Impact of subgrid-scale vegetation heterogeneity on the simulation of carbon-cycle characteristics

The carbon cycle module of the global climate model developed at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS CM) has been extended by implementing the subgrid-scale heterogeneity (SH) of plant functional types (PFTs). It is found that subgrid-scale PFT heterogeneity enhances the photosynthesis intensity and increases vegetation and soil carbon stocks in grass-dominated regions. In forest-dominated regions, photosynthesis is suppressed and vegetation and soil carbon stocks are diminished. Regionally, accounting for subgrid-scale vegetation heterogeneity may lead to twofold changes in these variables. On the whole, accounting for subgrid-scale PFT heterogeneity enhances (suppresses) the carbon flux in regions where it is directed from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere (from the atmosphere to terrestrial ecosystems).     

NEILSON模型检验

Ronald Neilson建立了一个计算机模型(Neilson模型)以探索植物群落和气候的关系。论文以上海石化监测站气象组2004年气象数据和金山地区的植物群落组成,以及以此数据作成气候图对照世界范围的陆地植物群落地理分布区系气候图来检验尼尔逊模型的正确性。结果显示:走尼尔逊模型路线图的结果与近年来上海自然博物馆专家对大金山岛自然植被的调查结果相吻合,本地区气候图与陆地植物群落类型典型气候图对照结果也与走尼尔逊模型路线图的结果相一致。这证明了尼尔逊模型路线图适合于金山地区自然陆地植物群落类型的。其现实意义在于能根据金山地区气象数据追踪金山地区自然陆地植物群落类型的变化,从而反映全球气候变暖对金山地区自然陆地植物群落的影响。     

秦岭黄土-古土壤发育时的植被与环境

采自凤州和商州两地黄土剖面中６５组孢粉样品分析结果表明,黄土层中的草本植物花粉含量相对较古土壤层中者为高,而木本植物花粉含量相对较古土壤层中者为低。从孢粉组合来看,秦岭黄土堆积时的植被一般为森林草原型原森林型,气候较寒冷但偏湿,古土壤发育时的植被一般为夏绿阔叶林型,反映出暖温带气候。显而易见,无论是黄土堆积时期还是古土壤发育时期,秦岭山地的气候都较黄土高原地区湿热。     

Comparison of climatic efficiency of the mechanisms of land-surface albedo changes caused by land use

Changes in ecosystem types, including situations when natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural lands, leads to surface albedo changes and the development of the corresponding short-wave radiative forcing (RF). This work analyzes ensemble numerical experiments with the climatic model (CM) of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) for the 16th–21st centuries. The responses to changes in the contents of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols (tropospheric and stratospheric), in the solar constant, and in the land-surface albedo when natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural lands were modeled during these experiments. Different members of these ensemble experiments were obtained by varying the model parameters affecting the RF on the climate during land use: the albedo of agricultural lands was varied within the interval from 0.15 to 0.25 and the parameter controlling the efficiency of snow masking by tree vegetation was varied in the range from the absence of this effect to its maximally possible efficiency. It has been established that changes in surface albedo when natural vegetation is replaced by agricultural lands have the largest influence on the globally averaged annual mean RF at the top of the atmosphere, whereas the influence of snow masking on the RF is substantially less. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that snow masking by tree vegetation can take place only in winter in regions of temperate and high latitudes, when insolation is relatively low. A comparison of the spatial structure of the annual mean response of the surface temperature with the HadCRUT3v and GISS observational data makes it possible to narrow the admissible range of model parameter values. In particular, it can be inferred that the key parameter values which control the influence that land use has on the surface albedo in the IAP RAS CM are close to optimal. In addition, variations in these parameters do not lead to a significant influence of land use on climate change in the 21st century if the Land Use Harmonization (LUH) scenarios of changes in the area of agricultural lands are used: the uncertainty of the model response associated with the uncertainty of values of such controlling parameters in the 21st century does not exceed 0.1 K.     

上海大金山岛植被资源状况及保护对策

大金山岛是上海海域存留天然植被较完整的海岛,对其现状进行调查和分析有助于制定具有针对性的海岛植被保护策略。文章基于21个样地的调查,将大金山岛植被划分为常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、落叶灌丛和草丛5个植被类型14个群落类型。地带性森林群落径级结构和物种多样性特征分析表明,大金山岛森林群落结构相对稳定、物种多样性较高。为进一步完善大金山岛的植被保护措施,需加强植被分类与制图、量化典型植物种群大小和分布特征、跟踪管理大径材树木生长和健康状况、开展植被和动物综合调查以及植被动态长期监测的研究和管理。     

基于抛物型缓坡方程模拟近岸植被区波浪传播

植被对波浪传播运动有重要影响。考虑近岸波浪在植被区传播中的折射、绕射、破碎及植被引起的波能耗损效应,基于抛物型缓坡方程建立了模拟近岸植被区波浪传播的数学模型,对模型进行了数值模拟验证,采用数值模拟试验分析了植被对波浪传播的影响。数值模拟结果表明,波浪在近岸植被区传播时,随着植被密度和植被高度的增加,波浪传播中的波高衰减增大,波能耗损增加;不同周期波浪在植被区传播中的波高衰减过程也明显不同。     

Numerical study of vegetation damping effects on solitary wave run-up using the nonlinear shallow water equations

Vegetation damping effects on propagating water waves have been investigated by many researchers. This paper investigates the effects of damping due to vegetation on solitary water wave run-up via numerical simulation. The numerical model is based on an implementation of Morison's formulation for vegetation induced inertia and drag stresses in the nonlinear shallow water equations. The numerical model is solved via a finite volume method on a Cartesian cut cell mesh. The accuracy of the numerical scheme and the effects of the vegetation terms in the present model are validated by comparison with experiment results. The model is then applied to simulate a solitary wave propagating on a plane slope with vegetation. The sensitivity of solitary wave run-up to plant height, diameter and stem density is investigated by comparison of the numerical results for different patterns of vegetation. The numerical results show that vegetation can effectively reduce solitary wave propagation velocity and that solitary wave run-up is decreased with increase of plant height in water and also diameter and stem density.     

Effect of including land-use driven radiative forcing of the surface albedo of land on climate response in the 16th–21st centuries

A change in ecosystem types, such as through natural-vegetation-agriculture conversion, alters the surface albedo and triggers attendant shortwave radiative forcing (RF). This paper describes numerical experiments performed using the climate model (CM) of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences, for the 16th–21st centuries; this model simulated the response to a change in the contents of greenhouse gases (tropospheric and stratospheric), sulfate aerosols, solar constant, as well as the response to change in surface albedo of land due to natural-vegetation-agriculture conversion. These forcing estimates relied on actual data until the late 20th century. In the 21st century, the agricultural area was specified according to scenarios of the Land Use Harmonization project and other anthropogenic impacts were specified using SRES scenarios. The change in the surface vegetation during conversion from natural vegetation to agriculture triggers a cooling RF in most regions except for those of natural semiarid vegetation. The global and annual average RF derived from the IAP RAS CM in late 20th century is ?0.11 W m^?2. Including the land-use driven RF in IAP RAS CM appreciably reconciled the model calculations to observations in this historical period. For instance, in addition to the net climate warming, IAP RAS CM predicted an annually average cooling and reduction in precipitation in the subtropics of Eurasia and North America and in Amazonia and central Africa, as well as a local maximum in annually average and summertime warming in East China. The land-use driven RF alters the sign in the dependence that the amplitude of the annual cycle of the near-surface atmospheric temperature has on the annually averaged temperature. One reason for the decrease in precipitation as a result of a change in albedo due to land use may be the suppression of the convective activity in the atmosphere in the warm period (throughout the year in the tropics) and the corresponding decrease in convective precipitation. In the 21st century, the effect that the land-use driven RF has on the climate response for scenarios of anthropogenic impact is generally small.     

Spatial and temporal variations in sediment grain size in tidal wetlands, Yangtze Delta: On the role of physical and biotic controls

To examine the spatial and temporal variability of sediment grain size in exposed tidal wetlands with ample sediment supply, we sampled sediments and measured hydrodynamics, accretion/erosion rates, and vegetation characteristics in the Yangtze Delta. Sediment grain size exhibited a landward/upward decreasing trend. This trend is mainly attributed to attenuation of hydrodynamics. A 630-day series of daily surface sediment sampling at a fixed site on an unvegetated intertidal flat revealed significant seasonal and storm-cyclic changes in grain size. This temporal variability was related to alternating accretion/erosion events, with erosion associated with coarser grain size. Such temporal dynamics were not present in vegetation, where sediment remained fine grained throughout the year. In the marsh, vegetation cover enables the trapping of fine-grained sediments in the following ways: (a) adherence of suspended sediments onto plants; (b) deposition of suspended sediments stimulated by attenuation of hydrodynamics through plant obstruction; and (c) prevention of resuspension of fine-grained deposits due to the protection of the plant canopy. The influence of vegetation on sediment grain size was clearly seen when comparing sediment trapped by different vegetation types and seasonal patterns of trapped sediment on different vegetation canopy densities. The relatively high plant biomass of the recently introduced Spartina alterniflora enhanced the trapping effect, whereas plant degradation due to buffalo grazing reduced the trapping effect. We conclude that for exposed tidal wetlands with ample sediment supply such as the Yangtze Delta, the spatial and temporal variability of sediment grain size is governed predominantly by physical controls on the unvegetated flat and predominantly by biophysical interaction of hydrodynamics and vegetation in the salt marsh, rather than by sediment supply.     

南庄头遗址的古植被和古环境演变与人类活动的关系

结合考古、孢粉及硅酸体研究的资料,分析了南庄头遗址的古植被、古气候、古环境的演变与人类活动的关系,研究表明：南庄头人知时期属于早全新世气候升温期,气候不稳定,但总体来说与现代相关差不大,晚期可能比现代更温暖湿润,局部地区出现水蕨,从本剖面的分析来看,没有足够证据证明当时农业已出现。     

北京地区百花山、东灵山表土花粉的特征分析

本文分析了北京地区百花山、东灵山两个垂直带谱不同植被类型的表土花粉，通过表土花粉百分比和浓度图式分析，结合垂直带谱的植被特征，初步回答了某些植物科属表土花粉与其植被的特征关系，并试图结合植物科属花粉产量的特征、散布能力、保存条件及地形特征对表土花粉中一些植物科属的代表性作了探讨，从而为依据化石孢粉恢复北京地区乃至华北地区的历史植被和环境提供了重要参考资料。     

An empirical model to estimate the propagation of random breaking and nonbreaking waves over vegetation fields

In this work, a model for wave transformation on vegetation fields is presented. The formulation includes wave damping and wave breaking over vegetation fields at variable depths. Based on a nonlinear formulation of the drag force, either the transformation of monochromatic waves or irregular waves can be modelled considering geometric and physical characteristics of the vegetation field. The model depends on a single parameter similar to the drag coefficient, which is parameterized as a function of the local Keulegan–Carpenter number for a specific type of plant. Given this parameterization, determined with laboratory experiments for each plant type, the model is able to reproduce the root-mean-square wave height transformation observed in experimental data with reasonable accuracy.     

A coupled model of submerged vegetation under oscillatory flow using Navier–Stokes equations

This work presents a new model for wave and submerged vegetation which couples the flow motion with the plant deformation. The IH-2VOF model is extended to solve the Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes equations including the presence of a vegetation field by means of a drag force. Turbulence is modeled using a k–ε equation which takes into account the effect of vegetation by an approximation of dispersive fluxes using the drag force produce by the plant. The plant motion is solved accounting for inertia, damping, restoring, gravitational, Froude–Krylov and hydrodynamic mass forces. The resulting model is validated with small and large-scale experiments with a high degree of accuracy for both no swaying and swaying plants. Two new formulations of the drag coefficient are provided extending the range of applicability of existing formulae to lower Reynolds number.     

滨海植物的海岸带减灾特性研究综述

滨海植物广泛分布于海岸带，形成了红树林、盐沼及海草床等湿地系统，具有重要的生态价值和海岸带减灾作用。不同滨海植物的结构和刚柔特性不同，植物群密度及其分布的海洋水动力环境也有差异，因而具有不同的海岸带减灾特性。前人就不同植物类型的海岸带减灾特性开展了丰富的理论研究，本文系统地整理了滨海植物的海岸带减灾事例，从现场观测、水槽试验、数值模拟和理论模型等方面概述了植物群的消浪、阻流、促淤、防冲等相关研究成果，介绍了滨海植物海岸带减灾功能的一般评价方法，分析了各方面研究的不足及后续发展方向。     

样线法在北方基岩性海岛植被调查中的应用效果评价 ——以北长山岛为例

植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分。由于海岛陆地环境与大陆的差异性,现有的陆域植被调查方法不能完全适用于海岛植被。亟须结合现有成熟的陆地植被调查方法,选取不同类型的海岛,对调查方法中的关键环节进行实地测试,积累数据进行统计分析,以得到适用于海岛特殊地理环境海岛植被调查技术方法。文章针对植被调查中的样线法,以北长山岛两种不同面积的调查区域为例,对比分析不同样线设置方法,明确在该岛屿何种坡向、坡位,何种类型植物群落中设置样线,以及设置多长的样线才能够较为完整地代表该调查区域的植物物种丰富度,同时降低大量的调查时间,最终确定最优的海岛样线设置原则,为海岛植被群落调查中样线的有效选择提供科学依据。     

龙感湖地区近3000年来的植被及其气候定量重建

本文依据龙感湖钻孔的孢粉及硅藻资料，探讨了该地区近３０００年来的植被发展及气候变化，通过数值分析方法，重建了年均温及年降水的时间序列，发现气候波动存在的两个阶段，（依１．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．前后划分）四个旋回（０．８ｋａ的准周期）两个突变事件（３ｋａＢ．Ｐ）前后的冷暖急剧变化及１ｋａＢ．Ｐ的降温事件）。这些变化与敦德冰心及固城湖孢粉反映的气候波动有较好的一致性，具有全球变化意义。     

乌梁素海沉水植物群落光谱特征及其受覆盖度的影响分析

沉水植物是湖泊生态系统重要组成,也是水质与健康状况的指标性类群,可以采用遥感技术对其生长和分布情况进行监测.基于实测光谱数据,分析了乌梁素海沉水植物光谱特征,研究了覆盖度对乌梁素海沉水植物反射光谱的影响,建立了乌梁素海沉水植物覆盖度反演模型.结果 表明;沉水植物群落的光谱反射率随覆盖度减少而下降,覆盖度为1％～20％时...     

Predictive modeling of plant productivity in the Russian Arctic using satellite data

The NOAA satellite data for 1982–2012 are used to analyze current changes in plant productivity of the Russian boreal and tundra zones. Trends in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are calculated separately for the vegetation zones in the European, West Siberian, East Siberian, and Far East sectors of the Russian Arctic and are compared with each other. This index is the normalized difference in reflectance between the red and infrared regions of the spectrum and is widely used as an indicator of the photosynthetically active biomass amount. Multifactorial statistical analysis is used to analyze the link between the plant productivity characterized by NDVI and predictive climatic indices characterizing the temperature regime and precipitation. A statistical model is developed on the basis of the resulting set of regression equations and is used with a climatic projection to predict plant productivity changes across the zonal gradient from northern tundra to boreal forests. According to our results, the current increase in plant productivity, which is observed in all vegetation zones in the Arctic, will continue in the coming decades. By the mid-21st century, productivity may increase by as much as 30% of its current value in selected zones of arctic vegetation.     

红树植物花粉在我国东南部海域沉积物中的分布及古环境意义

为搞清我国陆架的孢粉、藻类分布规律，于１９７２年先后对黄海、东海、南海海底沉积物作了孢粉、藻类研究。结果表明，在黄海，东海表层沉积物中红树植物花粉主要由黑潮暖流北上携带而来，在南海沿岸的海湾和河流入海处沉积物中红树植物花粉含量高；水下古海岸线附近含量亦高，南海北部钻孔中的红树植物花粉系由海流搬运我国沿岸物质沉积而成；南部钻孔中的红树植物花粉主要是海流将马来西亚的菲律宾沿岸物质搬运沉积而成。     

Non-hydrostatic finite element model for coastal wave processes

This paper presents the application of the depth-integrated non-hydrostatic finite element model, CCHE2D-NHWAVE (Wei and Jia, 2014), for simulating several types of coastal wave processes. Specifically, the model is applied to (1) predict the swash zone hydrodynamics involving wave bore propagation, (2) resolve wave propagation, breaking, and overtopping in fringing reef environments, (3) study the vegetation effect on wave height reduction through both submerged and emergent vegetation zones using the drag force term technique, and (4) simulate tsunami wave breaking in the nearshore zone and inundation in the coastal area. Satisfactory agreement between numerical results and benchmark data shows that the non-hydrostatic model is capable of modeling a wide range of coastal wave processes. Furthermore, thanks to its simple numerical formulation, the non-hydrostatic model also demonstrates a better computation efficiency when comparing with other numerical models.