A Ka-band backscatter model function and an algorithm for measurement of the wind vector over the sea surface

A Ka-band backscatter model and an algorithm for measurement of the wind speed and direction over the sea surface by a frequency-modulated continous-wave radar demonstrator system operated in scatterometer mode have been developed. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, a simulation of the wind vector retrieval has been performed.     

Surface winds in The Arabian Sea from MSMR — an Empirical approach

Multi-channel Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) onboard 1RS P4 (Oceansat I) measured Brightness Temperature data of the different bands are found sensitive to the surface and the overlying atmosphere to different degrees. A judicious combination of multi-channel data can provide such oceanic/atmospheric parameters as surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, water vapour in the marine atmosphere, etc. This paper highlights results obtained in relation to surface wind speed. Co-location and concurrence of several ocean data buoys in the Arabian Sea with MSMR observations allowed empirical construction of D-matrix coefficients for surface wind speed. With both MSMR and the Arabian Sea buoys functioning for the period of one and a half year (June, 1999 to December, 2000) without interruptions provided a large database. All channels are found to exhibit moderate sensitivity to surface wind speed. MSMR data in the immediate vicinity (within 150 km) of the buoy locations and within a time window of one hour were used. A multi-channel linear equation for surface wind speed was subsequently derived. The equation was subjected to tests with independent data set for the period January - June 2001 over the Arabian Sea and found to be moderately accurate. The empirical equation is expected to be useful for regional applications over the Arabian Sea and over regions closer to west coasts, which might have been flagged out in the operational geophysical data stream. An interesting subset of data revealed the wind signatures of the May 2001 cyclone in the Arabian Sea.     

高频地波雷达风速反演经验模型

通过分析高频地波雷达所在探测海域内浮标观测的有效波高和风速数据,建立了海面风速与有效波高的经验模型。利用二范数最小方法对该模型的参数进行估计,实验结果表明了该模型的稳定性。将所提模型应用到高频地波雷达OSMAR071数据处理中,6个月数据连续反演结果与浮标给出的风速吻合度高,表明了该风速反演经验模型的有效性。     

GNSS反射信号海面高度测量及风速对反演精度的影响分析

海面高度作为最重要的海洋物理参数之一,在预防海啸、风暴潮中起到重要作用,是海洋科学,遥感测绘领域的重要研究内容之一。粗糙度作为影响海面测高精度的重要因素之一,主要是由风速变化引起,本文为了探究风速引起的粗糙度变化对海面测高精度的影响,分别进行了湖面实验与海面实验。通过对风速与反射信号相位差RMS关系的研究,定性分析了粗糙度对测高精度的影响,结果表明,在反射信号相位差RMS增加0.005(单位rad)时,测高的误差RMS增加了近一倍。      

利用激光点云数据求取风电塔倾斜度的试验

风电塔的日常运营维护是非常重要的工作,利用地面三维激光扫描技术对风力发电塔的倾斜观测进行研究具有重要实际意义。本文选择马陵山风电项目7#风电塔作为研究对象,利用徕卡C10三维激光扫描仪获取激光点云数据,并利用Cyclone软件进行数据预处理。利用Cyclone软件获取塔筒40个截面中心坐标并计算倾斜度,与同步全站仪获取的倾斜度进行对比分析。研究结果表明：利用地面三维激光扫描技术对风电塔的倾斜观测更加全面,而且满足监测精度要求,具有较大的应用价值。     

Influence of Regional Features on Accuracy in Determining wind Speed Over the Oceans

The influence of regional features on the accuracy of single- and twoparameter algorithms for radioaltimeter determination of the speed of the near-surface wind over the ocean was investigated. The analysis was made using data from contact measurements (NDBC buoys) and the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite radioaltimeter (wavelength 2.1 cm). It is shown that the nature of the waves, to a considerable degree related to regional conditions, exerts a strong influence on the accuracy in wind speed determination, resulting in an error in wind speed determination of 2-2.5 m/s. A new approach to the wind speed retrieval problem is proposed, making it possible to reduce the retrieval error to a level comparable with the best existing algorithms.     

“凤凰”台风期间海面风、浪的高频地波雷达OSMAR071遥感

介绍了OSMAR071高频地波雷达系统“凤凰”台风期间海面风、浪遥测结果。文中给出高频地波雷达OSMAR071 风、浪反演算法：利用SBM模型结合多波束采样法反演风向;利用改进的Barrick模型进行有效波高的反演;利用SMB关系式进行风速反演。将雷达定点观测结果与浮标数据进行对比,表现出很好的一致性,其中有效波高相关系数为0.72,均方根误差为0.48 m,风向相关系数为0.97,均方根误差为27.7°,风速的相关系数为0.6,均方根误差为 3.5 m/s。文中还对影响探测精度的因素进行了分析。     

合成孔径雷达图像的近岸海面风场反演

根据海面微波散射原理，给出了星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像海面风场反演的方法。该方法包括SAR图像辐射定标、海面风向确定和风速计算。利用该方法由加拿大RadarsatSAR图像反演获得了中国海南省东南部近岸海区海面风场，并与预报风场作了比较。结果显示，二者相符得很好，风速的均方根误差为0.94m/s，风向的均方根误差为4.03°。     

基于观测量校正的星载GNSS-R海面风速快速反演方法

快速反演(FDI)算法是一种典型的星载全球卫星导航反射技术(GNSS-R)海面风速反演方法,具有计算复杂度低、快速实时反演的特点,但是FDI算法中的反演观测量提取精度不高,导致风速反演精度低. 针对于此,提出基于观测量校正的改进FDI算法,用于实现海面风速的快速高精度反演. 该方法首先利用辅助测量信息对观测量进行校正以降低干扰因素的影响,然后基于统计分析方法对ASCAT卫星风速数据进行海面风速值提取,最后建立了海面风速与校正观测量的地球物理模型函数(GMF)关系式,实现对海面风速的反演. 与传统FDI算法相比,该方法的反演偏差值更小,均方根误差(RMSE)降低了29%.      

遥感和GIS技术在全球海面风速分析中的应用

将遥感技术和地理信息系统（GIS）技术相结合，建立了一个基于TOPEX卫星的全球海面风速分析的海洋地理信息系统（MGIS）。阐述了全球海面风速分析模型的建立方法，定义了描述风场特征的相关参数，介绍了全球海面风速海洋地理信息系统的结构、功能和工作流程，另外，对系统的3个应用实例进行了地学分析。     

双频共面合成孔径雷达海面风场反演

根据L/C双频共面SAR能够获取同一海域双波段电磁波后向散射系数,得到更多海洋目标特征信息的电磁散射特点,结合地球物理模型函数研究了一种新的SAR海面风场反演方法。利用L/C双频共面SAR的L和C两个波段的地球物理模型函数和后向散射系数等信息,通过地球物理模型函数联立以及构建和求解最小代价函数,直接从SAR数据本身获取海面风场信息,并借助辅助数据去除了风向的180°模糊,从而实现海面风场反演。仿真分析和海上机载同步飞行试验的研究结果表明,该方法可直接利用SAR数据本身获取精度较高的海面风速、风向;绝对辐射定标精度是决定海面风场反演精度的关键因素,海面风场反演误差随定标精度提高而减小;随着海面风速的增大,风速反演误差逐渐增大。论文提出的双频共面SAR海面风场反演方法解决了传统单波段单极化SAR海面风场反演存在的固有问题,机载同步飞行试验的海面风速和风向反演结果与调查船观测值的均方根误差分别为0.93 m/s和19.39°,可为星载SAR海面风场反演业务化和载荷研制提供支持。     

On the degree of polarization for SAR sea oil slick observation

A polarimetric model to relate the degree of polarization, DoP, to the sea surface scattering with and without oil slicks, under low-to-moderate wind conditions, is proposed. DoP, measured directly from the Mueller scattering matrix, is shown to be a reliable measure of the departure from Bragg scattering; a phenomenon that, under low-to-moderate wind conditions, occurs when an oil slick is present. Following this theoretical rationale, a simple filter is developed to observe oil slicks in quad-polarimetric full-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Experiments, undertaken on a meaningful set of quad-polarization Single Look Complex (SLC) C-band RADARSAT-2 SAR data, where both well-known oil slicks and a weak-damping look-alike are in place, demonstrate the soundness of the model and its effectiveness from an operational viewpoint.     

海面微波散射与风生波短波谱

从海面微波散射的物理机制出发 ,在短波平衡范围条件下 ,讨论了风生波短波谱形式 ,通过对不同波段的微波散射数据分析 ,建立起能适应相当宽微波波段 ( 0 .42 8— 34.4GHz)的海面微波散射模型。文中对若干个波段的微波散射系数进行了试算 ,并与实测资料进行了比较 ,结果是令人满意的     

水稻微波后向散射系数的模拟分析

海洋雷达后向散射回波主要来自短重力波的Ｂｒａｇｇ 散射,这种散射与海面风场信息、边界层涡旋等密切相关。因此,可以从雷达散射截面反演风场信息。对１９９４ 年４ 月航天飞机成像雷达（ＳＩＲＣ／ＸＳＡＲ）获取的南中国海合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ） 图像进行了分析研究。利用ＳＩＲＣ 数据,从ＳＡＲ 图像谱提取了风向;根据ＣＭＯＤ４ 模型,从Ｃ波段雷达后向散射系数反演风速;利用双尺度散射模型对反演的风速进行了对比分析。结果表明,从ＳＩＲＣ雷达数据可以反演海面风矢量,星载ＳＡＲ是提取海面风场信息的有效技术手段之一。     

利用GPS反射信号遥感Michael飓风海面风场研究

对GPS反射信号的功率波形以及GPS信号在海面的散射区域进行了阐述，并对海面风场反演的原理和方法作了具体的介绍。处理了NASA在Michael飓风中机栽实验的数据，反演得到的风速精度为2m／s左右，从而验证了通过GPS反射信号反演海面风场在理论和实践上的可行性。     

过黄河渡槽的脉动风荷载模拟

根据脉动风压功率谱与脉动风速功率谱之间的关系，利用风压功率谱密度函数矩阵的分解，通过一组余弦函数的和对过黄河渡槽随机形式的脉动风荷载进行了计算机模拟     

Mapping of soil degradation hazards by remote sensing in Hanumangarh district (western Rajasthan)

In the present study, efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various soil degradation processes in Hanumangarh district of western Rajasthan. Soil degradation processes were identified by using IRS-1B satellite image of the year 1998, SOI toposheets, ground truth verification and soil studies. The kind, extent and degree of soil degradation have been mapped in an area of 9703 km². The study reveals that the soil degradation problems were mainly due to wind erosion/deposition and water-logging, followed by salinity/alkalinity, water erosion and wind and water erosion combinedly. Nearly 38.7% area is subjected to slight and moderate degradation, which can easily be combated by adopting the suggested techniques and 17.1% area is free of hazard. Soil degradation processes have resulted in the loss of organic carbon, available Phosphorus and Potassium. Soil degradation due to water logging/salinization has also shown a significant increase in electrical conductivity and available potassium content of soil.     

全极化微波辐射计对环境参数敏感性分析

为衡量全极化微波辐射计各通道对不同环境参数的探测能力,在构建全极化微波辐射传输正演模型的基础上,采用敏感性分析的方法,在固定背景场条件下,对全极化微波辐射计不同频率、各极化通道亮温对海面风速、海面风向、海面温度、大气水汽含量和云中液态水含量等重要环境参数的敏感度进行了分析和量化计算,对正演模型仿真亮温、星载全极化微波辐射计Wind Sat实测亮温相对于真实背景场参数、NCEP分析场资料和TAO/TRITON浮标实测海面风场数据的敏感性进行了分析。分析结果验证了全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的观测能力,衡量了上述重要环境参数对星载全极化微波辐射计各通道的单独影响程度,为中国自主研制全极化微波辐射计时通道指标设计、环境参数反演通道选取及算法提供支持。     

一种消除全极化微波辐射顺/逆风向遥感模糊性的新方案——算法研究

全极化微波辐射计可以进行海面风速和风向测量.由于地物模型函数本身的特征以及辐射计的各种测量噪声,通常会出现最后反演出的风向往往不是与真实风向最接近的情况.如果不进行全极化辐射计扫描观测单元与定标单元的优化设置,可能会出现风向反演的顺/逆风180°模糊性问题.这将大大降低全极化辐射计海面风向反演的精度.采用Monte Carlo方法研究全极化辐射计海面风向反演出现的顺/逆风向模糊性的特点和消除方案.根据模拟反演的结果,提出一种根据第一次扫描的第一、第二风向解和第二次扫描的第一风向解选择最终风向值的算法.该算法消除了顺/逆风向反演的模糊性,在一定程度上提升了全极化辐射计的性能,并为进一步设计全极化辐射计的星上实际应用方案提供了理论依据.     

一种消除全极化微波辐射计顺/逆风向遥感模糊性的新方案——星上定标和扫描机制设计的有关考虑

从观测方式的角度出发,讨论消除全极化微波辐射计遥感风向(顺风/逆风)模糊性的具体实施方案,提出合理进行星上定标和对地观测的设计思想.在研究全极化辐射计星上外定标方法的基础上,依据消除海面风向反演模糊性的算法,提出一种采用侧视扫描的机制,设计了在星上实现全极化微波辐射计对同一面元进行前、后两次扫描的具体方案,给出了一种在扫描周期内合理分配观测方位角和定标单元的方法.模拟结果表明,采用这种机制可以有效消除全极化辐射计风向反演存在的顺/逆风180°模糊,使风向反演精度大大提高.同时,考虑到卫星上空间资源的限制,单侧扫描刈幅宽度还能够达到760km以上,能够满足在较短的时间内覆盖全球的时间分辨率的要求.