地电阻率季节干扰变化分析

结合我国实际,本文提出四类地电阻率季节变化的干扰模型.经模型理论计算及同有季节变化的四十多台站的实测资料对比得出:(1)地电阻率季节变化是探测深度偏浅时,地表层电性变化,特别是表层地下水水位年动态变化所引起的一种与地震无关的干扰变化.其变化形态与量级取决于干扰模型、地电断面类型以及探测深度.(2)通常地电阻率季节变化与浅层电阻率变化的符号一致,呈现出正常季节变化;但对 K,Q 型地电断面,当干扰层位于地表第一层时,将从某一供电极距开始,出现反常的季节干扰变化.(3)当探测深度大于300m 时,不论正常的还是反常的季节变化,其幅度都将小于2%.因此,只要适当选择台址或加大供电极距使探测深度足够大,便可排除或压低这种干扰.      

陕西周至地电台地电阻率年变特征分析

本文基于测深反演结果, 通过数值模拟定性分析了地下水位和降雨对周至地电台地电阻率观测的影响; 同时利用褶积算法定量分析了降雨对该台NS向和NE向地电阻率观测的短期影响和长趋势影响.结果表明, 周至地电台地电阻率年变主要由地表薄层介质电阻率季节变化引起, 受地下水位变化影响不明显. 降雨对NS向和NE向地电阻率观测值的影响在短期内与观测结果一致, 表现为增加; 但长期趋势则与观测结果呈负相关关系.根据数值模拟分析认为, 这种变化与降雨及其渗透深度有关.分析结果与实际观测结果一致, 为正确认识周至地电台地电阻率观测与异常判定提供合理的理论依据.      

新沂地震台地电阻率反向年变分析

结合新沂地震台电测深曲线、 测区地质剖面资料, 建立了三维非均匀层状介质有限元模型. 以第一层介质电阻率变化模拟表层介质电阻率随季节性降雨的变化, 在模型中计算了3个测道的地电阻率年变化形态. 计算结果表明, EW和N45°E测道地电阻率随表层介质电阻率的增减同向增减, 而NS测道地电阻率则与表层介质电阻率变化相反. 该结果符合新沂台3个测道实际观测的年变形态．     

新城子井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析

以新城子观测站地电阻率为研究对象,结合新城子观测站电测深资料通过影响系数理论用水平层状介质模型对比分析地表、井下地电阻率两种手段的观测效果,对新城子地电阻率观测各层影响系数随深度和极距的变化分析新城子井下地电阻率观测布极的合理性。其结果反应为新城子地电阻率井下观测设计较为合理,减少场地资源的同时对地表和浅层干扰有更好的抑制作用,对深层的映震能力优于地表观测,分析结果可为类似台址电性结构中实施井下地电阻率观测提供参考。     

河北兴济地电阻率干扰定量分析

结合电测深曲线、 岩性资料建立三维水平层状结构物理模型, 利用有限元法定量计算挖土水坑蓄水量和砖厂建设对兴济N60°W向地电阻率观测的影响。 研究结果显示, 测区内挖土水坑位于影响系数为负的区域, 夏季水位高时为低阻体, 冬季无水时为高阻体, 蓄水量的季节性变化导致N60°W向地电阻率具有冬低夏高的反向年变。 砖厂厂房由砖混结构改建为钢架结构, 位于测区影响系数为负的区域, 局部形成的低阻体引起N60°W测向地电阻率的趋势上升变化。     

井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析——以江宁地震台为例

采用水平层状均匀介质中点电源位于任意深度时的电位解析表达式,以江宁台3层电性结构为例,分析了井下对称四极地电阻率观测时各层影响系数随深度、极距的变化,并结合探测深度探讨了实施井下观测时影响系数在选择供电极距和电极埋深时的作用。结果表明,对于"K"型电性结构,江宁台井下观测对地表、浅层干扰有较强的抑制作用,其短极距观测对地表、浅层干扰的抑制能力显著优于长极距观测;长极距观测在电极埋深H小于100m时对地表介质季节性的干扰具有放大作用;浅层影响系数一定时,电极埋深和供电极距需同时增加;江宁台井下观测供电极距AB/2取100～150m、电极埋深H为250m较为合理。     

平凉台井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析

根据地电阻率影响系数理论,以平凉台4层电性结构为例,分析了井下对称四极地电阻率观测影响系数随深度和极距的变化。结果表明:对于固定的观测极距,影响系数与电极埋深之间的关系复杂;通过计算各层影响系数的大小,认为平凉台井下观测对地表及浅层干扰有较好的抑制作用,其分析结果可为在类似台址电性结构中实施井下地电阻率观测时选择电极埋深和供电极距提供参考。     

ESTIMATION OF TEMPORAL CHANGES IN SOIL MOISTURE USING RESISTIVITY METHOD

The temporal variation in a soil moisture profile can be studied using resistivity sounding data acquired at different times. The layered earth model based estimation of soil moisture from apparent resistivity data is a two-step non-linear inversion. Firstly, the apparent resistivity data are inverted to derive the layer resistivity variations and thicknesses and, secondly, the moisture content is estimated from these layer resistivity variations using a calibration equation. The soil moisture–resistivity problem was studied using the one-dimensional formulation of resistivity problem. A generalized geoelectric earth model was considered to simulate the soil moisture distribution and its temporal variation in the unsaturated zone. An algorithm (RESMOS) for the interpretation of the apparent resistivity data in terms of soil moisture variations through this two-step inversion process is reported.     

Method for Constructing a Model of a Geoelectric Section Taking into Account Seasonal Variations Based on Data from Long-Term Vertical Electric Sounding Monitoring in Search of Earthquake Precursors

The study analyzes data from high-precision measurements of the apparent resistivity by a stationary multielectrode vertical electric sounding (VES) system including 12 current and 4 potential lines spaced 2–650 m apart. Observations had been being carried out at the Garm test area on a daily basis for 12 years in an earthquake prediction experiment. The use of special technical methods during measurements ensured an instrumental error of about 0.01%. The virtual error of each individual measurement of apparent resistivity (taking into account all possible noise) was 0.1–0.2%. The availability of more than 3000 VES curves measured in different seasons allows us to propose a new approach to constructing a geoelectric section model. To solve the inverse VES problem, a set of 36 averaged 10-day VES curves was analyzed, each of which was obtained by averaging approximately 100 individual VES curves accumulated in the same 10-day period of the annual (seasonal) cycle in different years. Comparative analysis of these curves made it possible to calculate and include corrections for stationary geological noise in the model. As a result, it was possible to substantially reduce (by an order of magnitude) the discrepancies in fitting the curves and dramatically narrow the equivalence domain. Based on the results of our analysis, we have constructed a model of a four-layer horizontally layered geoelectric section of the Khazor-Chashma depression to adequately describe not only the averaged section, but also its seasonal variations throughout the year. The stability in estimating the model parameters is studied. To further reduce the equivalence domain, we propose that the layer thicknesses be fixed. This model can be used not only to study the aforementioned characteristics of the section, but also to monitor time variations of resistivity in individual layers of the section. This will significantly improve the resolving power of systems for detecting time variations in geoelectric sections, including when searching for earthquake precursors.     

偶极接地线对地电阻率影响的数值模拟

针对我国地震监测预报中地电阻率定点连续观测中存在的偶极接地线的干扰问题, 本文将台站区域地层简化为3层均匀介质模型, 将接地线等效为偶极接地的电阻体, 建立了接地线干扰地电阻率观测的耦合物理模型. 通过有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟分析不同电性断面情况下接地线对地电阻率观测的影响, 同时分析这种干扰的产生机理, 并结合实际观测中存在的干扰问题作了对比验证分析. 结果表明: ① 接地线使得供电电极产生的地下对称性电场分布发生局部调整, 从而影响地电阻率观测; ② 接地线对地电阻率观测的影响主要取决于线缆的位置及方位角的大小; ③ 适当增大电极埋深可以减小其对地电阻率观测的影响; ④ 电性结构的差异性决定干扰变化幅度的大小. 本文结果对相关台站地电阻率观测异常分析落实及干扰源避让和观测系统改造具有参考意义.      

Deep resistivity structure of the Dikili-Bergama region, west Anatolia, revealed by two- dimensional inversion of vertical electrical sounding data

Within the framework of the National Marine Geological and Geophysical Program, we re‐examined deep vertical electrical sounding (VES) data. The data, measured in 1968 by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey with the aim of exploring the deep resistivity structure of the Dikili–Bergama region, focus on the geothermal potential. The geoelectrical resistivity survey was conducted using a Schlumberger array with a maximum electrode half‐spacing of 4.5 km. The two‐dimensional (2D) inversion was utilized to interpret the VES data that were collected along 15‐ to 30‐km profiles. The 2D resistivity–depth cross‐sections obtained show very low resistivity values near the Dikili and Kaynarca hot springs. The 2D inversion results also indicate the presence of fault zones striking nearly N–S and E–W, and fault‐bounded graben‐horst structures that show promising potential for geothermal field resources. The 2D gravity model, which is in good agreement with the density variation of the region, supports the resistivity structure revealed by 2D inversion. The lithology information obtained from the borehole near Kaynarca also confirms the results of the resistivity interpretation and the density model.     

晋冀蒙交界及附近地区小极距井下地电阻率观测装置设计

为提升2022年北京冬奥会期间地电阻率测项的震情保障能力,将对晋冀蒙交界及附近区域的宝昌、集宁、阳原、大同、代县、临汾、通州和平谷8个台站在原有观测基础上增加具有全空间性质的小极距井下地电阻率观测。本文根据台站钻孔岩芯剖面和电测深数据反演测区水平层状电性结构,利用介质对地电阻率观测的影响系数方法,计算影响系数随极距和埋深的变化,选择合适的极距和埋深,使浅层介质对地电阻率观测的影响尽可能小,使目标层位对观测的贡献尽可能大,减少浅层介质对观测的影响。由此得出了各台站观测极距及埋深等装置系数,在此基础上完成了8个台站观测装置的方案设计。     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震前定点观测电磁异常回溯性分析

对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震周围定点台站观测的电磁异常的相关研究进行了简要的回顾分析,以期加深对汶川地震孕震过程中电磁异常的解读.震中周围8个地电阻率台站震前出现不同形态的异常变化,结合震后地电阻率变化形态分析,仅近邻地震破裂带的成都和江油台异常变化符合已有的地电阻率孕震异常机理.在4月24日和5月9日大致沿南北地震带出现两条南北走向的低点位移线,成都台地磁转换函数、谐波振幅比、帕金森矢量和垂直极化强度等主要反映了地下介质电性在震前出现的异常变化;断裂带附近的地电场和电磁扰动在震前出现波形畸变和能量增强,距离较远的西昌台阵和天祝—松山台阵内地电场也出现功率谱能量增加和裂隙渗透方位角扰动等短期异常现象,甚至沿龙门山断裂带NE方向1300km外的河北电磁扰动台网震前数月也出现自观测以来最大幅度的异常变化.

     

ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE RECIPROCAL GEOELECTRIC SECTION*

The interpretation of vertical electrical sounding data can be facilitated by the application of the reciprocal geoelectric section. If an apparent resistivity field curve has a descending right end, the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section can be obtained by the application of linear filter theory; from this the total transverse resistance of the geoelectric section can be calculated without having to interpret the field curve. In addition, Orellana's auxiliary point method can now be extended to interpret three and four layer apparent resistivity curves of all types. This paper summarizes the properties of the resistivity transform curve, the apparent resistivity curve, and the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section, with several new applications.     

甘肃嘉峪关、瓜州地电场日变化与地电暴差异机理分析

通过甘肃省嘉峪关台地磁场观测资料,研究嘉峪关台、瓜州台磁静日地电场日变化的时频特征波;由地电场分钟值观测数据的时序叠加残差方法,研究嘉峪关、瓜州山的地电暴变化。结果表明:(1)两台地电场静日变化以两次起伏变化为主,无相位差,但两台之间日变幅差异较大;(2)地电场分量变化与地磁场正交分量变化显著相关;地电场与地磁场日变波形不同,极值时间有差异。2个台存在很明显的高频成分,在去除了高频变化后,其优势周期也相同,从大到小依次为12 h、8 h、24 h。地磁场H分量因存在磁暴影响,故高频变化较多,在去除了磁暴影响后,其优势周期从大到小依次为24 h、12 h、8 h;(3)当电磁暴扰动剧烈时,两台可以较清晰地记录到地电暴的完整变化。在发生电磁暴时,地电场与地磁场的相关性明显降低,且不同台、不同测向之间的变化幅度也不尽相同。两台东分量E_Y暴日的日变幅较静日明显增大,磁暴期间Y分量变化率与地电场东分量E_Y观测数据显著相关,由此说明:两台日变幅的不同与台站台址电导率有关,太阳风引起的电离层活动是引起了地电场日变化主因。引起电暴的原因可能不同于引起日变化的原因,主要是两台之间及不同测向之间的浅、深层电阻率和地质构造等诸多因素的结果。     

THE MECHANISM OF DIURNAL VARIATION IN CONSECUTIVE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION

Parts of the consecutive apparent resistivity monitoring stations of China have recorded clear diurnal variations. The relative amplitudes of diurnal variations at these stations range from 1.3‰ to 5.8‰. The daily accuracies of apparent resistivity observation are better than 1‰, because the background electromagnetic noise is rather low at these stations. Therefore, the diurnal variations of apparent resistivity recorded at these stations are real phenomena. The diurnal variation shapes can be divided into two opposite types according to their characteristics. One type is that the apparent resistivity data decreases during the daytime but increases during the nighttime(Type 1). The other type is the apparent resistivity data increases during the daytime but decreases during the nighttime(Type 2). There is a correspondence between the diurnal and annual variation patterns of apparent resistivity. For the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 1, the apparent resistivity decreases in summer and increases in winter. However, for the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 2, the apparent resistivity increases in summer and decreases in winter. We take an analysis on the mechanism of apparent resistivity diurnal variation, combining the influence factors of water-bearing medium's resistivity, the electric structure of stations, and the apparent resistivity sensitivity coefficient(SC)theory. Intuitively, diurnal variation of apparent resistivity is caused by diurnal variation of medium resistivity in the measured area. The diurnal variation of medium resistivity will inevitably be caused by the factors with diurnal variation. Among the possible factors, there is diural variation in earth tide and temperature. Our analysis displays that apparent resistivity diurnal variation is not caused by the usually-believed earth tide, but by the ground temperature difference between daytime and nighttime. The earth tide strain is too small to cause remarkable effects on the apparent resistivity data. On the other hand, the daily tide strain has two peak-valley variations, and its phase and amplitude has a period of approximate 28 days. However, the apparent resistivity data do not show these corresponding features to earth tide. Furthermore, the detection range of current apparent resistivity stations is within a depth of several hundred meters. Within this depth range, the medium deformation caused by solid tide can be regarded as uniform change. Therefore, all monitoring directions and all stations will have the same pattern of diurnal variation. In general, the temperature increases in the daytime but decreases in the nighttime. For most water-bearing rock and soil medium, its resistivity decreases as temperature increases and increases as temperature decreases. Diurnal temperature difference affects about 0.4m of soil depth. Therefore, resistivity of this surface thin soil layer decreases in the daytime while increases in the nighttime. Under layered medium model, SC of each layer represents its contribution to the apparent resistivity. For the stations with positive SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity decreases in the daytime but increases in the nighttime. While for the stations with negative SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity diurnal variations display the opposite shape.     

电阻率测深在地电异常判定中的应用

塘沽台NS方向地电阻率观测值在观测极距缩短后出现大幅度上升变化，为了判断此变化的性质及其产生的可能原因，开展了多次恢复原极距的对比观测。并依据该台已有的电测深资料，对此变化进行了最佳拟合的理论反演计算。经比测及反、正演计算结果分析，认为该台NS方向大幅度的上升变化其主要原因与台站观测极距缩短有关，可能是随观测极距的缩短，受浅部电性结构层影响增大，而与深部电性结构无关，因而这一变化不具有震兆意义。     

坑道直流电阻率测深异常研究

电阻率测深数据可利用抗道的四个面和四个角得到。但由于受到坑道本身和体积效应影响,坑道内电阻率测深资料解释的困难很大。本文用有限单元法对坑道内的直流电阻率测深进行数值模拟计算。首先给出坑道中正常电位的取值,并利用有限单元异常电位计算法对坑道内电阻率测深进行正演计算。结果表明,在异常体断面尺寸、埋深及所用电极距与坑道截面尺寸相差不大时,坑道面上的测深断面反映的基本是本坑道面外侧地质体的信息,对其他位置的地质体没有明显反映,坑道角断面则反映的是相邻两个坑道面外侧地质体的综合信息。     

A new method for geoelectrical investigations underwater1

A new electrical method is proposed for determining the apparent resistivity of multi-earth layers located underwater. The method is based on direct current geoelectric sounding principles. A layered earth model is used to simulate the stratigraphic target. The measurement array is of pole-pole type; it is located underwater and is orientated vertically. This particular electrode configuration is very useful when conventional electrical methods cannot be used, especially if the water depth becomes very important. The calculated apparent resistivity shows a substantial quality increase in the measured signal caused by the underwater targets, from which little or no response is measured using conventional surface electrode methods. In practice, however, different factors such as water stratification, underwater streams or meteorological conditions complicate the interpretation of the field results. A case study is presented, where field surveys carried out on Lake Geneva were interpreted using the calculated apparent resistivity master-curves.     

电位双二次变化二维地电断面电阻率测深有限元数值模拟

以异常电位为研究对象,给出了一种新的二维地电断面电阻率测深的有限元数值模拟方法.该方法与以往这类方法的主要区别在于,网格单元中的电导率采用双线性插值,电位则用二次函数进行双二次插值,从而使得电位的正演结果以及由电位导出的视电阻率更加符合实际地电场的变化规律;另外,有限元网格单元数也大为减少.对几例模型的试算结果表明,文中提出的计算方法是行之有效的.