Key parameters governing the performance of soft tunnel coating for seismic isolation

A method to cover a tunnel lining with a soft and thin coating is discussed herein as a possible measure for mitigating seismic damage to tunnels. Long‐term earthquake observations at different tunnel sites within a variety of alluvial soil deposits have demonstrated that a circular tunnel is liable to deform in such a way that its two diagonal diameters crossing each other expand and contract alternately. Narrowing down vibration modes, in order to discuss this particular and the most important mode, any of the essential items of the soil–tunnel system, namely the soil, the coating and the tunnel lining, has only one degree of freedom, allowing the coating effect to be simply evaluated in terms of a limited number of key parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水域隧道地震响应分析

本文基于Biot动力固结理论和弹性动力学理论,考虑海床（土壤）的两相性、黏弹性人工边界及流（水）-固耦合作用,建立了隧道-土-流体相互作用的力学模型,讨论了P波作用下有无水的情况以及水深、水域隧道埋深、海床土性质和地震波入射角等因素对隧道及其周围海床应力的影响。结果表明:隧道周围海床土的孔隙水压力和隧道内应力随着水深的增加而增加;地震波特性和海床土特性对隧道的内应力和海床土的孔隙水压力均有较大的影响;海床土的渗透性和隧道埋深对隧道的内应力影响较小,而对隧道周围海床土的孔隙水压力影响较大;地震动的入射角对隧道的内应力和隧道附近土层的孔隙水压力均有较大影响。      

Vulnerability of floating tunnel shafts for increasing earthquake loading

Fragility curves constitute the cornerstone in seismic risk evaluations and performance-based earthquake engineering. They describe the probability of a structure to experience a certain damage level for a given earthquake intensity measure, providing a relationship between seismic hazard and vulnerability. In this paper a numerical approach is applied to derive fragility curves for tunnel shafts built in clays, a component that is found in several critical infrastructure such as urban metro networks, airport facilities or water and waste water projects. The seismic response of a representative tunnel shaft is assessed using tridimensional finite difference non-linear analyses carried out with the program FLAC^3D, under increasing levels of seismic intensity. A hysteretic model is used to simulate the soil non-linear behavior during the seismic event. The effect of soil conditions and ground motion characteristics on the soil-structure system response is accounted for in the analyses. The damage is defined based on the exceedance of the concrete wall shaft capacity due to the developed seismic forces. The fragility curves are estimated in terms of peak ground acceleration at a rock or stiff soil outcrop, based on the evolution of damage with increasing earthquake intensity. The proposed fragility models allows the characterization of the seismic risk of a representative tunnel shaft typology and soil conditions considering the associated uncertainties, and partially fill the gap of data required in performing a risk analysis assessment of tunnels shafts.     

土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台试验——试验结果分析

在进行土-地铁隧道动力相互作用的大型振动台模型试验中,分别测出了模型地基的加速度反应、隧道结构的加速度反应、结构的侧向土压力反应和隧道结构的应变反应。本文首先对模型体系的加速度反应实测值进行整理,分析了模型地基的边界模拟效果、模型地基和隧道结构的加速度反应规律。其次,对模型隧道结构的应变实测结果进行了分析,给出了地铁区间隧道在水平向地震动作用下横截面的应变分布规律,分析了模型箱侧壁与地基土以及隧道结构与土体接触面上的动土压力实测结果及其反应的规律。最后,对试验中模型土的液化现象、地震裂缝和地下结构上浮等震害现象进行了描述。     

基于流固耦合动力模型的饱和土体-隧道体系地震反应研究

基于ABAQUS软件平台,应用自行开发的流固耦合动力模型孔压单元模拟场地土体,并通过黏弹性人工边界方法实现地震动的输入,对饱和土体场地中的双孔隧道结构在地震荷载作用下的动力反应进行研究。计算结果表明:在地震反应结束时刻,场地土体位移幅值在两隧道之间以及两隧道的附近区域较大,而远离隧道的区域则较小;场地底部区域土体的孔压幅值较大,而场地顶部区域土体则较小;隧道左右两侧拱腰部位的衬砌的应力较大,而拱顶部位则较小。计算结果同时表明了流固耦合动力模型孔压单元在饱和土体-隧道体系地震反应研究中的适用性。     

青海门源M6.9地震典型隧道破坏特征分析与启示

地震引起的断层强烈错断是造成隧道等地下结构严重破坏的重要原因。以2022年青海门源6.9级地震中左旋走滑逆断层错动造成的隧道震害为调查基础,对左旋走滑逆断层错动下的震害特征及震害成因进行研究分析,主要得到如下结论：(1)左旋走滑逆断层造成大梁隧道线位严重错动,水平最大偏移约1.78 m,竖向最大抬升约0.68 m;(2)震害主要集中在断层影响范围内,其中隧道受破坏严重段约350 m,占隧道全长的5.33%,受破坏较严重段分别位于严重段大里程侧402 m和小里程侧646 m范围内,占隧道全长的15.96%,其余段落震害总体轻微;(3)施工缝、仰拱填充层等部位对强震较为敏感,震害表现突出。此次研究通过对震害特征分析得到的有益启示可为同类工程抗震设计提供参考与指导。     

考虑水-饱和土场地-结构耦合时的沉管隧道地震反应分析

用理想流体介质模拟水层、流体饱和多孔介质模拟饱和土地层,在理想流体介质与流体饱和多孔介质相连接边界的连续条件基础上,结合已有的对理想流体介质、流体饱和多孔介质进行动力反应分析的显式有限元方法,开考虑地层与结构的动力相互作用,建立了进行水与场地、结构耦合动力分析的方法。利用该方法对沉管隧道的地震响应进行了研究,重点分析了水深、地质条件等因素对沉管隧道地震反应的影响,并从中得出了一些可供相关人员进行沉管隧道抗震分析时参考的结论。     

2022年青海门源6.9级地震发震构造及甘肃灾区震害特征研究

通过对2022年1月8日青海门源6.9级地震的震源机制、发震构造、房屋和重大生命线工程震害、地震地表破裂带等震害调查资料的综合分析,系统介绍了此次地震震源机制、发震构造、地震烈度分布特点、房屋破坏特征及机理、生命线工程破坏特征及地表破裂带特征。研究结果表明：门源6.9级地震震中位置位于冷龙岭断裂带的西段,性质以左旋走滑为主,其与震源机制解得到的结果相一致,均为走滑型破裂类型;地震最大烈度Ⅸ度,烈度Ⅵ度(含)以上面积约23 417 km²,等震线长轴呈NWW走向,长轴200 km,短轴153 km;整体上房屋破坏较轻,甘肃境内主要属Ⅶ和Ⅵ度区影响范围,极少部分为Ⅷ度区影响范围;此次地震中滑坡灾害和生命线工程震害较少,主要在Ⅸ和Ⅷ度区造成部分路面裂缝,最为严重的则为兰新高铁浩门至军马场区间祁连山一号隧道群线路桥梁严重受损,隧道震害主要集中在断层影响范围内,其中隧道受破坏严重段约350m,占隧道全长的5.33%,受破坏较严重段分别位于严重段大里程侧402m和小里程侧646m范围内,占隧道全长的15.96%,其余段落震害总体轻微;地震造成地表破裂带约22 km,地震造成的...     

Shaking table test of utility tunnel under non-uniform earthquake wave excitation

A series of shaking table tests were conducted on scaled utility tunnel models with and without construction joints under non-uniform input earthquake wave excitation. Details of experimental setup are first presented with particular focuses on: design and fabrication of double-axis laminar shear box with a rectangular hole opened on its side walls; design of two devices for measuring the slippage between the interface of test soil and the structure, and the relative deformation and rotation between joints of the structure model; and procedure for construction of input earthquake wave. The experiments were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 is free-field test. A 2-norm index is suggested to quantify the boundary effect and it is found that the designed laminar box does not impose significant boundary effect. Phases 2 and 3 are model tests in longitudinal and transversal directions, respectively. Test results are discussed in items of shear force–slip relationship at the soil–model structure interaction surface, movement and rotation of the construction joint, and effect of non-uniform earthquake input. The comparison shows that structural response under non-uniform earthquake excitation is larger than that under uniform excitation. The effect of spatial distribution of earthquake excitation should be considered in the seismic design of utility tunnel.     

输水隧道的减震措施研究

隔震技术是近几十年发展起来的新技术,对地面结构减震效果显著。本文运用Newmark隐式时间积分有限元法并采用粘-弹性人工边界,分析了在输水隧道施工中设置减震层和注浆加固一定范围内围岩这2种方法的减震效果、适用条件及其减震机理。计算结果表明：减震层或加固层的设置均使隧道衬砌应力减小,起到保护隧道衬砌的作用;在较大的范围内注浆加固围岩的办法,对软土中的输水隧道的减震更加有效,它能充分发挥围岩的承载能力;而在围岩与衬砌间设置减震层的办法,对稳定性极好的坚硬围岩中的输水隧道的减震效果更加有效。计算结果可为地震区的输水隧道抗震设计提供依据。     

Mechanisms of failure for shallow foundations under earthquake loading

It is widely known that the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation is reduced when the foundation is subjected to rocking moments and horizontal loads during an earthquake event. Analytical solutions generally require an assumption to be made of the kinematic failure mechanism in the soil, when the true failure mechanism is unknown. This paper discusses a series of experiments carried out on a new 1g shaking table at Cambridge University in order to measure the displacements of a shallow foundation due to seismic loading and also the development of the failure mechanism within the soil. The failure mechanism was studied using the technique of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), combined with high-speed videography and photogrammetry. In this paper, the failure mechanisms observed in these experiments will be compared with the theoretical results found from upper- and lower-bound solutions and the effects of such parameters as earthquake magnitude, frequency and embedment ratio (and hence surcharge) will be discussed.     

盾构隧道横断面地震响应分析

随着盾构法在隧道施工中越来越广泛的应用,盾构隧道横断面抗震性能的研究日益受到业界关注。以武汉长江隧道为例,对土体采用D-P本构模型,盾构隧道结构采用梁-弹簧模型,建立盾构隧道横断面二维模型进行动力有限元计算,该模型顶部采用自由边界,侧面采用自由场边界,底部采用静态边界。选用0.1g的天津波和场地人工波作为激励,研究了盾构隧道结构的加速度、变形和内力响应。结果表明：盾构隧道的拱顶与拱底的加速度响应大于隧道左侧、右侧;隧道拱底的绝对位移响应最大;地震作用对隧道衬砌结构的内力增量较为明显。目前的隧道结构设计可以满足结构抗震性能要求。     

A novel framework integrating downhole array data and site response analysis to extract dynamic soil behavior

Seismic site response analysis is commonly used to predict ground response due to local soil effects. An increasing number of downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile and to provide a check on the accuracy of site response analysis models. Site response analysis models, however, cannot be readily calibrated to match field measurements. A novel inverse analysis framework, self-learning simulations (SelfSim), to integrate site response analysis and field measurements is introduced. This framework uses downhole array measurements to extract the underlying soil behavior and develops a neural network-based constitutive model of the soil. The resulting soil model, used in a site response analysis, provides correct ground response. The extracted cyclic soil behavior can be further enhanced using multiple earthquake events. The performance of the algorithm is successfully demonstrated using synthetically generated downhole array recordings.     

强震作用下铁路隧道横通道交叉结构抗震措施研究

依托四川茂县跃龙门铁路隧道工程,以主线单线隧道与横通道正交结构为研究对象,通过ABAQUS建立有限元分析模型。选取El-Centro地震波数据,通过应用扩展有限元理论,对横通道与主隧道交叉结构在最不利地震条件下的裂损进行研究,并提出减震层结合柔性接头的抗震措施。研究分析得到:减震层结合柔性接头的设置减小并抑制了交叉结构隧道在强震作用下的开裂范围。柔性接头的设置阻止了纵向裂缝的扩展,在交叉口处中部设置环向柔性接头能完全阻止交叉部位拱顶的裂缝生成;在初期支护和二次衬砌之间设置减震层,给予衬砌更大变形空间,使二次衬砌不易受初期支护变形受力影响而开裂。     

Stresses in linings of bored tunnels

An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the stresses in linings of bored tunnels caused by kinematic soil–lining interaction. Three cases of plane–strain interaction are treated as produced by (1) relaxation of in situ soil stresses near a lining following its installation, (2) overburden pressure at the soil surface, and (3) two-dimensional free-field soil response normal to the lining axis as produced by an earthquake. The procedure is applied separately to a steel lining and a concrete lining for a site located at the lower end of Market Street in San Francisco through which a BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) tunnel passes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of deformation of tunnel structure due to Izu-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake of 1978

Due to the Izu-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake of 1978, the Inatori tunnel, a single-track railway tunnel in Japan, was severely damaged. This damage was mainly caused by the main fault and a subsidiary fault which is estimated to have traversed the tunnel. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of available mathematical models of earthquake wave propagation by taking advantage of the actual damage data of this tunnel. This paper has also the purpose of contributing to the earthquake-resistant design procedure of the tunnel in the source region by estimating its deformation using the fault mechanical model. In this paper using a set of fault parameters previously proposed by seismologists for the Izu-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake, the longitudinal, transverse and vertical displacements of the tunnel axis are computed. These computed results are then compared with the surveyed residual deformation. For each of three deformation components a similar trend can be recognized, and the comparison indicates that a reasonably good correlation exists between these surveyed and computed displacements.     

Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis

Underground utility tunnels are widely used in urban areas throughout the world for lifeline networks due to their easy maintenance and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about their seismic performance is still quite limited and seismic design procedures are not included in current design codes. This paper describes a series of shaking table tests the authors performed on a scaled utility tunnel model to explore its performance under earthquake excitation. Details of the experimental setup are first presented focusing on aspects such as the design of the soil container, scaled structural model, sensor array arrangement and test procedure. The main observations from the test program, including structural response, soil response, soil-structure interaction and earth pressure, are summarized and discussed. Further, a finite element model (FEM) of the test utility tunnel is established where the nonlinear soil properties are modeled by the Drucker-Prager constitutive model; the master-slave surface mechanism is employed to simulate the soil-structure dynamic interaction; and the confining effect of the laminar shear box to soil is considered by proper boundary modeling. The results from the numerical model are compared with experiment measurements in terms of displacement, acceleration and amplification factor of the structural model and the soil. The comparison shows that the numerical results match the experimental measurements quite well. The validated numerical model can be adopted for further analysis.     

层状围岩隧道交叉结构地震方向敏感性分析

依托某层状围岩深埋铁路隧道工程,以主线单线隧道与横通道正交结构为研究对象,通过ABAQUS建立有限元分析模型.选取12条地震波数据,模拟基岩SV波地震作用,调整地震动峰值加速度和地震动入射方向,对研究结构随地震动输入方向的敏感性进行分析.研究分析得到:二次衬砌在地震入射角度为30°～45°时对地震动方向变化敏感性较低,...     

甘肃地区波速测试中的问题分析

土的弹性波速度是非常重要的力学参数,可用于场地类别划分、场地地震反应分析以及判别砂土、粉土、黄土液化、黄土震陷等。准确测得场地波速资料是进行土工设计和预测岩土地震灾害的关键技术环节。本文收集了甘肃地区地震安全性评价和小区化实测原位波速资料,分类指出了存在的问题,以反面案例的形式给出了波速数据处理时应注意的问题和分析方法。     

强震作用下黄土隧道洞口段地震动放大效应研究

针对黄土地区山岭隧道面临的强震灾害现实特点,以强震作用下洞口周边土体与隧道结构的地震动放大效应为主要研究目标,通过建立三维数值模型,重点研究不同坡度、坡高与入洞高程模型的坡面高程方向、水平方向以及衬砌结构的加速度与位移响应规律,提出坡面加固区范围和隧道抗震设防长度建议值。研究结果表明:仰坡高度、坡角及进洞高程的变化,均会对隧道洞口段地震响应规律和破坏模式产生重要影响,缓坡易发生坡底处的剪切破坏,而陡坡易发生坡顶的拉裂破坏;随着边坡高度的增大,边坡的滑动破坏范围逐渐增大;隧道的存在对坡面地震动高程放大效应有明显"抑制"作用,在洞口水平向存在动力响应放大区,范围为2.1～2.8倍洞径;通过分析隧道衬砌沿进深方向的动力响应规律,建议黄土隧道洞口段抗震设防长度最小值为3倍洞径。