弹塑性致密泥岩用新型尖齿PDC钻头的研制与应用

分析了常规复合片钻头钻遇弹塑性致密泥岩钻进效率低的主要原因,并在此基础上研制了适用于该种地层的新型尖齿PDC钻头。通过对PDC切削齿几何结构的改进、切削结构和水力结构的优化设计而研制的新型钻头,在现场试验中取得了良好的钻进效果。平均寿命高达300 m,平均钻进时效3～4 m,解决了弹塑性致密泥岩钻进效率低的难题,为类似地层的钻探施工提供了一种高效实用的新产品。     

记辽宁西部中生代大凌河蜥(有鳞类)一新头后骨骼化石

发现于辽宁西部凌源大王杖子义县组中的长趾大凌河蜥 ( Dal-inghosaurus longidigitus)新标本 ,保存了较为完整且非常清晰的头后骨骼 ,对它的描述补充了我们对该种蜥蜴背椎、肩带及前肢的认识。大凌河蜥具有至少 2 7枚荐前椎、耻骨长度中等、胫骨远端略凹 ,这些特征表明它无疑应归入坚舌类 ( Scleroglossa)。相对很长的后肢及足部、第 口止庶 骨长于第 口止庶 骨、较粗壮的趾节以及次末端趾节不长于其他趾节等 ,显示出该种蜥蜴适宜于在地面上生活记辽宁西部中生代大凌河蜥(有鳞类)一新头后骨骼化石@姬书安$北京大学地球与空间科学学院!10…     

长刺泡沫状珊瑚(Gyalophylloides Cao 1975)属骨骼微细构造的电镜研究

Gyalophylloides Cao 1975属的电镜研究表明,其骨骼构造以方解石晶片组成的层状骨骼为主,它形成壁部构造和横列构造,在隔壁之间充填联结,在隔壁内包绕隔壁刺,在隔壁刺内联结和包绕杆状体。本属纤状骨骼的组成单元是晶粒和短轴晶柱,它们只见于杆状体轴部。文中还描述了本属的两个新种。     

记云南中三叠世新的裂齿鱼类(英文)

记述了产自云南中三叠世的裂齿鱼类3个新属种——邓氏富源裂齿鱼(Fuyuanperleidus dengi gen.et sp.nov.)、苏氏罗平裂齿鱼(Luopingperleidus sui gen.et sp.nov.)和小齿滇东裂齿鱼(Diandongperleidus denticulatus gen.et sp.nov.)。邓氏富源裂齿鱼区别于其它裂齿鱼的特征,包括上颌骨形状、上下颌牙齿大小及形状、头骨纹饰、上颌骨与第一眶下骨愈合、高鳞片。苏氏罗平裂齿鱼区别于其它裂齿鱼的特征,包括三角形的鳃条骨、腹鳍前有4列水平方向的高鳞片、3个臀鳞。小齿滇东裂齿鱼区别于其它裂齿鱼的特征,包括胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍和臀鳍前面鳍条的前缘具有小锯齿,鳞片后缘具有许多小锯齿。裂齿鱼类的新发现不仅丰富了中国华南裂齿鱼类的多样性,而且提供了裂齿鱼类在三叠纪全球辐射的新信息。     

黄土高原及周边地区间齿螺(Metodontia)种类的数量分布及其温度和降水量最适范围的定量估算

间齿螺(Metodontia)是我国现生陆生蜗牛的常见属, 也是黄土地层中常见的蜗牛化石, 汉山间齿螺(Metodontia huaiensis)和烟台间齿螺(Metodontia yantaiensis)是该属的两个常见种。我国现生间齿螺的地理分布调查取得了丰硕的成果, 为间齿螺化石作为夏季风气候变化的代用指标提供了依据, 但对现生间齿螺的数量分布和生态因子最适区域, 还缺少系统的研究, 限制了对间齿螺古生态古气候意义的深入理解。通过对黄土高原及周边地区356个表土蜗牛组合的研究, 揭示了间齿螺及其优势种的数量分布与气候参数的关系, 以及与经纬度和海拔高度的关系, 并利用加权平均方法定量估算了汉山间齿螺和烟台间齿螺的温度和降水量最适范围。结果表明, 在我们的研究区域内, 含量大于20% 的间齿螺, 主要分布在年均温大于11℃、年降水量550~850mm的地区, 36°N以南、110°E以东的地区, 海拔在750m以下的地区; 含量低于10% 的间齿螺, 在年均温5~15℃、年降水量380~700mm的地点都有分布, 主要分布在 33°~40.5°N、103.7°~117.5°E范围内, 海拔在2000m以下的地区; 年均温低于5℃、年降水量低于380mm的地区, 海拔2000m以上的地区, 基本上没有间齿螺生长; 汉山间齿螺和烟台间齿螺年均温度最适范围分别为10.2~14.1℃左右和8.9~14.0℃左右(实测值与推导值R2=0.70, 推导误差RMSEP=1.99), 年降水量最适范围分别为530~800mm左右和470~750mm左右(R2=0.81, RMSEP=90.87)。上述结果为间齿螺的古生态古气候研究和物种多样性保护提供了基础生态数据。     

Ophiceras(蛇菊石)在滇东卡以头组的发现及其意义

Ophiceras(蛇菊石)在滇东海陆交互相卡以头组下部(25层下部)的首次发现,是近期海陆交互相和陆相二叠系-三叠系界线(PTB)研究的重要进展之一。该化石的发现为滇东卡以头组地层时代的确定提供了更加确凿的依据。在煤山D剖面,29-37层为Ophiceras(蛇菊石)的顶峰带,因此,可将滇东密德B剖面的25层与煤山D剖面29层对比,那么滇东地区卡以头组主体(甚至全部)的时代可划归早三叠世。     

参加芬兰地质考察总结(Ⅰ)——芬兰中部地块的后造山花岗岩

本文主要根据笔者对芬兰古元古代花岗岩的实地考察 ,扼要介绍芬兰中部花岗岩杂岩体中瑞芬期的后造山花岗岩的地质特点、分类、主要地球化学特征和成因。在此基础上 ,对后造山花岗岩的研究意义进行粗略的分析 ,对我国华北地块中条期的后造山花岗岩的研究现状以及与芬兰中部花岗岩杂岩体中的后造山花岗岩之间的对比和差异给予简要的评述     

燕山地区褶皱冲断带和盆地中的晚侏罗世土城子组/后城组形成分析(英文)

土城子组/后城组为广泛分布在中国北方的燕山褶皱冲断带和盆地中晚侏罗世的典型碎屑岩沉积。本文主要是针对目前在燕山地区的通行的有关土城子组/后城组、及其之下的髫髻山组/蓝旗组,和上覆的张家口组/东岭台组火山岩的相关对比方法提出质疑。其他同行近期发表相关的氩-氩法和铀-铅法同位素测年数据指出髫髻山组/蓝旗组年龄为175~147Ma、土城子组/后城组年龄为156~139Ma、张家口组/东岭台组年龄为147~127Ma,显而易见,上述地层组的年龄是相互重叠的。这些测年数据说明以往的地层对比是有问题的,燕山造山带在中、晚侏罗世所发育的火山岩和沉积岩地层是穿时的。因此,传统上用(165±5)Ma和(135±5)Ma之间的区域不整合来作为划分髫髻山组和后城组的层序界限是值得商榷的。尽管一些髫髻山组的火山岩和土城子组/后城组的沉积岩是与向南或向北的冲断作用相伴生的,但在髫髻山组和土城子组/后城组沉积之间的30~35Ma的时间间隔内却是相对的构造平静期。这一结论是基于以往的髫髻山组和土城子组之间为假整合或平行不整合的观点所得出的。新近基于对承德盆地土城子组地层形成研究分析认为承德冲断层的实际位移距离应小于Davis等2001年所提出的位移距离,笔者接受这一观点。但笔者并不同意在承德地区土城子组的沉积主要是受控于承德北部的向南冲断作用。现今承德向形盆地主要是由于向北冲断的承德县冲断层下盘变形的结果,主要是(1)它向北发生倒转;(2)盆地南部的粗碎屑沉积的物源主要是来源于承德县的异地体。土城子组/后城组的沉积没有必要完全受控于构造作用。土城子组/后城组的沉积是紧随着在燕山部分地区发生的,持续了20~25Ma的髫髻山组/蓝旗组火山及岩浆活动。在中、晚侏罗世期间,燕山地区的岩浆活动必定导致地形的起伏,这就为快速剥蚀及粗碎屑的沉积提供了有利条件。最后需要指出的是,从前所提及的有关燕山带的土城子组/后城组和阴山带的大青山组的地层对比的依据并不存在。     

重矿物分析识别浊积体的沉积作用——日本中部Niigata弧后含油盆地新第三纪浊积砂岩实例研究(英文)

沉积于中中新世到上新世的浊积砂体是第三纪Niigata弧后盆地的主要油气储层之一 ,该盆地是日本列岛最富产石油的盆地。我们对这些浊积砂体的重矿物进行了详细和系统地分析。首先 ,作者展示了将重矿物分析和沉积作用分析相结合 ,从而得出有关沉积过程的全新观点的实例。沿着位于盆地东缘的上新世早期的浊积砂岩体的垂向和横向取样分析表明 ,砂体东半部重矿物的成分和西半部重矿物的成分不同。重矿物和沉积分析结果表明 ,发育在东半部的浅海陆架浊积砂岩和发育在西半部的深海水下浊积体在上新世早期是相互叠置的。其次 ,作者检验了用重矿物成分作为指标来表征某个特定浊积体的有效性。为此目的特选重位于Ni igata盆地中部的许多浊积砂岩分析研究 ,得出以下结论。 ( 1)基于主要重矿物 ,比如蛋白石、普通角闪石、紫苏辉石和普通辉石的定量综合分析 ,至少可将研究区的浊积砂岩划分为 6种类型 ;( 2 )一个组或段的浊积砂岩包括一种类型或紧密相关的两种类型 ;( 3)研究区不同的组或段通常由不同的重矿物组成构成 ,不同的物源或相同物源下不同的地质事件 (例如火山活动开始期 )可能是这种差异的原因。重矿物分析不仅可作为有价值的常规手段估计物源方向 ,而且可同其他的沉积资料结合来解析沉积过程 ,估计几个相邻     

A previously undescribed specimen reveals new information on the dentition of Sapeornis chaoyangensis

Here we describe the well-preserved skull of a juvenile specimen of Sapeornis, STM 16-18. Only the tail and hindlimb plumage of this specimen have been previously described. It preserves what we consider to be the complete dentition of Sapeornis with four premaxillary teeth, three maxillary teeth and two tiny dentary teeth on each side, the latter feature being previously unknown for this taxon. Based on a study of 71 specimens of Sapeornis preserving dentition, we infer the absence of dentary teeth in previously described specimens of Sapeornis is taphonomic, and consider the true dental formula of Sapeornis to be 4-3-2 (premaxillary teeth number – maxillary teeth number – dentary teeth number). Rostral to the dentary teeth, STM 16-18 preserves three shallow, empty aveoli. We hypothesize that this morphology captures an early stage in dental reduction and indicates that in at least some avian lineages, the loss of teeth was gradual.     

Olympus Mons volcano,Mars: A photogeologic view and new insights

The volcano Olympus Mons is probably the best known extraterrestrial volcano. In the past decade, an unprecedented selection of high-resolution images with a spatial resolution of up to 25?cm/pixel has been collected, and these images now allow detailed morphologic analysis of the entire volcano. The summit comprises a nested caldera with six overlapping collapse pits. There are numerous wrinkle ridges and graben on the caldera floor, and topographic data indicate that the location of these features is controlled by subsidence of the central portion of the floor. Examination of the caldera walls reveals numerous layers interpreted to be lava flows. No clear evidence for eruption sites on the flanks of the volcano exist; rather, many previously identified sources of lava appear to be break-outs from flows up-slope which are controlled by local breaks in slope. The vents for these eruptions were most likely within the summit caldera but have been removed by the set of six large collapse events that have produced the 60?×?80?km diameter caldera, which are collectively called the “Olympus Paterae”. The origin of the basal escarpment surrounding the volcano remains enigmatic, but it is probably related to the origin of the surrounding lobate materials collectively called the Olympus Mons aureole. In places, this escarpment is >5?km high, but the elevation of the back-wall varies from ～1?km to ～8?km relative to the Mars datum. Inspection of kilometer-scale blocks within the aureole indicates that this material is not composed of lava flows, suggesting that the base of Olympus Mons consists of fragmented material comparable to the hyaloclastite material forming the base of Hawaiian volcanoes. Numerous additional features on Olympus Mons are discussed, including two large impact craters near the summit of the volcano, glacial deposits on the lower western flanks, channels and small shields around the base of the volcano, and ridges north of the escarpment which may have formed via the emplacement of dikes into ice-rich materials. Comparison with other Martian volcanoes may also help the analysis of Olympus Mons; the morphology of the basal escarpment of Apollinaris Patera suggests that erosion by wind or water may be restricted to the lowest elevations on Mars. If the basal materials of Olympus Mons are unconsolidated, then Olympus Mons may have been similar to Alba Mons or Tyrrhena Mons during the early phases of volcano growth. Certain basaltic volcanoes on Earth may serve as good analogs for features seen on Olympus Mons; the summit of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, displays similar features to Olympus Patera at the summit caldera of Olympus Mons.     

蒙古—贝加尔地区地热特征及其地球动力学机制

蒙古—贝加尔裂谷的演化及其形成的动力学机制一直是地学界争论的焦点.至今, 对其地热学的相关研究一直比较匮乏.本文根据前人对蒙古—贝加尔及邻区的独特地貌、构造和玄武岩火山岩浆作用的研究, 并结合现今地表大地热流特征共同探讨了其地球动力学机制.根据最新大地热流分布特征表明: 蒙古地区的高热流区(>120 mW/m2)主要集中在蒙古Hangay穹窿北部Hovsgol裂谷及其周围裂谷内|贝加尔裂谷整体热流都较高, 且贝加尔东北部热流达160 mW/m2 以上(比前人报道的更高), 其中部热流也高(120 mW/m2).综合地热、地质与地球物理成果, 本文认为晚新生代的地幔柱对蒙古—贝加尔地区的形成起着重要作用.     

风沙活动对陆地生态系统影响研究进展

风沙活动及其物质输移运动是关键的陆地地表过程,对全球生态环境有显著的影响。归纳了风沙运动中养分的释放、搬运和沉降机制;总结了目前风沙运动中的物质及养分组成,养分流失与沉降对植物生长的影响、养分在植被群落中的分配和利用机理等方面的研究进展;揭示了大区域尺度上风沙运动与地表养分的释放和输移的关系及植被群落对风沙活动的响应;指出了风沙活动在陆地生态系统演化中扮演的角色。在已有研究的基础上,提出揭示风尘物质在远源陆地区域的沉降机制、风尘物质中有效养分的组成和含量、风尘物质养分的主要传输路径,建立风尘物质养分的源—汇模式,构建植被对风沙活动的响应过程,综合集成风沙活动与植被演化之间的动态关系等是未来主要研究方向的建议。     

沧州地区地热资源开发利用探讨

沧州地区地热资源丰富,开采利用地热资源在该区的经济建设中占据着重要地位。介绍了该地区热储层概况及地热异常区划分、地热资源开发现状、地热井分布利用情况、存在的问题及发展前景。并在此基础上对利用地热资源的情况进行了探讨,提出遵循开发与保护并重的原则,制定科学的地热开发资源规划方案,优化地热井布局,并以市场为导向,大力发展供暖、洗浴、游泳、特色养殖、等区域地热资源合理开发的一些设想与建议。     

常温层温度特征及浅层地温能成因机理研究

常温层温度及深度是浅层地温场的重要指标,工程实践中常用常温层温度来代表地下岩土体原始温度。研究表明常温层温度与年均气温和大地热流密度密切相关,浅层地温能是在太阳能照射和地心热产生的大地热流的综合作用下,存在于地下近表层数百米内的土壤、砂岩和地下水里的低温地热能。据常温层温度特征,将我国浅层地温能分为tH≧15℃、tH=10～15℃和tH≦10℃3种类型。     

Origin of perylene in ancient sediments and its geological significance

The distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of three Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sedimentary sequences from the Northern Carnarvon Basin, Australia have been investigated. Perylene was found to be a major PAH component in the top Lower to base Middle Jurassic sediments that are immature or at low maturity. Its depth/age profiles are not related to the combustion-derived PAHs that have been believed to be produced during ancient vegetation fires before deposition. This suggests a diagenetic origin for perylene. The concentration of perylene in the sediments is proportional to the amount of terrestrial input, decreasing with distance from the source of land sediments. Its carbon isotope composition is slightly heavier than higher-plant derived PAHs, but still in the range of the terrestrially sourced PAHs including higher-plant PAHs and combustion-derived PAHs as suggested previously. Fungi are proposed to be the major precursor carriers for perylene in sediments based on the facts that (1) perylenequinone structures have been previously suggested to be the natural precursors for perylene; (2) perylenequinone pigments exist in many fungal bodies; (3) fungi have played an important role during geological processes.     

中国新近纪哺乳动物群的演化与青藏高原隆升的关系

新近纪哺乳动物的起源、辐射、扩散、绝灭等方面反映了气候环境的重大变化,晚新生代青藏高原的形成对东亚地区哺乳动物的演化具有直接而深远的影响。高原的隆升使自然环境发生改变,环境的变化又导致动物组成和分布的分异,以及动物对环境适应性的调整。中国新近纪哺乳动物化石研究的结果不仅表明哺乳动物群的组成和特征具有明显的区域性差异,而且中国还是一些代表性门类的起源扩散中心,也是哺乳动物洲际迁徙的关键通道。青藏高原新近纪晚期的哺乳动物群具有非常重要的意义,因为在随之而来的第四纪冰期中这些寒冷适应性动物获得了优势地位,由此成为现代动物地理区系和多样性的基础。通过以点带面的综合研究,将能够全面地认识新近纪动物地理区系对重大气候事件的响应,更准确地判断青藏高原隆升对陆地生态系统的影响。     

Palaeontology,stratigraphy and sedimentology of Woodeaton Quarry (Oxfordshire) and a new microvertebrate site from the White Limestone Formation (Bathonian,Jurassic)

Woodeaton Quarry in Oxfordshire has previously yielded a number of large sauropod vertebrae and other (unpublished) dinosaur remains from a horizon in the Rutland Formation. No review of the wider terrestrial fauna from Woodeaton has been published to date. Here we present an overview of new material recovered from a microvertebrate site at the top of the White Limestone Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian, Great Oolite Group, Retrocostatum Zone) and review the stratigraphy to provide a comprehensive local stratigraphic framework and place the quarry in the correct regional context. The terrestrial fauna is similar to that found from other UK Bathonian microvertebrate sites and includes probable dromaeosaurid theropods, ornithischians, tritylodontids and mammaliaforms such as amphitheriids, docodonts, ‘eutriconodonts’, ‘haramyids’ and multituberculates. Placement of the White Limestone Formation boundaries are clarified with respect to the Rutland and Forest Marble Formations. This indicates that the microvertebrate bed from Woodeaton is slightly older than that of the well-known mammal bed from nearby Kirtlington Quarry.