北太平洋持续SSTA影响东亚初夏大气环流的数值试验

应用一个在NCARCCM3(T42L18)气候模式基础上发展的CCM3(R15L9)长期预报模式,模拟研究了北太平洋海区持续暖海温对东亚初夏大气环流的影响。结果表明,北太平洋海区海温持续偏暖引起亚洲—太平洋地区(20～40°N)对流层出现明显的增温带,有利于初夏东亚南支西风急流的减弱、北跳,东风急流加强北移和西太平洋副热带高压加强北抬,还有利于亚洲夏季风发展和东亚大陆近地面平均温度回升。上述环流特征,加速了东亚初夏季节转换过程。     

西北太平洋冷海温对东亚初夏大气环流影响的数值研究

利用改进的NCAR CCM3气候模式, 研究了1992年西北太平洋持续冷海温对东亚初夏季节大气环流的影响。西北太平洋冷海温不利于初夏东亚南支西风急流季节性北移, 引起亚洲东部沿海低槽明显加深, 东亚大槽平均高度场降低了4.66 dagpm, 从而也不利于西太平洋副热带高压的西伸加强。西北太平洋冷海温还不利于我国大陆初夏温度场回升, 特别是引起我国东北地区近地面温度下降2~5 ℃, 是影响东北冷夏现象的重要原因之一。模拟结果表明, 1992年初夏江淮入梅期较常年偏晚, 降水异常偏少, 与紧邻东亚大陆的西北太平洋持续冷海温有关。     

热带海表温度持续异常对东亚初夏大气环流的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均海表温度及北半球大气环流分析资料,系统研究了热带海洋表面温度持续异常状况下东亚初夏（5、6月份）大气环流的异常特征.研究发现,暖海温年,南亚高压、西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,冷海温年明显偏弱;暖海温年,欧亚大陆南支西风急流明显减弱北移,东亚大陆对流层低层温度偏高或接近常年,青藏高原近地面温度偏高,而冷海温年,东亚大陆对流层低层温度偏低,5月份青藏高原近地面温度偏低.研究表明,海表温度的持续异常对东亚初夏大气环流的季节转换有重要影响.     

热带海温变化对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量的影响

通过相关分析、诊断分析以及数值模拟试验来研究热带海温异常对云南初夏干温转换季节雨量变化的影响，研究表明前期热带海温异常对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量有明显的影响，海温与雨量的显著关相关区与Walker环流的上升下沉支相对应。提前的时间尺度越长，海温所提供的可预报信息越少；时间尺度越短，提供的可预报信息越大。诊断分析及 数值模拟研究还表明在赤道中东太平洋的暖位相期，孟加拉湾地区的季风低压和初夏索马里附近的越赤道气流及印度洋西南季风减弱，反之则加强。海温变化通过海气相互作用影响到季风活动，从而对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量产生影响。     

赤道东太平洋海温异常对夏季东亚大气环流的影响

采用统计诊断和数值试验方法讨论了赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚夏季大气环流异常的影响，研究表明赤道东太平洋海温的持续异常，引起南海－菲律宾附近地区对流异常的持续，从而导致东亚大气环流的持续异常；同时指出春季赤道东太平洋海温异常和夏季海温异常对夏季东亚大气环流的影响并非是线性叠加，海温持续性异常对东亚夏季气环流的影响在季节时间尺度上存在非线性相互作用。     

南海和印度洋海温异常对东亚大气环流及降水的影响

利用英国气象局全球海温资料和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料以及我国１６０个标准站降水资料,进行合成分析和ＳＶＤ分析。结果表明,当南海、孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海春季（３～５月）海温为一致正（负）异常时,夏季（６～８月）副高偏南（北）偏西（东）偏强（弱）,我国长江流域降水偏多（少）,华南和华北降水偏少（多）。     

热带太平洋、印度洋海温异常对处于厄尔尼诺事件成熟期的东亚Hadley环流的影响

分析了热带太平洋El Nino事件和热带印度洋海盆一致的暖海温异常事件（记为暖海盆模态）与东亚Hadley环流的关系及海温异常对东亚Hadley环流的影响。结果表明：（1）东亚Hadley环流与El Nino循环的关系密切,El Nino事件从开始到消亡的不同位相期,东亚地区表现为随位相变化的异常经向垂直环流,在El Nino成熟期由异常顺时针经向环流圈转换为异常逆时针经向环流圈,意味着东亚Hadley环流圈的显著减弱。（2）冬季Nino3指数、赤道印度洋海盆一致型模态指数（IOBMI）与东亚Hadley环流指数间呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.42、-0.39,远超过0.01信度的显著性检验,表明当El Nino事件和印度洋暖海盆模事件发生时,东亚Hadley环流减弱。模拟结果与诊断分析结果一致。（3）鉴于印度洋海盆模态和太平洋El Nino事件的密切联系,在考虑冬季东亚Hadley环流变化时,应考虑El Nino事件和印度洋海盆一致型海温异常事件的共同作用。数值试验结果表明两大洋的共同作用会产生更强的东亚异常逆时针经向垂直环流,使得东亚Hadley环流显著减弱。     

热带太平洋印度洋海温异常对亚洲夏季风影响的数值研究

利用L9R15气候谱模式，就热带太平洋－印度洋夏季海温异常对亚洲夏季风的影响进行了数值研究。结果表明，夏季热带太平洋和印度洋海温正异常时，不仅能造成热带地区大气环流和降水的同时性响应，还能导致东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风的一致减弱，两者的影响是同号的，但并不是两者单独影响的线性叠加，由此给出了亚洲夏季风与热带太平洋－印度洋海气系统的同期关系。     

“六月突变”前后大气环流对太平洋海温异常响应的数值试验

采用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气环流模式的持续积分方案，模拟了４，５，６三个月大气环流对正常，异常海温强迫的响应。结果表明，持续积分结果较通常积分结果约提前一个月，蓁特点保持不变，因此，提出了利用ＧＣＭ制作月预报的可能途径。     

海温对月平均环流影响的数值试验

利用 T42L9全球谱模式,在相同初始场的条件下,将不同的 SST 作为外强迫源输入模式,其一个月延伸预报的结果表明,SST 的变化对第三旬的环流预报影响比较大,但对于不同的初值其影响是不同的,对于比较稳定的初值,不同的海温场对月平均环流的影响较小;而对于不稳定的初始场,则影响较大.同时指出了500hPa 高度预报场的均方根误差的增长在中纬度主要与大气中的斜压不稳定有关,如果斜压不稳定度大,则误差随时间增长快;斜压不稳定度小,情况则相反.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PERSISTENT WARMER SEASURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN ONATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN THE EARLY SUMMERIN EAST ASIA IN 1991

By employing the CCM1（R15L12）long-range spectral model, study is undertaken of the effects of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) for tropical Indian ocean on circulation transformation in the early summer in East Asia in 1991. The results indicate that warmer SSTA contributes to the increasing of the temperature over the Plateau in early summer, resulting in the intensification of tropical easterly jet on 100 hPa and northward shift of Northern Hemisphere subtropical westerly jet in May. It is obviously favorable for the subtropical high enhancement over western Pacific Ocean in May and subtropical westerly jet maintaining at 35～40 °N in June, making the Mei-Yu come earlier and stay over the Changjiang basin in 1991. Furthermore, warmer SSTA is also advantageous to averaged temperature rise in East Asia land region and Nanhai monsoon development. These roles are helpful in accelerating the seasonal transition for East Asia in early summer.     

热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度变化及其对西南地区东部夏季旱涝的影响

利用1959—2006 年西南地区东部20 个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR 再分析月平均资料,分析了热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度异常特征及其对西南地区东部夏季降水(旱涝)的影响,结果表明:前期赤道东太平洋海表温度偏高,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多的可能性大;当前期春季印度洋海表温度偏高时,西南地区东部夏季降水可能偏多。太平洋区的海表温度距平(SSTA)分布呈“V”字型特征,赤道中东太平洋及南、北美西部沿海的SSTA 与赤道西太平洋、南北太平洋的SSTA 呈反相关分布,与西太平洋的亚洲大陆东部沿海的SSTA 呈正相关,赤道印度洋及南印度洋的大部分地区的SSTA 与赤道中、东太平洋的SSTA 变化是一致的。当春季赤道中东太平洋及印度洋海表温度(SST)偏高(偏低)时,夏季南亚高压位置偏南(偏北),强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),同时西太平洋副高强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),位置偏南(偏北),西伸(东退)明显,东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风偏弱(偏强),我国华北及华南地区盛行下沉(上升)运动,而整个长江流域及青藏高原东部盛行上升(下沉)运动,西南地区东部也盛行弱的上升(下沉)运动,这有利于西南地区东部降水偏多(偏少),出现洪涝(干旱)的可能性大。      

夏季青藏高原雪盖对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

采用钱永甫 模式和与颜宏模式嵌套，并引入修正的青藏高原雪盖下垫面上的反照率参数化，来研究理相民状态下青藏高原东部及南侧夏季有雪盖对东亚大气歪流的影响。／     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface tem-perature anomaly(SSTA)areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and themechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined withinthe tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat andthe water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and thefeedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991*

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and the mechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined within the tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat and the water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and the feedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.     

热带海温异常对东南亚夏季风爆发的影响

通过季风指数Im定义了能表征东南亚地区降水实况的东南亚夏季风指数,根据东南亚夏季风指数测算出东南亚夏季风爆发的平均时间为5月7日.利用东南亚夏季风指数分析热带海温场及垂直速度场的变化后发现,在东南亚夏季风爆发的前期秋、冬季节,中东太平洋地区以及中西印度洋地区的冷海温有利于东南亚地区夏季风的提前爆发.当中东太平洋地区是冷(暖)海温时,对应着纬向的Walker环流及季风环流圈强(弱),东南亚地区的对流也强(弱),则东南亚地区夏季风爆发早(迟).     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON THE SEASONAL TRANSITION IN THE EARLY SUMMER IN EAST ASIA

By employing a five-layer seasonal numerical weather prediction model and utilizing the National MeteorologicalCenter (NMC) objective analysis data on May 10,1991 as the initial field,three numerical experiments——diabatic withorography,adiabatic with orography and adiabatic without orography——have been carried out to investigate the dy-namic and thermodynamic effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (hereafter the Plateau) on the seasonal transition inthe early summer in East Asia.The results show that the typical seasonal transition features such as the northward shiftof the subtropical westerly jet stream,the adjustment of the long-wave in middle and high latitudes and the changes ofthe circulation in the lower troposphere can be well simulated,if the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of the Plateauare both considered in the model as in the experiment adiabatic with orography.In other two experiments,it is failed tosimulate out the seasonal transition features.The results also show that the thermodynamic effect of the Plateau acts on the atmosphere as a gradually enhancedheating source in the early summer,which makes the air temperature in 500 hPa over the Plateau increase by nearly 10℃in a month and accelerates the northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet stream about seven latitudes more north-ward in twenty days and helps the shifted jet maintain at the northern periphery of the Plateau.It is also helpful to theformation and maintenance of the Lake Balchas trough and the northward and westward extension of the Pacificsubtropical high.On the other hand,the dynamic effect of the Plateau weakens the northward shift of the subtropicalwesterly jet stream and barricades the westward extension of the Pacific subtropical high.If only the dynamic effect ofthe Plateau is considered in the model without consideration of the thermodynamic effect of the Plateau,not only theshifted jet withdraws southward but also the simulated Lake Balchas trough is 10 longitudes more eastward than that inthe diabatic experiment,and the simulated Pacific subtropical high is more eastward and northward.However,the dy-namic effect of the Plateau strengthens the vertical movements in the west and east of the Plateau and makes thelow-level jet maintain in the southeast of the Plateau.The path of the cold air and the tunnel of the water vapor in thelower troposphere during the seasonal transition period in the early summer in East Asia are determined by the couplingof the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of the Plateau.     

印度洋春、夏季海温对西藏高原夏季降水的影响

利用NCEP提供的1950—1997年全球月平均海表面温度场资料，首先通过EOF分解得到不同季节印度洋海温场空间分布特征，并在此基础上使用合成分析、相关分析和SVD分解等多种方法讨论了印度洋前期和同期海温异常与西藏高原夏季降水变化的关系。寻找出影响高原夏季降水的关键海区，目的为高原夏季早涝预测提供参考依据。     

VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE OVER PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COLD SUMMER IN EAST ASIA

An EOF analysis was performed to investigate the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) of Pacific and Indian Oceans.Result shows that the distribution of SST anomaly exhibits a distinct anticorrelation pattern between Northwest and Southeast Pacific,as well as between Northwest Pacific and the Arabian Sea.It also shows that the sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly between North Pacific and North Indian Oceans is of a seesaw pattern,which we named the North Paci-fic and North Indian Ocean Oscillation (PIO).Such a phenomenon is closely correlated with the cold summer in East Asia.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INFLUENCE OF INDIAN OCEAN SSTA ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN ASIAN MONSOON REGION

Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) exerts great influence on the generation of global weather and climate. Much progress has been made with respect to SSTA in the Pacific Ocean region in contrast to the Indian Ocean. The IAP9L model, which is developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, is used to simulate the influence of the Indian Ocean SSTA on the general circulation and weather/climate anomalies in the monsoon region of Asia. It is found that the warm (cool) SSTA in the equatorial low latitudes of the Indian Ocean triggers winter (summer) teleconnection patterns in middle and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere that are similar to PNA or EAP. They play a very important role in the anomaly of circulation or weather and climate in the middle and lower latitudes of the Asian summer monsoon region. With the warm (cool) SSTA forcing in the Indian Ocean, the Asian summer monsoon sets up at a late (early) date and withdraws at a early (late) date, lasting for a short (long) duration at a weak (strong) intensity. The Indian Ocean SSTA is shown to be an indicator for precipitation variation in China.