切变流中的CISK机制与惯性重力波

利用板对称，有切变的大气动力学方程组，由行波法导出非线性微分方程，通过非线性稳定性理论讨论方程的稳定性，求解了ＫＤＶ方程，并讨论了线性ＣＩＳＫ，非线性ＣＩＳＫ，惯性稳定度参数和大气风速垂切变对惯性重力孤波强度和宽度的影响，目的早通过了解影响惯性重力孤波发展的因子，更深入地理解低纬中尺度天气系统形成和发展的过程。     

中层大气重力波的一种激发机制及其数值模拟 I. 非地转不稳定和波结构

本文用FGGE资料分析了1979年2月—3月一次爆发性增温期间平流层环流的不稳定性，从而说明在平流层爆发性增温期间伴随产生大振幅重力波活动的原因。分析结果表明:在平流层爆发性增温期间，大气中存在着很强的并且是系统性的非地转运动，从而产生非地转不稳定。强烈的地转偏差的存在激发出大振幅重力波。我们还应用一个线性化扰动方程求得了非地转不稳定判据；并且用数值方法分析了这次爆发性增温期间基流的特征谱点和不稳定波结构。计算结果表明基流满足非地转不稳定条件，具有快波性质的波动出现了不稳定。     

垂直切变流中非线性重力波及其相互作用

利用多重尺度摄动法，推导出斜压大气中(基本风场具有垂直切变)两个非线性重力波相互作用方程，这两个方程联立组合为耦合非线性schrǒdīnger方程组。两个重力波相互作用时可激发出重力驻波。数值计算表明：两个孤立重力波相遇，相追会使波振幅增大，波宽变窄。强烈对流天气突然爆发的可能原因之一是中尺度重力波非线性相互作用的结果。     

CISK 影响下的线性和非线性惯性重力波

利用板对称的大气动力学方程组，考虑线性和非线性两种CISK加热过程，由行波法和非线性常微分方程定性理论，讨论了CISK影响下的线性和非线性惯性重力波的稳定性，以及CISK对惯性重力孤波强度和宽度的影响。结果指出，线性CISK既影响孤立波的强度，又影响孤立波的宽度，而非线性CISK只影响孤立波的强度。     

有限区域非线性正规波初值化方法实验与比较

本文以一个有限区域六层斜压原始方程模式为基础，实现了非线性正规波初值化方案，并做了２４小时积分预报实验，将非线性正规波初值化方案和平衡初值及实测风初值方案积分结果进行了比较。结果表明；非线性正规波初值化方案和对初始场个性较小，初值化后风压场配置合理；积分初期能迅速抑制重力波高频振荡，使模式计算稳定；２４小时形势预报较实测初值预报结果好得多，高层形势预报比平衡初值有改进，降水落区远比另外两种方案好。     

非线性垂直切变基流中横波型扰动的不稳定

通过数值计算扰动的波谱和谱函数,对垂直非线性切变基流中横波型扰动的不稳定作了数值研究,给出了不稳定谱函数的结构,讨论了不稳定的性质。主要结论有:在基流为非线性垂直切变时,对三支波动连续谱区互不重叠的天气尺度情况,此时出现的不稳定扰动其性质是准地转涡旋波的不稳定,即Rossby波的斜压不稳定。在中α尺度中高端,虽有涡旋波和重力惯性波连续谱区的部分重叠,但这时不稳定的性质仍是涡旋波的不稳定,即准平衡的斜压不稳定。在中α尺度低端,既有准平衡涡旋波的不稳定,又有非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定(第一类混合波不稳定)。中β尺度不稳定的性质则是非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定,包括第一类混合波不稳定和第二类混合波不稳定。上述情况与线性垂直切变基流的结论相一致,但这里因基流垂直分布较复杂,垂直方向会出现散涡比以1为界的多段交替分布。综上,对于横波型扰动,只要基流不是常数,且层结稳定,虽此时存在纯重力惯性波连续谱区,但均无纯重力惯性波的不稳定,只有涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定。     

发展方程的非线性计算不稳定问题

进一步讨论了有关非线性不稳定的一些问题,其主要内容有： １．考察了有代表性的三类发展方程,指出其对应的差分格式是否出现非线性计算不稳定,与原微分方程解的性质密切相关。 ２．进一步讨论了带周期边条件的守恒型差分格式的非线性计算稳定性问题,总结了克服非线性不稳定的有效措施。 ３．以非线性平流方程为例,着重分析了带非周期边条件的非守恒差分格式的非线性计算稳定性问题,给出了判别其计算稳定性的“综合分析判别法”。     

影响惯性重力波活动规律的动力学因子研究

通过探测发现大气重力波有明显的活动规律:重力波强度在冬、春季强于夏、秋季,在5月和10月发生急剧减弱和加强的转变,无天气过程时晚上比白天强,尤其短周期的重力波,周期为40~80min的重力波平均强度最强,其他较弱。在斜压大气和考虑积云对流加热条件下,运用积云对流参数化、Taylor公式展开等方法,推导出惯性重力波的非线性KdV方程,求出其孤立波解,以此解释以上得出的大气重力波的活动规律:惯性重力波强度随风速垂直切变增大而增大,急流是最重要的惯性重力波波源,是重力波强度在冬、春季强于夏、秋季的主要原因,亚洲急流在5月和10月的北跃和南落,是重力波强度发生急剧变化的原因,急流下方是激发惯性重力波最强的地方。一般情况下,惯性重力波强度随着大气背景流场绝对涡度增大而增大,正涡度对惯性重力波起激发和增强的作用。当惯性重力波向下传播时,波的强度随层结稳定度(N2)增大而增大,由于太阳辐射的作用白天大气层结稳定度比晚上小,这解释了在无天气过程时晚上重力波强度强于白天的原因。惯性重力波强度和波的频率成正比,这解释了周期为40~80 min比周期为140~160 min的重力波强的原因。重力波强度还与非线性积云对流参数常数b及科氏力参数f成正比。     

计算稳定性的若干问题

偏微分方程的近似解法都是用一个有限个自由度的系统来代替原来的连续介质系统。在步长为有限值(而非无穷小)情况下的计算稳定性、计算紊乱及计算准确度问题是个有实际重要性问题。本文从物理方面入手讨论这些问题,指出计算紊乱现象或计算不稳定现象是由三种机理造成的:频散效应、能谱非线性转移效应及能量增长效应;指出利用能量守恒方程及正交展开法对于克服计算紊乱现象和提高计算准确度来说可能是较好的。还特别讨论了原始方程的计算困难问题,指出非线性项的计算误差常能激发出强烈的短波长的快波,这是造成计算紊乱的最重要方面。     

谱模式中半隐式时间积分格式稳定性的试验和分析

本文研究了具有参考大气的谱模式半隐式时间差分格式的计算稳定性问题.通过试验与分析,找到了影响这种半隐式格式计算稳定性的关键因子.另外本文还进一步试验了第一作者过去提出的修改的半隐式时间差分格式,这种格式采用了修改半隐式项而不改变重力波性状的做法.取得了稳定的计算结果.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.