鹤壁新生代玄武岩源区及成因: 地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

大陆碱性玄武岩是研究大陆地幔、软流圈和岩石圈、壳幔相互作用的窗口。鹤壁碱性玄武岩为华北中部新生代玄武岩重要组成部分,其源区和成因对了解新生代期间华北克拉通中部岩石圈地幔改造提供了重要依据。鹤壁新生代玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩,贫硅(SiO₂=45.0%~47.8%)富镁(MgO=7.3%~8.5%)和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O=4.6%~6.3%),富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏,无明显Eu异常。富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs)。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,具有明显的Nb、Ta正异常,其中Nb/U=35~48、La/Nb=0.4~0.7、Ba/Nb=3.6~11。 全岩的Sr、Nd、Hf同位素比值分别为⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i=0.7036~0.7044,ε_Nd(t)=+0.4~+5.4, ε_Hf(t)=+5.0~+9.7,显示鹤壁新生代玄武岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征和同位素组成。岩相学特征和地球化学特征表明鹤壁新生代玄武岩是软流圈地幔(>80km)小程度部分熔融形成的熔体与富集的岩石圈地幔相互作用后的结果,地壳物质混染和结晶分离作用不显著。     

内蒙古集宁新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体矿物化学特征及其地幔演化意义

在无水"干"体系的四矿物相橄榄岩中,单斜辉石由于熔点低而通常记录着丰富的部分熔融作用和地幔交代作用信息。在详细岩相学特征和组成矿物主元素分析基础上,重点对内蒙古集宁玄武岩中橄榄岩包体的单斜辉石进行了激光原位微量元素研究。通过与新生代时华北具古老克拉通地幔特征(如鹤壁)和具新生岩石圈地幔特征(如山旺)的橄榄岩对比,讨论了新生代时集宁地区陆下岩石圈地幔性质及其形成和演化机制。集宁地区岩石圈地幔是相当于原始地幔经过较低程度的部分熔融抽取形成的,除个别样品的部分熔融程度5%外,多数样品为5%～10%。橄榄岩的平衡温度与橄榄石Mg#关系表明新生代时集宁地区的陆下岩石圈地幔是不均一的,无明显分层现象,表现为饱满与过渡型地幔的共存。这种主体饱满并兼有过渡型地幔的不均一现象,可能是软流圈物质对古老地幔进行不均匀侵蚀、改造和置换作用的结果。     

复杂的山东昌乐新生代玄武岩辉石岩捕虏体及其岩石圈演化意义

紧邻郯庐断裂带分布的山东昌乐新生代玄武岩含有丰富的辉石岩捕虏体。根据辉石岩的主、微量元素特征,可以将它们大致分为3类。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类样品的岩石地球化学特征分别与河北汉诺坝-阳原新生代玄武岩中的Cr系列和Al系列辉石岩捕虏体相对应,都属壳-幔过渡带或岩石圈顶部地幔的分离结晶产物,其中Ⅱ类辉石岩还包含有陆壳物质组成,更可能是壳幔过渡带来源。Ⅲ类辉石岩在岩石地球化学特征上与汉诺坝的石榴石辉石岩相似,但不同的样品则分别表现出与洋岛玄武岩或正常洋中脊玄武岩相似的特征。丰富的昌乐玄武岩中辉石岩捕虏体所表现出来的复杂成因来源,与相对简单的上地幔特征相比,该区新生代时的顶部岩石圈地幔和壳-幔过渡带组成异常复杂,说明岩石圈减薄过程中自下而上的新生地幔物质对古老岩石圈的置换作用。     

华北中、新生代岩石圈地幔的交代作用：含金云母地幔岩提供的证据

本文对华北克拉通三个不同地区（河北汉诺坝、内蒙古集宁三义堂、河南鹤壁）新发现的含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和尖晶石橄榄单斜辉石岩捕虏体进行了详细的矿物组成、单斜辉石的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素研究.通过与相同地区不含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的系统对比发现通常含金云母的地幔橄榄岩比不含金云母的地幔橄榄岩岩富Al2O3、CaO、NaO、K2O、TiO2,但相对贫镁;其单斜辉石的LREE更为富集,但Sr、Nd同位素组成则相对亏损.这说明地幔交代作用不仅能够造成地幔橄榄岩的玄武质组分和稀土元素的富集,而且亦能够造成全岩和橄榄石Mg#的降低和同位素组成的相对亏损.捕虏体的Rb-Sr等时线年龄暗示地幔交代作用发生在中、新生代;其交代熔体来源于软流圈.同时说明华北新生代岩石圈地幔普遍存在的主、微量元素和同位素组成类似于“大洋型”岩石圈地幔的特征很可能是岩石圈地幔橄榄岩与软流圈来源的熔体的大规模反应的结果,而非真正意义上的新增生的岩石圈地幔.     

华北克拉通新太古代地壳增生:来自山西云中山地区TTG片麻岩和二长花岗片麻岩的证据

通过详细的野外地质工作,本文在山西云中山地区识别出一套岩石组合完整的TTG片麻岩岩系,与TTG片麻岩共生的还有后期发育的二长花岗片麻岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗闪长质片麻岩的形成时间为2486±9Ma,二长花岗片麻岩的形成时间为2448±11Ma。地球化学特征显示研究区TTG片麻岩为高铝TTG。奥长花岗质片麻岩总体表现为高SiO_2(69.82%~73.54%)、富Na_2O(4.19%~5.16%)、高CaO(1.45%~3.03%)的特征,Al_2O_3含量为14.31%~15.74%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.00~1.03,属富钠过铝质系列岩石;英云闪长质片麻岩的特征与奥长花岗片麻岩基本相似,但K_2O含量更低,CaO含量更高;花岗闪长质片麻岩SiO_2(61.23%~61.97%)含量相对偏低,Na_2O/K_2O为1.00~1.32,Al2O3含量为15.03%~15.73%,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.96~1.05,为准铝质或过铝质系列岩石。与上述TTG片麻岩不同的是,本区出露的二长花岗片麻岩表现为富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.22~1.44)、贫Al_2O_3(12.81%~14.27%)的特征。岩石稀土总量较低(∑REE=52.71×10~(-6)~262.0×10~(-6)),轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻、重稀土强烈分馏。微量元素具有富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素的特点,Cr、Ni等相容元素含量也较低,表现出岛弧岩浆的特征。花岗闪长片麻岩和二长花岗片麻岩εHf(t)值均为正值,前者成岩年龄与二阶段模式年龄较为接近,暗示其来源为2.5~2.6Ga的新生地壳,而后者成岩年龄与二阶段模式年龄则相差较多,其测点大都落在2.7~2.8Ga地壳演化线的区域内,表明二长花岗片麻岩来自于2.7~2.8Ga的古老地壳。根据上述地球化学特征,并结合区域地质特征,推测研究区高Al的TTG片麻岩是"平俯冲"状态下洋壳部分熔融的产物,而二长花岗片麻岩为底侵古老地壳部分熔融的产物,形成于大陆边缘弧的构造环境,代表云中山地区一次重要的以水平增生为主的地壳生长事件,同时也表明在新太古代末期,云中山地区已完成克拉通化,进入陆内演化阶段。     

华北克拉通西部陆块北缘新生代岩石圈地幔特征的初步研究

凉城、四子王旗、三义堂和大同的地幔包体的岩石学和矿物的主、微量元素成分显示华北克拉通中、西部北缘总体为过渡型岩石圈地幔,为原始地幔经过不同程度的熔体抽取和后期交代富集作用的残留.凉城岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最低,后期交代富集作用比较强烈,这与其橄榄岩中尖晶石的Cr#较低,并且共存的单斜辉石的Mg#较低一致.三义堂岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度最高,后期交代富集作用最强烈,不同样品甚至同一样品中不同单斜辉石颗粒的La/Yb和LREE配分模式变化范围非常大,且矿物边部比核部更富集微量元素.大同、四子王旗岩石圈地幔经历的熔体抽取程度介于凉城和三义堂之间,但后期的交代富集作用明显不如凉城和三义堂强烈.研究区的岩石圈地幔主要受硅酸盐熔体交代作用的影响,只有三义堂岩石圈地幔还可能也受到了碳酸盐交代作用的影响.     

华北克拉通古老麻粒岩纪录的三期构造-岩浆事件

华北克拉通中部造山带上广泛发育新太古代-古元古代的基性岩墙。本文选取出露于华北南缘太古代太华群花岗片麻岩中的基性麻粒岩脉体进行研究,进而探讨了克拉通南缘太古代地体所经历的构造-岩浆-变质事件以及其后期演化过程。通过对基性麻粒岩脉体的野外地质、岩石学、锆石的U-Pb年代学、锆石O及Hf同位素地球化学的研究,显示该脉体记录有3期明显的构造-岩浆-变质事件:(1)新太古代晚期岩浆侵位事件(2523±8Ma)。岩浆锆石正的εHf(t)值(2.88~7.16)显示该基性岩脉是由亏损幔源玄武质岩浆侵位于太古代基底而形成的,结合锆石略高于正常地幔的δ18O值(6.12‰~7.47‰)说明岩浆侵位后受地壳混染并不显著。该岩浆事件与华北克拉通新太古代(~2.5Ga)广泛存在的地壳再造和少量的地壳增生事件吻合;(2)古元古代变质作用(1922±6Ma)。麻粒岩中变质锆石纪录的古元古代变质作用事件与华北克拉通中部造山带普遍遭受变质作用的时期(1.85~1.97Ga)相一致。锆石正的εHf(t)值(1.61~5.52)说明变质作用过程中Hf同位素体系保持封闭,因此其Hf同位素组成继承了原岩幔源岩浆的组成。而略低于岩浆锆石的δ18O值(4.85‰~5.76‰)可能是由变质作用过程中发生的高温热液蚀变导致的;(3)渐新世岩浆活动(31.38±0.15Ma),该期岩浆作用在华北克拉通属首次发现。麻粒岩中部分岩浆锆石给出了非常好的谐和年龄,这些锆石的εHf(t)值(-3.03~1.69)集中分布于原始地幔岩浆库(CHUR)演化线之上,且具有非常接近于原始地幔的δ18O值(5.78‰~6.62‰),表明该基性岩脉所记录的渐新世岩浆活动也来源于地幔。结合已有研究成果,我们认为华北南缘太华群基性脉体形成于新太古代晚期,侵位于早先的太古代地体之中,并随同古老基底一起俯冲至下地壳深度发生了麻粒岩相的变质作用,不久又一同被抬升至发生角闪岩相退变质,后又经历了渐新世的幔源岩浆活动的扰动,抬升至地表的地质演化过程。     

辽东盖州-庄河地区榆树砬子岩组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通陆壳演化的制约

出露于辽东地区盖州-庄河一带的榆树砬子岩组,作为该区不整合覆盖于古元古代辽河群之上最早的稳定沉积盖层,其沉积时代、物源区及沉积环境的研究对了解华北克拉通的构造演化具有重要科学意义。目前该地区依然缺乏关于榆树砬子岩组形成时代和区域地层对比的数据。本文在详细野外地质调查基础上,通过碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素示踪等手段,对该岩组的沉积环境及时限、物源区及与燕辽裂谷带内中元古代地层的时空关系等问题进行了讨论。通过对榆树砬子岩组与燕辽裂谷带内常州沟组对比,发现尽管锆石U-Pb定年结果表明榆树砬子岩组沉积时代晚于1803Ma,但二者在锆石年龄谱、物源成分、岩石组合及沉积旋回序列等方面具有一定相似性。龙岗地块及辽南陆块太古宙基底、古元古代辽吉花岗岩以及古元古代同碰撞或碰撞后岩浆岩可能为榆树砬子岩组提供了物源。同时,锆石Hf同位素特征表明华北克拉通东北缘记录了自～4. 1Ga以来的一系列地壳生长事件,其峰期主要发生于31～27亿年,与华北克拉通其他地区的数据一致,为华北克拉通太古代的陆壳演化提供了新的佐证。     

A Re–Os study of molybdenites from the Lanjiagou Mo deposit of North China Craton and its geological significance

The Lanjiagou Mo deposit is located in the eastern part of the North China Craton. Rhenium and osmium isotopes in molybdenites from the Lanjiagou porphyry Mo deposit have been used to determine the timing of mineralization. Molybdenite was analyzed mainly from granite porphyry, which is characterized by moderate to strong silicification. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples are between 33 and 48 µg/g. Analysis of eleven molybdenite samples yields an isochron age of 181.6 ± 6.5 Ma (2σ). Based on the geological history and spatio-temporal distribution of the granitoids, it is proposed that the Mo deposits in the eastern part of the North China Craton were related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate during Jurassic time.     

Isotope geochemistry and Re–Os geochronology of the Yanjiagou Mo deposit in the central North China Craton

The Yanjiagou deposit, located in the central North China Craton (NCC), is a newly found porphyry‐type Mo deposit. The Mo mineralization here is spatially associated with the Mapeng batholith. In this study, we identify four stages of ore formation in this deposit: pyrite phyllic stage (I), quartz–pyrite stage (II), quartz–pyrite–molybdenite stage (III), which is the main mineralization stage, and quartz–carbonate stage (IV). We present sulphur and lead isotope data on pyrite, and rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenite from the porphyry deposit and evaluate the timing and origin of ore formation. The δ³⁴S values of the pyrite range from ‐1.1‰ to −0.6‰, with an average of −0.875‰, suggesting origin from a mixture of magmatic/mantle sources and the basement rocks. The Pb isotope compositions of the pyrite show a range of 16.369 to 17.079 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.201 to 15.355 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 36.696 to 37.380 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, indicating that the ore‐forming materials were derived from a mixture of lower crust (or basement rocks) and mantle. Rhenium contents in molybdenite samples from the main ore stage are between 74.73 to 254.43 ppm, with an average of 147.9 ppm, indicating a mixed crustal‐mantle source for the metal. Eight molybdenite separates yield model ages ranging from 124.17 to 130.80 Ma and a mean model age of 128.46 Ma. An isochron age of 126.7 ± 1.1 Ma (MSWD = 2.1, initial ¹⁸⁷Os = 0.0032 ± 0.0012 ppb) is computed, which reveals a close link between the Mo mineralization and the magmatism that generated the Mapeng batholith. The age is close to the zircon U–Pb age of ca. 130 Ma from the batholith reported in a recent study. The age is also consistent with the timing of mineralization in the Fuping ore cluster in the central NCC, as well as the peak time of lithosphere thinning and destruction of the NCC. We evaluate the spatio‐temporal distribution of the Mo deposits in the NCC and identify three important molybdenum provinces along the northern and southern margins of the craton formed during three distinct episodes: Middle to Late Triassic (240–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (190–175 Ma), and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (150–125 Ma). The third period is considered to mark the most important metallogenic event, coinciding with the peak of lithosphere thinning and craton destruction in the NCC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北克拉通古老大陆地壳组成及演化

对鞍本、冀东、鲁西、阴山等早前寒武纪典型地区和深部物质进行了深入研究,总结了华北克拉通早期地壳形成演化历史。揭示出鄂尔多斯地块本身强烈卷入了古元古代晚期构造热事件。首次在华北克拉通划分出3个>2.6 Ga 古陆块。     

华北克拉通北缘西段新元古代裂谷的确认与成矿

狼山-渣尔泰山是华北克拉通北缘西段元古宙伸展构造体制下被动陆缘的重要热水喷流成矿带,内产东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞、甲生盘等大型-超大型矿床,其含矿建造是元古宇渣尔泰山群。该成矿带的主体在狼山山脉主峰地区,产有东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞三大矿床。自2010年在狼山西南原渣尔泰山群阿古鲁沟组地层中发现新元古代酸性火山岩(锆石年龄816~805 Ma)以来,其东部狼山主峰地区的渣尔泰山群及产在其中的炭窑口、东升庙、霍各乞矿床是否也都可以归于新元古代形成是需要进一步研究的重要科学问题。本文依据的事实有:(1)狼山西南新元古界的碎屑锆石最小年龄为1 155 Ma与碳酸盐岩是方解石大理岩;(2)炭窑口矿区渣尔泰山群顶部刘鸿湾组地层的碎屑锆石年龄的两个年龄峰值分别为1 862~1 762 Ma(最小年龄为1 732 Ma)和2 448 Ma,所含碳酸盐岩全部是白云石大理岩类;(3)狼山北侧狼山群含矿岩组中发现年龄为887 Ma±的新元古代基性火山岩; (4)霍各乞矿床含重晶石与微晶长石的硅质层发育,多与黄铁矿层互层状产出,也有与闪锌矿+磁黄铁矿及方铅矿层互层,激光原位分析得到的黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿的δ³⁴S为17.60‰~21.97‰,显示喷流成矿的硫同位素组成特征。根据以上事实可以确认:(1)狼山西南含酸性火山岩与方解石大理岩的前寒武纪地层是与狼山南侧炭窑口矿区含白云石大理岩的渣尔泰山群在不同盆地中沉积而成;(2)狼山南侧是中元古代裂谷带,产有以炭窑口、东升庙矿床为代表的中元古代喷流-沉积成矿系统;(3)狼山北侧是新元古代裂谷带,产有以霍各乞矿田为代表的新元古代热水喷流成矿系统。产在新元古代狼山群中的霍各乞矿是介于SEDEX型与VMS型之间、但靠近SEDEX型一侧的热水喷流-沉积矿床。     

Neoarchean (2.5-2.8 Ga) crustal growth of the North China Craton revealed by zircon Hf isotope: A synthesis

The crustal growth of the North China Craton(NCC) during the Neoarchean time(2.5—2.8 Ga) is a hotly controversial topic,with some proposing thai the main crustal growth occurred in the late Neoarchean (2.5—2.6 Ga),in agreement with the time of the magmatism,whereas others suggest that the main crustal accretion took place during early Neoarchean time(2.7—2.8 Ga),consistent with the time of crustalformation of other cratons in the world.Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions can provide rigorous constraints on the time of crustal growth and the evolution and tectonic division of the NCC.In this contribution, we make a comprehensive review of zircon Hf isotope data in combination with zircon U-Pb geochronology and some geochemistry data from various divisions of the NCC with an aim to constrain the Neoarchean crustal growth of the NCC.The results suggest that both 2.7—2.8 Ga and 2.5—2.6 Ga crustal growth are distributed over the NCC and the former is much wider than previously suggested.The Eastern block is characterized by the main 2.7—2.8 Ga crustal growth with local new crustal-formation at 2.5—2.6 Ga,and the Yinshan block is characterized by～2.7 Ga crustal accretion as revealed by Hf-isotope data of detrital zircons from the Zhaertai Group.Detrital zircon data of the Khondalite Belt indicate that the main crustal growth period of the Western block is Paleoproterozoic involving some～2.6 Ga and minor Early- to Middle-Archean crustal components,and the crustal accretion in the Trans-North China Orogen(TNCO) has a wide age range from 2.5 Ga to 2.9 Ga with a notable regional discrepancy.Zircon Hf isotope compositions,coupled with zircon ages and other geochemical data suggest that the southern margin may not be an extension of the TNCO,and the evolution and tectonic division of the NCC is more complex than previously proposed,probably involving multi-stage crustal growth and subduction processes.However, there is no doubt that 2.7—2.8 Ga magmatism and crustal-formation are more widely distributed than previously considered,which is further supported by the data of zircons from Precambrian lower crustal rocks, overlying sedimentary cover,modern river sediments and Late Neoarchean syenogranites.     

橄榄岩—熔体相互作用过程中Re-Os体系的变化趋势: 对华北新生代地幔橄榄岩Re-Os年龄含义的启示

橄榄岩的Re-Os同位素体系作为探讨岩石圈地幔形成年龄的重要手段已受到人们越来越多的重视。然而,Re-Os体系是否会受到橄榄岩的低温蚀变如蛇纹石化和地幔交代作用或橄榄岩—熔体相互作用的影响并不十分清楚。本文在总结国际上典型造山带橄榄岩剖面研究和地幔橄榄岩捕虏体研究的基础上,发现橄榄岩的Re-Os同位素体系基本不受蛇纹石化等低温蚀变作用的影响; 但橄榄岩—熔体相互作用会造成橄榄岩的Re-Os体系的变化即Re或Os的带入。当熔体/岩石比例较小时(≤1),橄榄岩—熔体相互作用会造成橄榄岩的Re含量显著增加,而放射成因的Os同位素即187Os增量有限。但当熔体/岩石比例很大时(≥1),会造成187Os同位素显著增加。同时,橄榄岩的Re含量与中等程度不相容主、微量元素如Al、Ti、Yb的正相关关系可以通过橄榄岩的两阶段演化模式来解释,即早期的部分熔融残留和后期的橄榄岩—熔体相互作用共同影响的结果。橄榄岩的Re含量与Cr含量的正相关关系进一步说明了这一问题。上述结果对华北东部岩石圈地幔的演化过程有重要的启示作用。因为华北东部古生代时期的确存在太古宙岩石圈地幔,然而新生代时期地幔橄榄岩捕虏体普遍具有元古宙而非太古宙的事实证明橄榄岩—熔体的相互作用的确广泛存在,从而造成岩石圈地幔橄榄岩变年轻。因此,新生代地幔捕虏体的Re-Os同位素年龄并不是岩石圈地幔的形成年龄,而是混合作用的结果。汉诺坝地幔橄榄岩的Re含量和Sr、Nd同位素组成符合橄榄岩—多元熔体相互作用的混合趋势,其橄榄岩的全岩Al2O3含量和橄榄石Fo的反相关性能够通过橄榄岩—熔体相互作用来解释。     

华北克拉通北缘尚义地区新太古代TTG成因分析：洋壳玄武岩不同深度下熔融的产物

尚义玄武岩为尚义-赤城新太古代洋壳残片的组成端元,地球化学性质指示其源于富集地幔。根据稀土元素分配特征,尚义玄武岩可被分为TH1型(稀土元素平坦型)和TH2型(稀土元素分异型)。尚义TTG属于中钾偏铝质钙碱性岩类,其Al2O3含量与低铝型TTG相近,同时微量元素Rb、Sr、Y和REE表现出俯冲板片熔融成因的埃达克岩的性质。根据主量元素SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3和微量元素Rb、Sr、Y、REE等指标判别和微量元素平衡熔融模式计算得出,尚义TTG形成压力遍及低压—高压范围,是洋壳玄武岩(TH1型)在深度压力变化的条件下部分熔融形成的,其中的低铝型TTG形成于低压熔融。     

华北克拉通北缘尚义地区新太古代TTG成因分析:洋壳玄武岩不同深度下熔融的产物

尚义玄武岩为尚义-赤城新太古代洋壳残片的组成端元,地球化学性质指示其源于富集地幔。根据稀土元素分配特征,尚义玄武岩可被分为TH1型(稀土元素平坦型)和TH2型(稀土元素分异型)。尚义TTG属于中钾偏铝质钙碱性岩类,其Al2O3含量与低铝型TTG相近,同时微量元素Rb、Sr、Y和REE表现出俯冲板片熔融成因的埃达克岩的性质。根据主量元素SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3和微量元素Rb、Sr、Y、REE等指标判别和微量元素平衡熔融模式计算得出,尚义TTG形成压力遍及低压—高压范围,是洋壳玄武岩(TH1型)在深度压力变化的条件下部分熔融形成的,其中的低铝型TTG形成于低压熔融。     

Reconstructing Late Paleozoic exhumation history of the Inner Mongolia Highland along the northern edge of the North China Craton

The Inner Mongolia Highland (IMH), along the northern edge of the North China Craton, was considered to be a long-standing topographic highland, whose exhumation history remains elusive. The aim of this study is to reveal Late Paleozoic exhumation processes of the IMH based on an integrated analysis of stratigraphy, petrography of clastic rocks, and U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from Permian–Triassic succession in the middle Yanshan belt. The results of the study show that the Benxi Formation, which was originally regarded as a Late Carboniferous unit, proves to be Early Permian in age because it contains detrital zircons as young as ∼298 Ma. The Lower Shihezi Formation is demonstrated to be a unit whose age spans the boundary of the Middle and Upper Permian, constrained by a U–Pb age of 260 ± 2 Ma from a dacite layer. Clastic compositions of conglomerate and sandstone change markedly, characterised by the predominance of sedimentary components in the Benxi–Shanxi Formations, by large amounts of volcanic clastics in the Lower and Upper Shihezi Formations, and by the presence of both metamorphic and igneous clastics in the Sunjiagou–Ermaying Formations. Sedimentary clastics include chert, carbonate, sandstone and quartzite, which may have been derived from Proterozoic to Lower Paleozoic sedimentary covers. Volcanic clasts were directly related to volcanic eruptions, while granite and gneiss grains were sourced from exhumed Late Paleozoic intrusive rocks and basement rocks. Detrital zircon U–Pb ages can be divided into five populations: 2.6–2.4 Ga, 1.9–1.7 Ga, 400–360 Ma, 325–290 Ma and 270–250 Ma. Precambrian detrital zircons are typically subrounded to rounded in shape, implying a recycling origin. Late Paleozoic zircons show oscillatory zones and their Th/U ratios >0.4, suggesting a magmatic origin. Most Phanerozoic zircons have negative ε_Hf(T) values of −3.2 to −25.5, which are compatible with those of Late Paleozoic plutons in the IMH. The results indicate that the IMH may have been covered with Proterozoic to Lower Paleozoic sedimentary strata, which then underwent subsequent erosion and served as provenances for adjacent Late Paleozoic basins. Vertical changes in both clastic compositions and detrital zircon ages in Permian–Triassic strata imply an unroofing process of the IMH. Three phases of the IMH uplift are distinguished. The first-phase uplift commenced 325–312 Ma and resulted from magmatic intrusion related to southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The second-phase uplift took place in the Middle Permian and may be attributed to crustal contraction related to the collision of the North China Craton and the Southern Mongolia terrane. The third-phase uplift happened at the end of the Permian, and may have been induced by upwelling of calc-alkali magma under an extensional setting.     

华北前寒武纪成矿系统与重大地质事件的联系

前寒武纪是指显生宙最古老的地质时代--寒武纪之前的地质时代,它占了地球演化历史的近90%。地球陆壳的80%~90%以上是在前寒武纪形成的,记录了复杂和惊心动魄的地质构造过程,还赋存着丰富的矿产资源。前寒武纪最重要的地质事件有陆壳的巨量增生、前板块机制/板块机制的构造转折、由缺氧到富氧的地球环境的剧变。华北克拉通是全球最古老陆块之一,前寒武纪各阶段全球性重大地质事件几乎都被记录下来,并表现出一些特殊性。与全球其它克拉通相比,华北陆壳生长-稳定化过程具有多阶段特征,太古宙末-古元古代环境剧变记录复杂多样,古元古代与板块体制建立和超大陆演化相关的俯冲碰撞和伸展裂解等地质记录丰富,中-新元古代经历持续伸展并接受巨量裂谷沉积。这些重大地质事件都伴随大规模成矿作用,形成了华北克拉通丰富的矿产资源和独特的优势矿种。

     

Petrogenesis of the Chaihulanzi Gneiss and its Tectonic Implications for the North China Craton

The Chaihulanzi area in eastern Inner Mongolia is tectonically situated on the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The main Precambrian lithologies of the area have been referred to the Archean Jianping Group meta-supracrustal sequences. Based on field observations, petrographic, whole-rock geochemical, and zircon U-Pb geochronological results, a magmatic origin for the units is proposed. Our results show that the Chaihulanzi gneisses are mainly of granitic, dioritic and granodioritic compositions, and show typical magmatic rock textures and mineral assemblages. The dioritic and granodioritic gneisses show Na-rich tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG)-like affinity with zircon U-Pb dates of ca. 2.57–2.59 Ga, representing a juvenile continental growth for the northeastern NCC. The granitic gneiss is indeed potassic granite and yielded a zircon U-Pb date of ~2.50 Ga, which is contemporaneous with the Jining–Jiaoliao microblock collision (2.53–2.49 Ga), implying another crustal growth event. The well-developed gneissosity in 2.57–2.59 Ga dioritic and granodioritic gneisses together with the 2.5 Ga potassic granite, which crosscuts the gneissosity implies a 2.57–2.50 Ga (mainly 2.53–2.51 Ga) collisional orogeny, probably related to the Jining–Jiaoliao microblock collision. Our new geology and chronological results provide new evidence for the early Precambrian tectonic evolution of the NCC.     

华北克拉通东北部新太古代晚期岩浆作用和地壳增生:锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素、微量元素和地球化学制约

辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和微量元素及全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究为探讨华北克拉通东北部前寒武纪地壳生长和演化提供了制约。结果表明,辽西地区钓鱼台二长花岗岩和辽南地区城子坦片麻状石英闪长岩、安波花岗质片麻岩中锆石均发育岩浆生长环带,结合相对高的Th/U比值(0.24~1.75)和锆石稀土元素特征,暗示它们均为岩浆锆石。定年结果显示,钓鱼台二长花岗岩、城子坦片麻状石英闪长岩和安波花岗质片麻岩的原岩分别形成于2519±9Ma、2505±10Ma和2519±11Ma,即它们均形成于新太古代晚期。辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石均具有高SiO2(61.85%~73.38%)、低MgO(0.36%~2.83%)、富Na2O+K2O(7.64%~10.86%)的特征,为准铝质-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列岩石;富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素,发育弱的Eu负异常和Sr、P、Ti的亏损。岩浆锆石均具有正的εHf(t)值,介于0.4~5.9之间,tDM1变化于2595~2798Ma之间,峰值年龄为2740Ma,与华北克拉通最重要的一次地壳增生事件相一致。辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石形成于板块俯冲的弧构造环境下新增生下地壳物质的部分熔融。