地质事件与高分辨率事件地层学

简要介绍了传统地层学的发展及其局限性,认为传统的生物地层学的相对低分辨率已不适应目前的生产、科研要求;阐述了高分辨率事件地层学的研究对象与研究内容,认为地质事件的广泛性、瞬时性与相对等时性是高分辨率事件地层学的存在基础。通过全方位地开发出地层记录中的各种事件信息,建立综合事件地层剖面和高分辨率事件地层信息数据库,有可能使地层划分对比的精度提高10-50倍。     

高分辨率事件地层研究方法与实践

结合前人研究成果,阐述了高分辨率事件地层学的基本概念和所依据的理论基础,划分出四种高分辨率事件地层单位：沉积事件地层单位、化学事件地层单位、生物事件地层单位和复合事件地层单位,并以全球二叠系—三叠系界线层型剖面——中国浙江省长兴县煤山剖面为例,讨论了各类高分辨率事件地层单位的应用实例。     

事件地层单位的理论及实践——以中扬子台地震旦-寒武纪界线事件集群为例

根据事件地层学的发展现状,首次提出了一套系统的事件地层单位,由小到大大致上为事件面、事件层、事件带、事件组合和事件集群,并界定了各事件地层单位的含义和特征。在此基础上,将该套事件地层理论应用于中扬子台地震旦—寒武系界线事件地层的研究,并划分出2个事件面即生物灭绝事件面和海泛事件面,1个事件层即粘土事件层,4个事件带即海平面下降事件带、浊流事件带以及海平面上升事件带和缺氧事件带,3个事件组合即海平面下降—浊流事件组合、外星撞击—生物灭绝事件组合和海平面上升—缺氧事件组合,共同构成了1个事件集群即震旦—寒武系界线事件集群。事件地层含油性分析表明,研究区海平面上升—缺氧事件组合是有利的烃源岩,海平面下降—浊流事件组合具有一定的储集意义。     

二叠纪—三叠纪界线大火燃烧的地层记录:研究进展回顾与评述

黑碳和燃烧源多环芳烃作为大火燃烧的产物有很强的化学惰性及生物惰性,能够在地层中长期稳定地保存,所以成为恢复古代大火历史的最常用指标。近年来世界各地二叠系—三叠系(P-Tr)界线地层中相继发现了黑碳(木炭等)和燃烧源多环芳烃等记录,特别是在煤山P-Tr界线地层,黑碳和燃烧源多环芳烃含量在生物灭绝线附近(25～26层)出现极高的峰值,据此首次明确地提出了P-Tr界线大火事件。P-Tr界线大火的规模、性质如何,与P-Tr界线生物灭绝有什么关系等,值得深入讨论和研究。大火事件发生在陆地上,通过其燃烧及排放的烟尘等,把陆地、大气和海洋密切联系起来,有利于通过系统的整体观来研究当时的气候环境变迁。因此,在回顾和总结P-Tr界线地层中的大火燃烧记录基础上,评述了大火事件与生物灭绝及相关地质事件和环境变化之间的联系,以期引起国内外专家学者的关注,为P-Tr界线生物灭绝及相关研究提供新的思路。     

塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪海相地层框架及对重大地质事件的记录

塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪发生了大规模的海侵事件,形成一个喇叭状向西开口的海湾,该海湾属于东特提斯洋的一个分支。该地区白垩纪—古近纪海相地层记录了东特提斯洋演化和一系列重大地质事件,具有重要的研究价值,但对其地层的研究仍相对薄弱,对重大地质事件的研究还不够深入。本文拟通过详细的岩石地层、生物地层和其他地层方法,完善地层划分与对比框架,并在此基础上讨论Cenomanian/ Turonian界线大洋缺氧事件(OAE2)、白垩纪/古近纪界线(K/Pg)、古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM)、特提斯海进与海退等一系列重大地质事件。塔里木盆地白垩纪—古近纪海相或海陆过渡相地层自下而上为克孜勒苏群、库克拜组、乌依塔克组、依格孜牙组、吐依洛克组、阿尔塔什组、齐姆根组、盖吉塔格组、卡拉塔尔组、乌拉根组和巴什布拉克组,上述地层中含有丰富的有孔虫、介形虫、钙质超微、沟鞭藻、孢粉、双壳类、腹足类等化石,以及少量菊石、腕足类、海胆和鲨鱼牙齿等化石。综合的生物地层和年代地层研究表明,克孜勒苏群的时代为早白垩世Barremian-Albian期,库克拜组—依格孜牙组的时代为晚白垩世Cenomanian-Maastrichtian期(Cenomanian/Turonian界线可能位于库克拜组三段),吐依洛克组的时代为白垩纪—古近纪过渡期;阿尔塔什组的时代为古新世早中期,齐姆根组为古新世晚期—始新世最早期,盖吉塔格组—乌拉根组的时代为中始新世中晚期,巴什布拉克组的时代为晚始新世,但不排除最上部进入渐新世早期。塔里木盆地的海侵开始于克孜勒苏群中上部沉积期(Albian晚期—Aptian早期),但规模很有限,大规模的海侵始于晚白垩世Cenomanian早期;从晚白垩世—古新世,共经历了5次大规模的海侵—海退事件;大约41 Ma前后,海水退出盆地南部的昆仑山山前,34 Ma前后,海水退出盆地北部的天山山前。上述海侵—海退事件可能受构造和全球海平面变化的双重影响,但构造事件对海侵的启动和结束可能更具决定性的影响。阐述了塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪海相地层所记录的OAE2、K/Pg界线、PETM和特提斯海侵—海退等事件,其中笔者及团队第一次在塔里木盆地西部齐姆根组中所发现和报道的PETM事件,将有助于揭示全球近岸地区PETM的特征和生物-环境响应。在未来的研究中,需要进一步厘清塔里木盆地西部地层序列,建立更加精细的生物地层和年代地层框架,加强对PETM和特提斯海侵—海退等重大地质事件的研究。     

松辽盆地白垩纪缺氧地质事件的地质地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩纪出现多期缺氧地质事件,它与全球白垩纪的地质事件相对应。青山口组一段及嫩江组一段出现较明显的缺氧地质事件,表现为有机质丰度高的源岩沉积。可溶有机质具有较低的姥植比,生物标志物出现了28,30 双降藿烷及保存了相对较为完整的C34或C35藿烷、重排甾烷的含量很低、有伽马蜡烷的存在等特征。松辽盆地在白垩纪时存在缺氧事件和海侵事件,与此同时,缺氧事件造成了这些地层中富含并具有高度分散性区域特征的生物化石的组合,形成了层序地层学上的密集段;缺氧事件又反作用于底栖生物,导致了松辽盆地古生物演化史上的生物绝灭事件。松辽盆地以持续沉降为主,湖盆水域迅速扩大,水体加深,近岸湖水表层生物生产率提高,底层水循环不畅导致了湖水底层水体缺氧,引发了古湖泊缺氧事件。在松辽盆地的缺氧事件中形成了青山口组一段及嫩江组一段的黑色泥岩(部分地区发育页岩),成为松辽盆地的主力油源层,为大庆油田的形成奠定了良好的物质基础。     

安比拉事件在中国存在的证据

黄土地层、珠江口盆地第四纪地层以及雷州半岛英利火山岩的古地磁学研究表明,布容极性时出现有反极性地磁场。英利火山岩的K—Ar同位素年代测定值为0.58±0.13Ma。据气候地层学和生物地层学资料确定,黄土地层和珠江口盆地第四纪地层的反极性层段的年代分别为0.45Ma和0.47—0.48Ma。这些反极性层段的年代相当于安比拉事件的年代。从中国不同地区、不同地层揭示的这一事件证实了安比拉事件为全球性极性倒转,并非极性漂移。安比拉事件的确定将为中、晚更新世地层的划分提供磁极性的依据。     

深海二叠——三叠系界线研究现状

综述了深海二叠（Ｐ）－－三叠系（Ｔ）界线研究现状，介绍了深海Ｐ－Ｔ界线附近岩石地层，生物地层、缺氧事件及生物绝灭和复苏的研究进展，指出了深海Ｐ－Ｔ界线，缺氧事件和生物绝灭研究的分歧、不足及其症结。     

沉积间断的地层学含义--痕迹地层学研究新途径北大核心CSCD

生物地层学以物种的出现和消失为依据,其对比精度约为100万年;层序地层学以米兰凯维奇事件为导因,应用海泛面、叠置格局和可容空间作概念支柱,对比地层,其四、五级层序对比精度约在20万年左右。更高精度的地层对比,各方面都在探索。首次提出痕迹地层学概念,讨论了痕迹地层学的理论基础、研究方法、事件属性及事件间隔时限,旨在引起研究者对地层间断现象的注意,以利从地史时期生物行为中,获取较多的地层学信息,为高精度地层划分对比服务。     

辽东本溪-桓仁地区古生界事件地层划分及特征

辽东本溪-桓仁地区古生界发育,是研究地层学、沉积学的典型地区.在简述事件地层学原理和地层事件概念,并对主要地质事件进行初步划分基础上,通过对本溪-桓仁地区1：5万区域地质调查、地层剖面测制研究,对该区古生界,根据地质事件的岩石记录,划分了构造上升和下降、海侵、缺氧、风暴、干燥炎热等6种事件地层单位,8个事件集群,并对各事件地层单位逐一描述,提出事件个体和事件集群、事件沉积层和事件集群沉积段的概念,并探讨了与沉积环境、层序地层的相关性.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.