国外滨海湿地管理的理论进展和实践经验

近年来,我国滨海湿地保护不力,存在法律缺失、多部门管理、中央和地方权责不清等问题。总结了近年来资源环境管理领域的理论进展,梳理了美国、荷兰、日本、韩国、澳大利亚等国在滨海湿地管理的法律制度、管理机制、决策管理、公众参与等方面的经验,为我国提升滨海湿地管理水平提供参考与借鉴。     

积极推动中国湿地生物多样性保护的主流化——"中国湿地生物多样性保护与可持续利用"项目的经验

中国具有丰富的湿地资源,但湿地退化十分严重。全球环境基金／中国国家林业局／联合国开发计划署中国湿地生物多样性保护与可持续利用项目的实施,旨在使湿地保护成为国家和地方政府决策和行动的常规考虑内容,提高公众保护湿地的意识。通过建立高效的项目实施机构,采用形式多样的措施,如政策立法、宣传教育、能力建设等,来推动湿地保护主流化。该项目取得已一系列成果,表现在：推动制定相关法规和政策,为湿地保护提供法律和政策保障;建立跨部门协调机制,加强相关部门在湿地保护与合理利用方面的合作;采取多种方式,促进湿地数据信息交流共享;加强宣传教育,提高政府和公众湿地保护的意识;开展跨学科的交叉研究,推动示范先进的湿地管理模式;通过管理能力建设,推动湿地保护可持续发展。该项目有力地推动了中国湿地生物多样性保护主流化进程,政府和公众的湿地保护意识得到明显提高。     

张掖市湿地资源调查与保护对策

在对张掖市湿地资源进行全面调查的基础上,分析了湿地资源的特点以及存在的问题,并提出提高全社会湿地保护意识,加强湿地保护法规体系建设,逐步完善湿地自然保护和监测体系,强化湿地保护管理科技支撑,建立健全各级湿地保护管理机构,坚持保护与开发协调发展等对策。     

国际湿地保护策略及模式

没有湿地就没有水,湿地是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,因此引起世界各国的普遍重视和保护。根据国外湿地保护的经验教训,热带雨林的保护,国际生态环境保护策略模式,提出因地制宜的适合本国国情的保护措施和保护策略,以及制定有关的、系统性的法律、法规,以便操作掌握。探讨了我国湿地的现状,为保护湿地,挽救生态环境危机的紧迫而有效的措施和制定有关政策、规划;提出了保护湿地的原则意见。     

贵州省湿地保护立法探析

贵州湿地保护工作取得了阶段性成果,但湿地立法方面还需进一步加强。由于缺乏上位法指引,贵州省湿地保护法律体系存在法律概念不清、湿地生态补偿制度效果不佳、公众参与制度缺失等方面的内容,阻碍了生态文明建设步伐。《湿地保护法》的颁布给贵州湿地保护带来新契机,以《湿地保护法》为原则,根据贵州省情况调整不适应上位法的内容,适时修改以《贵州省湿地保护条例》为代表的其他配套法律规定,努力打造美丽贵州、生态贵州。     

中国湿地资源开发利用与保护

分析中国湿地资源开发利用与保护的现状与问题,提出了湿地资源开发利用与保护基本构想,指出为了更好地保护和利用中国湿地资源,必须加强国际交流与相关的科学研究,注意协调湿地管理体制,以可持续发展理念为指导,推动公众积极参与湿地保护与管理,完善湿地法规建设,依法管理与保护湿地资源.     

从地方到中央:中国湿地保护制度的现实与未来

2003年,黑龙江省颁布了中国首部湿地保护地方性法规,经过10余年的立法探索,中国已经有27个省(自治区或直辖市)颁布了湿地保护条例,形成湿地保护制度27项,构建了包括湿地保护基础制度、湿地开发利用制度、湿地修复制度、湿地监管制度和法律责任制度在内的湿地保护制度体系,为湿地中央立法积累了有益的经验。目前,湿地地方立法存在地方湿地保护制度框架体系不完整、制度配套不齐全和部分制度有待完善等问题。在未来湿地中央立法时,应该在地方湿地保护制度体系的基础上,对其进行细节完善,使制度之间得以相互配合,发挥其保护湿地的最大功效。     

杭州市湿地资源保护对策

通过分析杭州市湿地保护管理现状,在总结杭州市湿地保护取得成效的基础上,指出杭州市在湿地保护工作中存在规划不合理、管理力量薄弱、管理体制不完善等问题。为进一步加强杭州市湿地保护管理工作,提出推进保护地整合优化、提高管理水平和理顺管理体制等保护对策。     

江苏省湿地保护立法评析

江苏省作为湿地大省,目前尚未形成湿地专门立法.现有省级湿地保护法律散见于多个地方性法规、规章之中,且存在不少问题.分散立法过分强调湿地生态系统中单项因素的保护,忽视湿地整体保护的立法;分散立法必然导致多头管理;目前,湿地保护立法偏重湿地经济价值,忽视湿地生态功能价值;立法滞后会导致湿地遭受严重破坏;也影响了江苏省湿地保护进展.为了有效保护湿地资源,当务之急需要制定江苏省省级层面专门的湿地保护地方性法规.针对江苏省大面积滩涂湿地被过度围垦现象,建议制定江苏省沿海湿地围垦利用管理的地方性法规.同时,建议制定保护特定生境的地方性法规,共同组建完善的湿地保护法律体系.     

陕西省渭南市城镇居民湿地认知度分析

居民是湿地保护的主体,其生产生活方式对湿地保护具有重要意义。调查渭南市城镇居民对湿地常识、湿地现状和存在问题以及湿地保护等方面的认知度,结果显示:大部分居民对湿地现状和存在问题的认知度相对较高,但对湿地基础知识和保护措施的了解比较有限;另一方面,尽管多数居民对保护湿地有很高的积极性,而且也愿意参与湿地知识的学习教育,但居民参与湿地保护的实际行动远远不足。因此,普及湿地知识迫在眉睫,湿地保护相关部门应积极探索并制定湿地保护的全民参与机制和湿地生态补偿机制,并加强监管力度,以进一步调动广大居民的湿地保护意识和积极性。     

Reconstructing the development of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range during the latter half of the Holocene

We examine the sequence of changes in the structure of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range (Baikal region) for the last 6000 years, based on a continuous recording of fluctuations of the vegetation reconstructed from spore-pollen complexes of a high peat bog. We determined the chronological timeframe of paleogeographical events. The study showed that there occurred a radical structure transformation of the geosystems in the mid-late Holocene, along with a recurrence of similar landscape transformations caused by the instability of natural conditions.     

On the origin of the seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere

Summary. It is known that flow in the mantle can produce preferred orientation in olivine crystals with seismic anisotropy as a consequence. Flow in the subcrustal lithosphere is unlikely because of the high viscosity. Lenses of high temperature and low-viscosity ( anomalous mantle ) are located under the crust in many tectonically active regions, and viscous flow can easily arise in such material resulting in seismic anisotropy. After cooling, such anomalous mantle acquires high viscosity and becomes incorporated into the lithospheric layer preserving the anisotropy produced by the flows which existed previously. The interaction of the stresses with cracks in the upper crust can be one of the causes of anisotropy in this layer.     

对沙漠化农田能转化效率及潜力的分析

我国北方东起黑龙江省嫩江地区, 吉林白城地区及辽宁西部, 包括内蒙兴安盟东南、哲里木、昭乌达、锡林郭勒、乌兰察布、伊克昭等盟的大部地区, 直至河北坝上、陕西榆林北部约26.7万平方公里的幅员范围内, 由于自然条件的特殊性(地表组成物质质地松散、沙粒成分比重很大及气候干旱、多大风, 且年内季风与周期性干旱相吻合), 加上人类不合理开发活动的影响, 成为我国目前沙漠化发展最活跃的地区, 其沙漠化土地近16.5万平方公里, 占全区总面积的61.5%。该地区有较长的经济开发史, 农、牧业相互影响, 交错分布的情况, 在历史上业已形成。据粗略统计, 该区范围内, 有旱作耕地近5, 000万亩, 多以传统的粗放的撂荒种植制进行经营, 长年遭受不同程度的风沙危害, 属于生产水平较为低下的农田类型。这些农田急待整治, 以便提高生产力。由于本区年均降水量在350-450毫米之间, 客观上具有发展旱作农业的可能性。如能合理经营、科学利用其自然资源, 将可能发展成为农、牧业结合的发达地区。从而对我国北方地区农业发展起促进作用。为了深化对沙漠化农田的认识, 揭示其生态失调的实质, 本文将就生态系统观点对其进行分析以寻求有效的整治沙漠化农田的途径。     

Direct determination of the characteristics of the currents responsible for the geomagnetic anomaly of the Rhinegraben

Summary. Previous geomagnetic measurements in the Rhinegraben have led us to assume that the responsible currents have the properties of direct currents and that they all flow in the sediments filling the graben. In order to verify these conclusions, we have performed measurements in a mine at a depth of 650 m. By comparing the field simultaneously recorded at the surface, in the mine and at the reference station, it is possible to deduce that the anomalous currents have the above mentioned properties.     

城市化的开发区模式研究

我国许多城市通过开发区建设,在短时间内完成了产业和人口的集聚,实现了城市地域空间和人口规模的跳跃性增长和产业结构的转型。由于在这种城市空间增长过程中,开发区建设起了决定作用,因此,这种以开发区带动整个地区城市化的方式可称为"开发区模式"。开发区驱动城市化的机制表现在开发区自身区域的城市化和开发区带动周围农村地区城市化两个层面,并具有快速跳跃性、外驱性和不稳定性、人为性、经济增长模式的单一性和基础设施建设的高标准性等特征。针对开发区建设中出现的问题,提出了促进其健康发展的建议。     

Transformation of the vegetation cover in the zone of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk

The influence of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk on the vegetation cover of adjacent territories was revealed. The categories of resistance of some plant species and communities to technogenic loads have been ascertained. The protective role of overmoistening of habitats was observed for plants.     

Chemical composition of waters and the phytoplankton of the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river

Field observations showed that the characteristics of chemical composition of waters and the development of plankton algae in the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river are determined by their flowage. The most open Lake Nekipelovskoe communicates with the Selenga outlets throughout a year, and Lake Zavernyaikha only at the period of an open channel. Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton are located in the islands and are isolated from the outlets. According to composition of main ions, the lakes under investigation refer to the hydrocarbonate class, the calcium group. The sum of ions in the water of Lake Nekipelovskoe approaches the one in the Selenga (86?221 mg/dm³), and the highest sums of ions were recorded in the wintertime in the lakes isolated from the outlets (446?743 mg/dm³). The lakes of the delta are characterized by a high trophicity. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus in Lake Nekipelovskoe and Lake Zavernyaikha were 68 and 122 μg mg/dm³, and in Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton ?0.8 and ?0.63 μg mg/dm³, respectively. The most intense development of algae is observed in Lake Zavernyaikha, which is due to the high population of Baikal endemics. Lake Zavernyaikha showed a close negative correlation between the concentration of NO ₃ ^? , mineral phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass; the correlation coefficient was ?0.8 and ?0.63, respectively. The lakes exhibited increased contents readily hydrolysable organic matter, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in winter; hydrogen sulfide was repeatedly recorded in Lake Khlystov Zaton. The water quality in the lakes during the springtime varies from “quite clean” to “weakly polluted”; at low-water periods, especially in winters, it can drop to the category of “exceedingly dirty”. The water quality of the Selenga can be influenced by the lakes during spring floods when material accumulated during the wintertime is transported to the river outlets and further to Lake Baikal.