Geology and genesis of the Cheremshanka silica deposit, western Transbaikal region, Russia

The geology and genesis of a large high-grade silica deposit is considered. It occurs in the form of a quartzite layer, 20–50 m thick, extending for 8 km in conformity with the host Upper Proterozoic silicate-carbonate metasedimentary rocks. The average content of SiO₂ is 99.2%. It has been established that quartzite was formed by metasomatic silicification of sandstone during metamorphism of the carbonate-silicate sequence. The rocks were silicified by infiltration acid leaching, whereas long-term refinement of quartzite was provided by diffusion in finely dispersed capillary-porous systems, where the energy of the solution-solid phase interface was important. In the course of metasomatic migration of components, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Fe, and other elements were removed from quartzite and formed gold-sulfide mineralization in contact zones of the quartzite body. This opens up opportunities for discovering economic Au-Ag and Pb-Zn ores in the ore field.     

An assessment of the bearing capacity of calcareous and silica sands

A spherical cavity expansion model has been used to study the bearing capacity of foundations on calcareous and silica sands. Two constitutive models have been used to represent each sand: an elastoplastic, collapse-softening model, and a computationally simpler, elastic/perfectly plastic material. The predictions of the limit pressures for spherical cavity expansion are compared with laboratory data on the bearing capacities obtained from model footing tests. It is shown that the numerical predictions of the limit pressures correlate well with the experimental values of bearing capacity, particularly at higher effective overburden pressures.     

陕西南沙河地区车渡金矿床成因

针对陕西南沙河地区车渡金矿床进行了研究,研究结果表明,中—新元古界碧口群二亚群(Pt2-3bk2)中玄武质火山凝灰岩具Sr、Ba、Rb、Ce、P、Sm相对富集,Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti相对亏损的特征,显示钙碱性火山弧玄武岩的特点;车渡金矿床具有2种成因类型,一是与中生代逆冲推覆构造形成的韧性剪切带有关的强硅化蚀变岩型金矿,二是与中—新元古界碧口岩群二亚群火山凝灰岩有关的BIF型金矿。单颗粒磁铁矿成分分析认为,车渡含金磁铁石英岩中磁铁矿具有高的TFeO(平均值99.59%)含量和极低的TiO_2、MgO、A_(12)O_3、MnO含量,指示车渡磁铁石英岩金矿石中条带状磁铁矿属于沉积变质型成因条带状含铁建造。含金磁铁石英岩型金矿石的氢氧同位素显示,δ~(18)O_水值为12.34‰～12.45‰(平均值12.40‰),δD值为-112.6‰～-103.5‰(平均值-108.05‰),与鞍山—本溪地区条带状含铁建造型铁矿δD变化范围(-129‰～-75‰)一致,暗示车渡含金磁铁石英岩中石英矿物具有条带状含铁建造特征。     

长江水系水文地球化学特征及主要离子的化学成因

在分析长江流域76个位点的水化学数据的基础上,运用吉布斯(Gibbs)图、三角图、主成分分析方法研究岩性对长江水表河水中离子化学特征的影响和流域的主要风化过程.结果表明,长江水系的主要离子化学特征受岩石风化作用的影响,其中碳酸盐和蒸发岩矿物对干流水系溶质的贡献率分别为43.6%和37.9%,而对支流水系溶质的贡献率分别为33.1%和39.1%.干流流域内主要的风化反应以白云石和方解石的溶解为主,而支流流域内C1~-/(Na~++K~+)接近1:1,体现出蒸发岩风化的显著特性.Si/K比值较低,表明长江流域内的风化反应是在表生环境中进行的,且产物是富含阳离子的次生矿物.     

长江水系水文地球化学特征及主要离子的化学成因

在分析长江流域76个位点的水化学数据的基础上,运用吉布斯(Gibbs)图、三角图、主成分分析方法研究岩性对长江水系河水中离子化学特征的影响和流域的主要风化过程。结果表明,长江水系的主要离子化学特征受岩石风化作用的影响,其中碳酸盐和蒸发岩矿物对干流水系溶质的贡献率分别为43.6%和37.9%,而对支流水系溶质的贡献率分别为33.1%和39.1%。干流流域内主要的风化反应以白云石和方解石的溶解为主,而支流流域内Cl-/(Na++K+)接近1∶1,体现出蒸发岩风化的显著特性。Si/K比值较低,表明长江流域内的风化反应是在表生环境中进行的,且产物是富含阳离子的次生矿物。     

Radiocarbon dates and the genesis of phytogenic near-shore sediments on St. Catherines Island,Georgia, USA

St. Catherines Island consists of a complex association of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. The geographic location of the island at the center of Georgia Bight, a prominent re-entrant in the coastline of the southeastern USA, has resulted in the development of a very complex depositional and erosional history. For over 40,000 years the island has experienced a variety of physical, biological, and anthropological changes brought about by climatic, biotic, depositional, and anthropogenic events. Sedimentary deposits have been studied using diverse research tracks including palynology, dendrology, sedimentology, geophysics, and radiocarbon chronology, as well as archaeological techniques. This research focused on the interpretation of environments of deposition of strata that are exposed within the present surf zone, yet which bear the distinct signatures of upland/inland environments of deposition. Data derived from Late Pleistocene and Holocene accumulations of peat and mollusc- and wood-bearing muddy strata of certain on-shore and near-shore origins reveal diverse events relating to shoreline dynamics, plant community changes, and net shoreward migration of this island during the Late Holocene.     

印度河流域平原表土的成因及其意义

有关印度河流域黄土的研究零星报道集中集于北部山区,南部平原长期以来普遍被认为是由印度河携带的沉积物冲积形成。人们对印度河流域是否存在第四纪风积物知之甚少。本研究小组从伊斯兰堡至卡拉奇沿着印度河河谷和平原,以及塔尔沙漠边缘进行了广泛考察,发现印度河平原广泛分布着第四纪风成黄土。采样研究结果表明,印度河流域黄土样品中的磁性矿物与中国黄土一致,以磁铁矿为主,含有少量磁赤铁矿,可能含有赤铁矿;粒度组成也与中国黄土高度相似;元素地球化学结果显示,样品的稀土元素配比模式依然表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,Eu中度负异常的特征,与中国风积黄土特征高度相似;常量元素以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO和Fe₂O₃占主导。印度河流域表土具有质地均一、疏松多孔等典型风成黄土特征,这些易耕又宜耕的黄土地沿着印度河平原广泛分布,与现代农业耕地高度重合。因此印度河流域与中国黄河流域相似,黄土地上快速发展的原始农业是推动古印度文明发展的重要动力。

     

Geochemical aspects of genesis of kaolinite,alunite and silica minerals in the vicinity of the trass-deposit near Gleichenberg,Styria

In the volcanic region of Gleichenberg, Styria, Younger Tertiary latite and trachyte are altered by solfataric solutions to kaolinite, alunite and a mineral assemblage of low-cristobalite and alunite, which is mined as trass. The behaviour of the elements K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Fe, Zn, V and Cr is shown during the different alteration processes. As a result the following idea is proposed about the process of these events: initially kaolinization of latite took place by strongly acid solutions, lateron trachyte was altered to alunite by weakly acid solutions. In the last stage trass was formed by solutions that have become alkaline by reacting with the country rock.     

The Serpentinization of Peridotite from Cedar Valley,Jamaica

Previously undescribed, microscopic textures in partially serpentinized peridotite shed light on the process of serpentinization. Fracturing and fragmentation of the peridotite protolith produced a modest increase in volume and opened channels to reactive aqueous fluids. Prior to, or in conjunction with, the first appearance of serpentine, micrometer-scale grains of magnetite crystallized on the surfaces of fractures. This decoration of fracture surfaces faithfully preserved the original, angular outlines of fragments of forsterite and pyroxene through all stages of serpentinization. Simple geometric considerations indicate that the volume of a given fragment did not change during replacement. Partially serpentinized forsterite shows a penetrative, micrometer-scale, sieve or sponge texture. Fifty percent or more of the volume of optically continuous forsterite can consist of micrometer-scale perforations, filled with serpentine. This sponge texture has not been described elsewhere. The delicate connections between different parts of the same forsterite grain further support strict constant-volume replacement of the fragments. Serpentinization stopped before completion (mid-reaction) when the otherwise open, magnetite-decorated channels themselves filled with serpentine, effectively sealing the rock from further access by aqueous fluids.     

Geoarchaeological investigations of St. Ann's Bay,Jamaica: The search for the Columbus Caravels and an assessment of 1000 years of human land use

A complex interbedded sequence of shallow bay, alluvial fan, and lagoon/marsh facies was revealed during geoarchaeological investigations of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Eighteen radiocarbon ages and time-diagnostic artifacts were obtained from these sediments. From these data, the landscape evolution of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, during the last 4800 years is reconstructed. The landscape reconstructions for St. Ann's Bay are used to identify areas where the two caravels abandoned by Christopher Columbus in A. D. 1504 might be located. In addition, two periods of rapid sedimentation, one from A. D. 1000 to 1300 (lagoon filling) and the other between A. D. 1700 and modern times (bay filling), are attributed to human land use around St. Ann's Bay. The earlier period of increased sedimentation corresponds to the introduction and expansion of native peoples to the north side of the island, who brought with them slash-and-burn agriculture. The later period of increased sedimentation in the bay corresponds to the intensification of agricultural use of the area by the Spanish and British. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Trace element constraints on pegmatite genesis: Tin Mountain pegmatite,Black Hills,South Dakota

The Tin Mountain pegmatite is a small, zoned granitic body that is extremely enriched in Rb and Li, but has moderate concentrations of Sr and Ba. These trace elements are modelled using granitic distribution coefficients in order to test the potentials of partial melting of metasedimentary rocks and fractionation of a less-evolved granitic melt to have produced the parental liquid to the Tin Mountain pegmatite. Batch melting of any reasonable metasedimentary source rock would likely have yielded melts that were either insufficiently enriched in Rb and Li to be the parental liquid, or that had Sr and Ba concentrations that were much higher than those estimated for the parental liquid. The modelling of simple fractional crystallization and equilibrium crystallization of a granitic melt within the compositional range of the spatially associated Harney Peak Granite gives calculated melt compositions with either lower Sr and Ba concentrations or inadequate Rb and Li enrichments, to be the parent liquid of the pegmatite. At least two variants from simple crystal-liquid fractionation models can, however, successfully account for the derivation of the parent liquid: 1) generation of a Rb-, Li-, Ba- and Sr-rich granitic melt (outside of the compositional range of the sampled portions of the Harney Peak Granite complex) by low degrees of partial melting of metasedimentary rocks found in the Black Hills, followed by moderate extents of fractional or equilibrium crystallization, 2) derivation from Harney Peak granite via a complex, multi-stage crystal-liquid fractionation process, such as progressive equilibrium crystallization.     

北京市得田沟金矿床成因机制

得田沟金矿床产于太古宙四合堂群角闪岩相变质地层中。容矿围岩主要为角闪石岩、斜长角闪岩、片麻岩及变粒岩等。区域崎峰荷断裂带及边部次级剪切带控制着金矿床的形态、产状。矿石以含金多金属硫化物石英脉为主，其次为含金蚀变岩。矿床稳定同位素特征及金丰度的变化表明金与正长斑岩岩浆同源，来自地幔。成矿温度为７０－４９０℃，峰值区为１５０－２７０℃；成矿压力为１００－１５００ＭＰａ，在燕山中期（１４７×１０＾６ａ）     

Karst in granitic rocks, South Cameroon: cave genesis and silica and taranakite speleothems

ABSTRACT A cave in granitic rocks was studied in Mezesse, South Cameroon. Coralloid speleothems, draperies and dissolution traces on the cave walls attest to its truly karstic nature. The speleothems consist of microlayers of opal and taranakite (K,NH₄)Al₃(PO₄)₃(OH).9H₂O. They indicate a significant mobilization of silica, Al and K from granite during the formation of the cave. Identification of silicified bacteria in the speleothems layers suggests a possible role of these micro-organisms in silica deposition. The presence of taranakite and of silicified organic remains within the speleothems lead to a better understanding of the genesis of the cave.     

The Upper Pliocene Bowden shell beds,southeast Jamaica

The Neogene fossil record of the Antilles is particularly rich and can satisfy the interests of most collectors, from foraminifers to vertebrates. The molluscs are among the commonest and most diverse groups, being found in both terrestrial and marine deposits. The Pliocene Bowden shell beds of southeast Jamaica, best known for its hundreds of species of molluscs, also yields diverse members of other groups, the total exceeding 800 species from a mere 5 m of stratigraphical section.     

论四川冕宁稀土矿床的成因

本文从实际出发，以寻求路网的满意养护对策，基于柔性中面网的灰色本质，为此，推导了预测路况ＰＣＩ的多点激励有后效模型ＧＭ，并提出了一个灰色发展系数指标［ａ］，它可从发展机制上保证对策满意性。而后，从满意对策的特点出发，建立了确定路网满意养护对策的灰色非线性优化模型，并给出了简化迭代算法。应用示例表明，该文方法确定的养护对策，不仅满意性得到了初步保证，而且使用效益也有较大程度的提高。     

Soil genesis and clay mineralogy on Aliabbas River Alluvial Fan, Kerman Province

Alluvial fan is among the important geomorphic positions in arid and semi-arid environments, and the history of settlement in central parts of Iran plateau has significantly been related to this landform. Soil properties are also related to the stability and the position of geomorphic surfaces. To study and compare clay mineralogy and soil physicochemical responses to geomorphic positions, 11 representative pedons on stable and unstable alluvial fan surfaces and plain geomorphic position in a transect from Sarcheshmeh Mountains toward Rafsanjan Plain were studied. Soil moisture and temperature regimes of the area were aridic and mesic, respectively. Smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite, and palygorskite clay minerals were found in almost all the studied soils. More salinity was investigated in stable alluvial fan surfaces than unstable positions. Evidence of a more humid paleoclimate shown by buried Bt horizons in plain surface was observed. Transformation of palygorskite to smectite in surface horizon of unstable alluvial fan position and preservation of palygorskite associated by gypsum crystals in By horizon of stable fan surfaces were among the important findings of the research. There was a significant and mutual relationship between geomorphology and physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils under study.     

Geochemistry of sulphide minerals at Dugald River, NW Queensland, with reference to ore genesis

Summary A geochmmschl investigation of sulphide minerals from the Dugald River Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, northwest Queensland, Australia has been carried out using the electron microprobe. The data obtained here indicate a relative consistency in Fe, Zn, and Co contents, but significant variations in Mn, Cd, and Ni levels for sphalerite and pyrite within three different ore types. Zn/Cd ratios for sphalerite from laminated, crosscutting vein and breccia ore types average 629, similar to those associated with hydrothermal replacement in metamorphic terrains. Co/Ni values for pyrite are highly variable in the range of 2.7 to 19.3 and are in general typical of the metamorphic hydrothermal pyrite group, and therefore quite different from those of base metal deposits with sedimentary origin. FeS contents of the sphalerite from breccia ore average 17.0 ± mol% and give a pressure estimate of 2.8 ± kbar. This pressure is in good agreement with the upper limit of ore formation derived from fluid inclusion work. This study suggests a syntectonic replacement origin of the deposit, which is consistent with geological and paragenetic observations at Dugald River.

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Geochemie von Sulfiden der Dugald River Lagerstätte (Nordwest-Queensland) und ihre Beziehungen zur Erzgenese

Zusammenfassung Eine geochemische Untersuchung von Sulfid-Mineralen der Zink-Blei-Silber-Lagerstäte Dugald-River, Nordwest-Queensland, Australien, wurde mit der Mikrosonde durchgeführt. Die analytischen Daten zeigen relative Konsistenz der Fe-Zn und Co-Gehalte, aber signifikante Schwankungen in den Mn, Cd, und Ni-Gehalten für Zinkblende und Pyrit innerhalb der drei definierten Erztypen. Zn-Cd-Verhältnisse für Zinkblende aus gebänderten Erzen, aus querschlägigen Gängen und aus Brekzienerzen liegen im Durchschnitt bei 629, ähnlich denen, die mit hydrothermalen Verdrängungen in metamorphen Terrains assoziiert sind. Co-Ni-Werte für Pyrit variieren stark von 2,7 bis 19,3 und sind im allgemeinen typisch für die Gruppe metamorpher hydrothermaler Pyrite und unterscheiden sich deutlich von denen für Buntmetall-Lagerstätten sedimentären Ursprunges. FeS-Gehalte von Zinkblenden aus Brekzienerzen betragen im Durchschnitt 17,0 Gew.% und führen zu einem abgeschätzten Druck von 2,8 kbar. Dieser Druck stimmt mit jenem der für die Obergrenze der Erzbildung aus Flüssigkeitseinschluß-Untersuchungen berechnet wurde überein. Die vorliegende Untersuchung legt eine Entstehung der Lagerstätte durch syntektonische Verdrängung nahe, ein Vorgang, der mit geologischen und paragenetischen Beobachtungen in Dugald River übereinstimmt.

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With 8 Figures     

Ages and genesis of terrace flights in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibetan Plateau,China

Field investigation has shown that the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, in Tibet (known as the Bhramaputra River in reaches downstream) has 11 terraces. The ages of these terraces were determined as follows: T₁₁>2000 ka, T₁₀ = 1783 ka, T₉ = 1238 ka, T₈ = 683 ka, T₇ = 382 ka, T₆ = 150 ka, T₅ = 82 ka, T₄ = 67 ka, T₃ = 43 ka, T₂ = 28 ka and T₁ = 10 ka. These terraces formed during several stages of the Quaternary when the Tibetan Plateau was uplifting, recording tectonic–climatic cycles or subcycles of 1.2, 0.4, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.02 million years duration. The tectonic–climatic cycles identified by this study are correlated with red soil and palaeosol records. The preservation of the Oligocene to Early Miocene conglomeratic Dazhuka Formation, close to the present altitude of the main planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau and occurring only in the Yarlung Zangbo valley, suggests that this river has existed since at least 7 Ma. Discoveries of old and thick fluvial gravel layers extending to within 630 m of the valley floor show that the Yarlung Zangbo River was already incised by 2000 m or more below the surface of the Tibetan Plateau, that much of the incision from plateau to valley floor had been accomplished and that the plateau was already substantially uplifted prior to the Quaternary. In addition to its importance for understanding the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, this study documents the impact of varying rates of tectonic uplift on river development.     

The Uzbekistan Loess,genesis and distribution

The distribution and genesis of Uzbekistan loess rocks, their composition, properties and conditions are naturally changing from mountains to the piedmont plains. For the piedmont plains and intermontane depressions the occurrence of alluvial and deluvial loess types is typical, and in the high mountains eluvial, deluvial, eluvial-deluvial and fluvioglacial ones. This can be explained by the difference of tectonic activity as well as by climatic humidity. The study and analyss of the accumulated data of loess of various genetic type, composition and properties show that the initial material of loess formation comes from the mountainous and alpine areas. The primariy sources of the parent rocks are ancient sediments above the limit of loess occurrence. As a result of intensive developments and irrigation in the territory of the republic, loess areas are decreasing, losing their properties, while they are transforming into the loess-like rocks. It was also determined that their structural and textural properties such as porosity, density, salt composition and filtration coefficient are changing simultaneously. The same changes are also noted in the mineralogical and granulometric composition.     

珠江三角洲地下咸水形成的水化学证据

珠江三角洲地下咸水分布广泛。迄今仅在珠江三角洲局部地段进行了地下咸水有关的研究,因而对区域性地下咸水成因的认识缺乏。利用近10年来有关水工环地质调查项目获得的67个水文地质钻孔的水化学分析资料,进行了珠江三角洲平原地下咸水水化学的总体特征、水文地球化学参数及特征指标关系研究,探讨了区域性地下咸水成因与影响因素。研究结果表明,地下咸水水化学特征总体上与海水较为一致;地下咸水起源于古海水,主要形成于中全新世海侵期,与退积作用关系密切;地下咸水形成过程中,水循环交替慢,水动力条件不良;地下咸水中的盐分主要来源于古海水及海相沉积物,沉积压实、矿物溶解与离子交换等作用可能造成盐分的富集。