒砂相对不发育、而磁黄铁矿和自然金显著发育,绿泥石主要发育于Ⅲ阶段中,与辉锑矿及闪锌矿共生。根据不同矿段各阶段毒砂与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石成分,计算其温度、lgf(S_2)与lgf(O_2),可见Ⅰ阶段成矿温度与硫逸度高于Ⅱ阶段:杨山庄矿段两阶段成矿温度分别为300～378℃、260～300℃,lgf(S_2)分别为-11～-7.2、-11.9～-10.1;金塘两阶段成矿温度为240～311℃、245～298℃;金福Ⅱ阶段成矿温度上限为297℃;曲溪矿段成矿温度为268～368℃,Ⅱ阶段毒砂lgf(S_2)与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石lgf(O_2)分别为-13.2～-8.7、-50.9～-40.1。根据不同阶段矿物之间的相互关系及成矿温度与硫逸度演化特征,推断Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段伴随强烈的硫化作用,金以类质同象方式进入毒砂和黄铁矿中,形成不可见金;其中Ⅱ阶段由于成矿流体压力骤降,含金流体发生相分离作用,H2S等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿流体中硫含量骤降,加以硫化作用持续消耗流体中的硫,促进了含金络合物分解与自然金的沉淀。     

北山造山带花牛山岛弧东段钨矿床成矿时代和成矿动力学过程

北山造山带位于中亚造山带最南缘,为多期岛弧、蛇绿混杂岩拼贴而成的增生型造山带;晚古生代,北山造山带的构造活动引发强烈的花岗质岩浆活动,伴随有广泛的钨(钼)成矿作用;本文对北山南带花牛山岛弧三个典型含钨花岗岩体:盘陀山、鹰嘴红山及玉山岩体进行详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学研究。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明该区成矿花岗岩分为两个侵入期次:(1)晚志留世月牙山-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩南段出露花岗岩,其中,盘陀山二长花岗岩422.0±1.5Ma;盘陀山钾长花岗岩417.0±1.7Ma;鹰咀红山钾长花岗岩424.0±1.3Ma;(2)晚二叠世柳园蛇绿混杂带北侧玉山花岗岩体,定年结果为280.8±3.0Ma。岩石地球化学研究表明盘陀山-鹰嘴红山花岗岩带为过铝质S型花岗岩,玉山岩体为A型花岗岩。岩体稀土含量较高,具右倾型稀土配分模式,LREE分异强烈,HREE分异不明显,样品Eu亏损强烈。原始地幔标准化蛛网图中总体显示较为一致的分布模式,大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr呈现明显负异常,富集Th、U、Pb、Zr、Hf等元素而亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti、P。结合晚古生代北山构造演化过程,推断国庆-鹰嘴红山钨矿为公婆泉岛弧与花牛山岛弧碰撞阶段形成,而玉山钨矿床为晚华力西期弧后伸展构造背景的产物。     

华南陆块东北部构造特征、成矿作用与动力学机制——来自大地电磁测深的认识

通常认为,华南陆块在新元古代由扬子克拉通和华夏地块沿江南造山带碰撞拼合而成,之后经历了陆内造山、洋壳俯冲等多期岩浆—构造活动。但因华南陆块所处的特殊地质构造环境,就目前华南陆块各块体之间的接触关系、江南造山带深部构造特征及区域动力学意义等诸多地质问题争议颇多。本文依托地质调查项目和“深部探测技术与实验研究（SinoProbe）”项目完成的8d和12g两条大地电磁测深剖面,经过精细的数据处理,使用非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）算法对TE+TM模式数据联合反演得到华南陆块东北部岩石圈尺度的二维电性剖面,并用ModEM三维反演代码对全阻抗张量数据反演获得了三维电性模型。对研究区内扬子地块东部、江南造山带以及华夏地块进行电性结构研究,发现研究区内的江南造山带西南段存在扬子地块和华夏地块碰撞镶嵌的构造表现,扬子地块已越过江南造山带,在江山—绍兴断裂位置与华夏地块挤压,形成江绍断裂等逆冲型深大断裂,从电性结构推测其现今仍然为活动断裂,但东北段块体之间的接触关系被上侵的地幔物质破坏,江绍、赣东北等断裂的深部结构已被剧烈改造,推测这种深部成矿热物质上涌是形成赣东北以金银矿种为主的岩浆热液型矿床的深部动力原因;研究区东部华夏地块电性特征为高阻的上地壳以及被岩浆底侵而破坏的中下地壳,发育其中的屯溪—鹰潭—安远和上虞—大浦—政和断裂切割深度超过了50 km,为深大断裂构造。结合前人地表侵入岩填图结果,认为由于中生代以来古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲,华南陆块东部上地壳被严重破坏,从电性特征推断可能发生过大面积的板片重融,华夏地块东北部地壳相较于西南部厚度明显更小、后期改造严重,受到的太平洋板块俯冲导致的热扰动更剧烈。     

华南陆块东北部构造特征、成矿作用与动力学机制——来自大地电磁测深的认识

通常认为,华南陆块在元古代由扬子克拉通和华夏地块沿江南造山带碰撞拼合而成,之后经历了陆内造山、洋壳俯冲等多期岩浆—构造活动。但因华南陆块所处的特殊地质构造环境,就目前华南陆块各块体之间的接触关系、江南造山带深部构造特征及区域动力学意义等诸多地质问题争议颇多。本文依托地质调查项目和“深部探测技术与实验研究（SinoProbe）”项目完成的8d和12g两条大地电磁测深剖面,经过精细的数据处理,使用非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）算法对TE+TM模式数据联合反演得到华南陆块东北部岩石圈尺度的二维电性剖面,并用ModEM三维反演代码对全阻抗张量数据反演获得了三维电性模型。对研究区内扬子地块东部、江南造山带以及华夏地块进行电性结构研究,发现研究区内的江南造山带西南段存在扬子地块和华夏地块碰撞镶嵌的构造表现,扬子地块已越过江南造山带,在江绍断裂位置与华夏地块挤压,形成江绍断裂等逆冲型深大断裂,从电性结构推测其现今仍然为活动断裂,但东北段块体之间的接触关系被上侵的地幔物质破坏,江绍、赣东北等断裂的深部结构已被剧烈改造,推测这种深部成矿热物质上涌是形成赣东北以金银矿种为主的岩浆热液型矿床的深部动力原因;研究区东部华夏地块电性特征为高阻的上地壳以及被岩浆底侵而破坏的中下地壳,发育其中的屯溪—鹰潭—安远和上虞—大浦—政和断裂切割深度超过了50 km,为深大断裂构造。结合前人地表侵入岩填图结果,认为由于中生代以来古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲,华南陆块东部上地壳被严重破坏,从电性特征推断可能发生过大面积的板片重融,华夏地块东北部地壳相较于西南部厚度明显更小、后期改造严重,受到的太平洋板块俯冲导致的热扰动更剧烈。     

Gold mineralization in the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt of South China: Geological,geochemical and geochronological characteristics,ore deposit-type and geodynamic setting

Located in the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block and generally interpreted as the Neoproterozoic collisional product of the Yangtze with the Cathaysia Blocks of South China, the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt (JOB) contains a number of gold (Au) (-polymetallic) ore deposits and mineral showings, mostly hosted by Neoproterozoic low-grade metamorphic volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks. The mineralization styles mainly include auriferous quartz veins and disseminated mineralization in altered mylonite and cataclasite that are developed along shear zones, fracture zones and inter- or intra-formational fault zones closely related to regional folding and shearing deformation. Three gold mineralizing epochs are recognized in the JOB. The ca. 423–397 Ma mineralization was associated with the early Paleozoic tectonothermal event(s), which induced widespread emplacement of Silurian S-type granites, low-grade metamorphism and enrichment of gold in the Neoproterozoic rocks (i.e., forming Au source beds). The second Au mineralization epoch, occurring at ca. 176–170 Ma (Jurassic), was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the South China continental margin. The third and most important Au mineralization epoch took place at ca. 144–130 Ma (early Cretaceous), when a Basin-and-Range tectonic pattern was developed, characterized by NE–NNE-trending strike-slip faults, granitic domes and metamorphic core complexes (MCC), and basins filled with red bed lithologies. C, H, O, He-Ar, S and Pb isotopic and fluid-inclusion data suggest that the ore fluids were predominantly metamorphic and/or magmatic, with variable input of mantle-derived fluids and the progressive involvement of meteoric waters in the later stages of mineralization. Ore materials were mostly contributed by the Neoproterozoic source beds, plus a possible contribution from mantle- or magma-derived components. The Au (-polymetallic) deposits in the JOB, particularly those formed in the early Cretaceous, share many geological and geochemical features with the orogenic-type and Carlin-type deposits. In the context of tectonic evolution of South China, the gold mineralization in the JOB may be considered an “intracontinental reactivation type”, characterized by synchronous development of Au–polymetallic mineralization, reactivation of stuctures developed in Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks, and widespread granite emplacement in the late Mesozoic.     

LA-ICP-MS in situ analyses of the pyrites in Dongyang gold deposit,Southeast China: Implications to the gold mineralization

The Dongyang gold deposit is a newly discovered epithermal deposit in Fujian Province, Southeast China, along the Circum-Pacific metallogenic belt. Herewith, the authors present mineralogical, scanning electron microscope, and laser ablation inductively coupled clasma mass spectrometry analysis to reveal the relations between Au and Te, As, S, Fe, etc., and discuss the gold precipitation process. The pyrites in this deposit are Fe-deficient, and are enriched in Te and As. The authors infer that As was mainly in form of As-complexes, and Te-Au-Ag inclusions/solid solution also exsits in the Py I. Along with the depletion of Te and As, they were less active chemically in the Py II, and Au may be incorporated into As-rich and Fe-deficient surface sites by chemisorption onto As-rich growth surfaces. Because of the incorporation of new fluid, Te and As became the most active chemically in the Py III, which was the main elements precipitation stage, and As dominantly substituted for S in the lattice of pyrite, due to the more reducing condition. The authors propose Au was in form of invisible gold, and the incorporation of gold can be considered as post-pyrite event, while the Au-bearing minerals were result of post incorporation of gold in arsenian pyrite.     

Isotope geochronology,geochemistry, and mineral chemistry of the U-bearing and barren granites from the Zhuguangshan complex,South China: Implications for petrogenesis and uranium mineralization

The Zhuguangshan complex carries some of the most important granite-hosted uranium deposits in South China. Here we investigate the Changjiang and Jiufeng granites which represent typical U-bearing and barren granites in the complex, using zircon U-Pb ages, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopic and zircon Hf isotopic data, and mineral chemistry, to constrain the petrogenesis and uranium mineralization. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that both the Changjiang and Jiufeng granites were emplaced ca. 160 Ma. These rocks show high silica, weakly to strongly peraluminous compositions, enrichment in Rb, Th, and U, and depletion in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti. These features coupled with the high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, negative εNd(t) values and εHf(t) values, and the Paleoproterozoic two stage model ages of these two granites suggest that the two granites belong to S-type granites, and the parental magmas of the two granites were derived from the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks. However, the granitoids show different mineralogical characteristics. The biotite in the Changjiang granite belongs to siderophyllite, marking higher degree of chloritization, whereas the biotite in the Jiufeng granite is ferribiotite, characterized by only slight chloritization. Compared with the Jiufeng granite, the biotite in the Changjiang granite has lower crystallization temperature and oxygen fugacity, but higher F content, and the uraninite has higher UO₂ content but lower ThO₂ content, and stronger corrosion. The chemical ages of uraninites from both granites are (within error) consistent with the zircon U-Pb ages and are considered to represent the emplacement ages of granites. Chemical ages of pitchblende in the Changjiang granite yield 118 ± 8 Ma, 87 ± 4 Ma, and 68 ± 6 Ma, representing multiple episodes of hydrothermal events that are responsible for the precipitation of U ores in the Changjiang uranium ore field. Our study suggests that the degree of magma differentiation and physicochemical conditions of the magmatic-hydrothermal system are the key factors that control the different U contents of these two granites. The mineralogical characteristics of uraninite and biotite can be used to distinguish between U-bearing and barren granites, and serve as a potential tool for prospecting granite-hosted uranium deposits.     

Structural analysis of the Baolun gold deposit,Hainan Island,South China: Implications for metallogeny

The Baolun gold deposit is a mesothermal orogenic gold deposit located in the southwestern part of Hainan Island, South China. The deposit comprises a series of NNW-trending quartz-sulfide lodes situated within a parallel array of fault zones traversing a sequence of variably foliated flysch siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Silurian. Detailed field mapping documented at least five phases of deformation in the deposit including NNW-trending folding of the Lower Silurian rocks (D1), development of NNW-trending, steeply dipping ductile shear zones with an oblique dextral sense corresponding to NNE-SSW shortening (D2), WNW-ESE shortening and extension associated with an early oblique sinistral ductile shearing along the NNW-trending fault zones (D3), ENE-WSW shortening (D4), and near N-S extension (D5). The gold-bearing quartz lodes cut the strata folded in the D1, show some laminar layering related to ductile shear in the D2 and are overprinted by brittle structures formed in the D3 to D5. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating on muscovite from an auriferous quartz lode yielded an age of 242 ± 2.5 Ma, which, together with the age of 232 ± 2.5 Ma for an aplite vein in the deposit, suggests that the mineralization may be related to a tectono-thermal event in the Triassic. In the context of the southern South China plate tectonics, the formation of the Baolun gold deposit is interpreted to be related to the oblique dextral ductile shearing (D2) along the NNW-trending fault zones during the Indosinian orogeny, in relation to the convergence between the Indochina and South China plates.     

江西大湖塘钨矿田平苗矿区含矿花岗岩矿物学特征及对成矿的指示意义

赣西北大湖塘钨矿田位于江南造山带东段,是世界级超大型W-Cu-Mo多金属矿田,矿化类型以细脉浸染型矿化为主,成矿作用与燕山期高分异花岗岩密切相关。本文通过对平苗矿区与成矿关系密切的燕山期花岗岩中黑云母和斜长石等矿物进行系统的原位主量元素和微量元素分析,探究岩浆的氧逸度、岩浆系统的深部动力学特征和详细结晶过程,并对成矿作用的指示意义进行探讨。研究表明,似斑状二云母花岗岩从岩浆结晶早期到晚期,一直保持较低的氧逸度（NNO-QFM）,可能与岩浆源区中更多的富泥质沉积岩有关,这种富钨的泥质岩源区和还原性岩浆环境更有利于钨矿的形成。燕山期花岗岩中斜长石的钙长石（An）和CaO含量均远低于晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩,很难为白钨矿化提供足够的钙,而黑云母花岗闪长岩由于体积巨大、钙含量高,很可能为区内大规模的白钨矿化贡献了大量的钙元素。斜长石原位分析显示,An和Al₂O₃含量之间存在显著的正相关性,而与FeO含量之间无明显的正相关性,FeO随着An含量的增加基本保持稳定,斜长石中Sr和Ba含量之间也无显著的负相关性,表明该区岩浆房为化学成分相对封闭的岩浆系统,岩浆演化过程中只有热量混合和/或减压作用,没有发生明显的镁铁质岩浆注入与混合。因此,钨、铜、硫等成矿元素应主要来自岩浆源区双桥山群的富泥质变质沉积岩和变质玄武岩的贡献,而非由外来基性岩浆的补给提供。该区岩浆岩形成于华南板块由挤压向伸展的转换期,挤压环境有利于在地壳浅部形成长期稳定的、规模较大的高分异岩浆房,促进成矿元素高度富集和大规模岩浆热液的形成,导致该区发生大规模的钨铜矿化。