Prognostic estimations of the atmospheric ozone content in the first half of the 21st century

New prognostic estimates are obtained for the potential variability of the atmospheric ozone content in the first half of the 21st century. The calculations are based on models of gas composition and general circulation in the lower and middle atmosphere and on the scenarios of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is shown that the rate of ozone content increase will be controlled to a considerable extent by variations in stratospheric temperature. Even though the contents of atmospheric chlorine and bromine are not reduced, contrary to the WMO prediction, and remain at the present-day levels, the continuation of stratospheric cooling will lead to a rapid recovery of the ozone content to its level characteristic of the 1980s. Model experiments on variations in the stratospheric aerosol content have shown that an increase in the aerosol concentration will not affect the rate of ozone recovery in the atmosphere during reduced emissions of chlorine and bromine gases if the stratospheric temperature remains lowered. Numerical experiments have also shown that the simultaneous anthropogenic action on the contents of halogen gases and on the lower-stratosphere temperature can reduce the adverse effects of Freons and halons on the ozone layer.     

Annual variation rate of global sea-level rise and the prediction for the 21st century

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Arctic climate changes and possible conditions of Arctic navigation in the 21st century

Assessments of current and expected climatic changes in the Arctic Basin are obtained, including ice-cover characteristics influencing the duration of the navigation season on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) along Eurasia and the Northwest Passage (NWP) along North America. The ability of modern climate models to simulate the average duration of the navigation season and its changes over recent decades is estimated. The duration of the navigation season for the NSR and NWP in the 21st century is estimated using an ensemble of climate models. The assessments differ significantly for the NSR and NWP. Unlike the NSR, the NWP reveals no large changes in the navigation season in the first 30 years of the 21st century. From the multimodel simulations, the expected duration of the navigation period by the late 21st century will be approximately 3 to 6 months for the NSR and 2 to 4 months for the NWP under the moderate anthropogenic SRES-A1B scenario.     

日本21世纪的海洋政策

本文简要介绍了日本文部省、通商产业省、环境省、水产省等省厅的21世纪的海洋政策。     

21世纪初期海上丝绸之路大陆岸线位置变化特征

基于遥感和GIS技术,利用Landsat影像目视解译提取2000和2015年海上丝绸之路大陆岸线数据,从整体、洲际尺度、国家尺度、热点区域和港口城市5个空间尺度分析大陆岸线位置变化特征.结果表明:(1)整体方面,2000年和2015年海上丝绸之路沿线地区岸线扩张和后退的比例(速度)分别约为8.21％(27 m·a–1)...     

Estimating climate changes in the northern hemisphere in the 21st century under alternative scenarios of anthropogenic forcing

Possible changes in the climate characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere in the 21st century are estimated using a climate model (developed at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (OIAP), Russian Academy of Sciences) under different scenarios of variations in the atmospheric contents of greenhouse gases and aerosols, including those formed at the OIAP on the basis of SRES emission scenarios (group I) and scenarios (group II) developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). Over the 21st century, the global annual mean warming at the surface amounts to 1.2?C2.6°C under scenarios I and 0.9?C1.2°C under scenarios II. For all scenarios II, starting from the 2060s, a decrease is observed in the rate of increase in the global mean annual near-surface air temperature. The spatial structures of variations in the mean annual near-surface air temperature in the 21st century, which have been obtained for both groups of scenarios (with smaller absolute values for scenarios II), are similar. Under scenarios I, within the extratropical latitudes, the mean annual surface air temperature increases by 3?C7°C in North America and by 3?C5°C in Eurasia in the 21st century. Under scenarios II, the near-surface air temperature increases by 2?C4°C in North America and by 2?C3°C in Eurasia. An increase in the total amount of precipitation by the end of the 21st century is noted for both groups of scenarios; the most significant increase in the precipitation rate is noted for the land of the Northern Hemisphere. By the late 21st century, the total area of the near-surface permafrost soils of the land of the Northern Hemisphere decreases to 3.9?C9.5 10⁶ km² for scenarios I and 9.7?C11.0 × 10⁶ km² for scenarios II. The decrease in the area of near-surface permafrost soils by 2091?C2100 (as compared to 2001?C2010) amounts to approximately 65% for scenarios I and 40% for scenarios II. By the end of the 21st century, in regions of eastern Siberia, in which near-surface permafrost soils are preserved, the characteristic depths of seasonal thawing amount to 0.5?C2.5 m for scenarios I and 1?C2 m for scenarios II. In western Siberia, the depth of seasonal thawing amounts to 1?C2 m under both scenarios I and II.     

跨入21世纪的俄罗斯海洋地质的关键性问题

当前一般都认为,人类在21世纪的经济生存在很多方面将建立在世界海洋(首先是大陆架)提供的矿物原料潜在资源的基础上。20世纪 70 年代,注意力主要集中在研究世界海洋矿物原料资源问题上。1982 年在海洋科研方向的影响下,北极地质科学研究所被改造为全苏世界海洋地质学和矿物资源科学研究所。最近10年来确定了主要的矿物原料,即铁锰结核、含钴锰结壳、多金属硫化物和磷钙土。在初期(1975—1987 年)主要的注意力投向了铁锰结核。1974 年在太平洋克拉里昂断裂区第1个铁锰结核矿床的发现和美国对它的要求引起了投机行为。其他国家如法国、德…     

Changes in climatic characteristics of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land in the 21st century: Assessments with the IAP RAS climate model

Assessments of future changes in the climate of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land regions have been made with the IAP RAS climate model (CM) of intermediate complexity (which includes a detailed scheme of thermo- and hydrophysical soil processes) under prescribed greenhouse and sulfate anthropogenic forcing from observational data for the 19th and 20th centuries and from the SRES B1, A1B, and A2 scenarios for the 21st century. The annual mean warming of the extratropical land surface has been found to reach 2–5 K (3–10 K) by the middle (end) of the 21st century relative to 1961–1990, depending on the anthropogenic forcing scenario, with larger values in North America than in Europe. Winter warming is greater than summer warming. This is expressed in a decrease of 1–4 K (or more) in the amplitude of the annual harmonic of soil-surface temperature in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia and North America. The total area extent of perennially frozen ground S _p in the IAP RAS CM changes only slightly until the late 20th century, reaching about 21 million km², and then decreases to 11–12 million km² in 2036–2065 and 4–8 million km² in 2071–2100. In the late 21st century, near-surface permafrost is expected to remain only in Tibet and in central and eastern Siberia. In these regions, depths of seasonal thaw exceed 1 m (2 m) under the SRES B1 (A1B or A2) scenario. The total land area with seasonal thaw or cooling is expected to decrease from the current value of 54–55 million km² to 38–42 in the late 21st century. The area of Northern Hemisphere snow cover in February is also reduced from the current value of 45–49 million km² to 31–37 million km². For the basins of major rivers in the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, runoff is expected to increase in central and eastern Siberia. In European Russia and in southern Europe, runoff is projected to decrease. In western Siberia (the Ob watershed), runoff would increase under the SRES A1B and A2 scenarios until the 2050s–2070s, then it would decrease to values close to present-day ones; under the anthropogenic forcing scenario SRES B1, the increase in runoff will continue up to the late 21st century. Total runoff from Eurasian rivers into the Arctic Ocean in the IAP RAS CM in the 21st century will increase by 8–9% depending on the scenario. Runoff from the North American rivers into the Arctic Ocean has not changed much throughout numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM.     

基于CMIP5预估21世纪中国近海海洋环境变化

过去百年来人类活动排放的温室气体已经改变了全球海洋的物理和化学属性,并且,这种变化在未来很可能持续下去.基于IPCC第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中IPSL-CM5A-MR地球系统模式的模拟结果,评估了未来百年(~2100年)中国近海区域的海洋环境要素(温度、盐度、溶解氧、pH值和叶绿素a浓度)的变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明,未来不同的温室气体排放情景下中国近海区域海温升高、溶解氧(DO)含量减少、海水pH值降低和叶绿素a浓度减少,并且温室气体排放越多上述变化越显著.东中国海区(包括渤海、黄海和东海)盐度可能会增加,而南海盐度会降低.在相同的温室气体排放情景下,东中国海区海温增加、溶解氧减少、海水pH值降低和叶绿素a浓度减少的幅度均显著高于南海区域.在中等浓度和高浓度排放情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)情景下,到21世纪末期(2090~2100年间)东中国海相对于历史时期(1980~2005年)的升温幅度可能将分别会超过2、4℃,海水pH值降低幅度将可能分别超过0.15和0.30,并且海洋变暖和酸化还将很可能引起DO含量和叶绿素a浓度的进一步降低,最终影响整个海区的环境与生态.因此,未来东中国海生态系统和生物多样性将面临严重风险,这也使得应对气候变化的适应性措施成为当前的紧迫议题.     

21世纪初我国海洋科学的展望

大气、海洋和陆地对自然变异和人类活动的响应速率和规模,具有明显的区别:大气的响应速率快、规模大,全球效应突出;陆地的响应则较缓,且局域效应明显;海洋的响应速率和规模居于大气和陆地之间,但其具体表现则甚为复杂。海洋的板块构造保存了海底地壳的发展历史、而海底沉积物也     

Simulation of the seasonal atmospheric circulation with the new version of the semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model

Simulation of the atmospheric circulation on the seasonal scale with the new version of the global semi-Lagrangian model is considered. The new version includes land surface processes parameterization taking into account influence of the vegetation and also freezing and melting of soil moisture. The new version also includes improved parameterization for short and long wave radiation, cloudiness and atmospheric boundary layer.     

Estimation of changes in characteristics of the climate and carbon cycle in the 21st century accounting for the uncertainty of terrestrial biota parameter values

ensemble simulations with the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) climate model (CM) for the 21st century are analyzed taking into account anthropogenic forcings in accordance with the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2, A1B, and B1, whereas agricultural land areas were assumed to change in accordance with the Land Use Harmonization project scenarios. Different realizations within these ensemble experiments were constructed by varying two governing parameters of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The ensemble simulations were analyzed with the use of Bayesian statistics, which makes it possible to suppress the influence of unrealistic members of these experiments on their results. It is established that, for global values of the main characteristics of the terrestrial carbon cycle, the SRES scenarios used do not differ statistically from each other, so within the framework of the model, the primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation will increase in the 21st century from 74 ± 1 to 102 ± 13 PgC yr⁻¹ and the carbon storage in terrestrial vegetation will increase from 511 ± 8 to 611 ± 8 PgC (here and below, we indicate the mean ± standard deviations). The mutual compensation of changes in the soil carbon stock in different regions will make global changes in the soil carbon storage in the 21st century statistically insignificant. The global CO₂ uptake by terrestrial ecosystems will increase in the first half of the 21st century, whereupon it will decrease. The uncertainty interval of this variable in the middle (end) of the 21st century will be from 1.3 to 3.4 PgC yr⁻¹ (from 0.3 to 3.1 PgC yr⁻¹). In most regions, an increase in the net productivity of terrestrial vegetation (especially outside the tropics), the accumulation of carbon in this vegetation, and changes in the amount of soil carbon stock (with the total carbon accumulation in soils of the tropics and subtropics and the regions of both accumulation and loss of soil carbon at higher latitudes) will be robust within the ensemble in the 21st century, as will the CO₂ uptake from the atmosphere only by terrestrial ecosystems located at extratropical latitudes of Eurasia, first and foremost by the Siberian taiga. However, substantial differences in anthropogenic emissions between the SRES scenarios in the 21st century lead to statistically significant differences between these scenarios in the carbon dioxide uptake by the ocean, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, and changes in the surface air temperature. In particular, according to the SRES A2 (A1B, B1) scenario, in 2071–2100 the carbon flux from the atmosphere to the ocean will be 10.6 ± 0.6 PgC yr⁻¹ (8.3 ± 0.5, 5.6 ± 0.3 PgC yr⁻¹), and the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere will reach 773 ± 28 ppmv (662 ± 24, 534 ± 16 ppmv) by 2100. The annual mean warming in 2071–2100 relatively to 1961–1990 will be 3.19 ± 0.09 K (2.52 ± 0.08, 1.84 ± 0.06 K).     

21世纪初我国水下工程技术亟待开展的若干课题

水下工程技术是海洋高新技术的重要组成部分。本文根据对２０世纪９０年代以来世界水下工程技术发展态势及２１世纪初我国水下工程技术将面临任务的研究分析,系统地提出了为促进我国水下工程技术的发展,在２０１０年前亟待开展的若干重要研究课题。     

Fisheries policy, research and the social sciences in Europe: Challenges for the 21st century

Despite evidence of a broadening of the science base for European fisheries policy with the incorporation of an ecosystem approach and increasing use of economic modelling, the contribution of the social sciences to policy related research remains less conspicuous. Progress has occurred in the understanding of institutional structures and the theory of fisheries governance, but analysis of EU funded research in the 6th Framework Programme (2002–2006) points to the absence of social science except in multi-disciplinary projects. The diasporic nature of fisheries social science and the absence of clearly articulated social objectives from fisheries policy are among the more plausible explanations for this unconformity. Prospects for reform of the CFP in 2012—including a redistribution of responsibilities between central and regional institutions—offer enhanced opportunities for the social sciences in interdisciplinary and specialist areas of policy related research. Responding to the challenge will necessitate the building of stronger networks within the family of social sciences and across disciplinary boundaries with the natural and economic sciences.     

RCP4.5情景下预测21世纪南海海平面变化

结合卫星高度计资料和SODA温盐数据,本文利用CCSM(Community Climate System Model version4)气候系统模式在代表性浓度路径RCP4.5情景下对全球海平面变化趋势的预测模拟结果作为强迫场,用POP模式模拟预测21世纪南海海平面长期趋势变化及空间分布。模拟结果显示,在RCP4.5情景下,南海海域在21世纪末10年平均海平面相对于20世纪末10年上升了15~39cm,明显上升海域位于中南半岛东部的南海中部、南部海域和吕宋海峡东西两侧海域,上升值最大可达39cm。如果加上格陵兰和南极等陆地冰川融化的影响,21世纪南海总海平面上升值将可能达到35~75cm。南海比容海平面明显上升区域位于吕宋岛东面的深水海域,广东沿岸流和吕宋冷涡之间海域,以及中南半岛东南部海域。总比容海平面的变化主要来自热比容,盐比容贡献比较小。南海南部和西部比容海平面上升速率较低,如加里曼丹岛西北侧、泰国湾和海南岛西侧有下降趋势。     

Model estimates for the mean gas exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere under the conditions of the present-day climate and its changes expected in the 21st century

Annual mean fluxes of CO₂ and oxygen across the sea surface are estimated with the use of numerical modeling for several regions located in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio zones. The present-day climatic conditions and the climatic conditions expected in the middle and at the end of the 21st century are considered. Specific features of gas exchange under a strong wind that are associated with gas exchange by bubbles and with changes in the air-water difference of the gas concentrations were taken into account in the calculations. The estimates obtained differ substantially from the results based on the traditional approach, which disregards the above features. A considerable increase in the absorption of CO₂ by the ocean, which is mainly caused by the continuing increase in the CO₂ concentration in the air during its small changes in the ocean, is expected in the 21st century. At the same time, no trends are revealed in the annual mean fluxes of oxygen across the ocean surface. The conclusion is made that, in calculations of CO₂ absorption by the world ocean, it is necessary to take into account both specific features of gas transfer under a strong wind and an increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO₂.     

经略“21世纪海上丝绸之路”:综合应用平台建设

由于缺乏系统性的基础理论支撑,目前国内外尚无专业的"21世纪海上丝绸之路"综合应用系统,而远洋航海、战略支撑点建设、海洋工程设计、海洋资源开发、防灾减灾等对这方面的需求尤为迫切。文章首先探析"海上丝路"综合应用平台建设的重要性、紧迫性,规划构建涵盖海洋环境、资源、人文、地理、经济、法律案例的综合性"海上丝路"大数据,为国内和国际同行的"海上丝路"研究提供数据基础;进一步以海洋大数据为支撑,融入团队前期系列研究成果,规划构建贴近实用、查询便捷、理论体系完善的"海上丝路"综合应用平台,增强我国的海洋建设能力、海权维护能力、对南海局势的掌控能力,落实国家战略,切实呼应党中央提出的加强"一带一路"学术研究、理论支撑、话语体系的建设要求,为迈向深蓝提供科技支撑、辅助决策,助力人类社会的繁荣进步。     

General forecast of the evolution of the coastal zone of the Eurasian Arctic seas in the 21st century

Principal regularities of the evolution of the Arctic coasts of Eurasia in the 21st century related to the climate warming and sea level rise are assessed. It is stated that the most significant changes may be expected in the most ice-covered seas of the Arctic Ocean, where the area of the ice cover may significantly decrease while the duration of the ice-free periods will grow. Thermoabrasive coasts will be the most subjected to the changes; the rate of their recession will increase 1.5–2.5 fold. The further development of accumulative coasts in the Arctic seas will proceed against the background of a transgression; meanwhile, in the 21st century, one can expect no catastrophic changes such as washing away of coastal accumulative features.